Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:05:19.010Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Low Winter Temperatures and the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) in Ontario.1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

G. W. Green
G. W. Green
Affiliation:
Forest Insect Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), was first discovered in North America on Long Island, New York, in 1914 (Busck, 1914). Since that time it has spread throughout most of the northeastern United States, becoming one of the most important insect pests of pine plantations. In Ontario, it was first discovered in the Toronto area (McLaine, 1926) and since that time has dispersed throughout southern Ontario, appearing regvlarly south of a line from the southern end of Gcorgian Bay to a point just east of Lake Ontario (Fig. 1). Isolated occurrences of the shoot moth have been reported north of this line but these have been short-lived on small plantation trees, or have persisted in cities and towns on ornamentals protected by snow cover during the winter. The continuous distribution of the insect has remained relatively static since 1951, and it appears that the northern limit of its range in Ontario has been reached.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 94 , Issue 3 , March 1962 , pp. 314 - 336
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1962

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Atwal, A. S. 1960. Influence of temperature, duration of conditioning, and age of Anagasta (Ephestia) kuhniella (Zell.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae) on acclimation to a sub-zero temperature. Can. J. Zool. 38: 131–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batzer, H. O., and Benjamin, D. M.. 1954. Cold temperature tolerance of the European pine shoot moth in lower Michigan. J. Econ. Ent. 47(5): 801–803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, D. M., Smith, P. W., and Bachman, R. L.. 1959. The European pine shoot moth and its relation to pines in Wisconsin. Tech. Bull. 19, Wisc. Cons. Dept., 7–23.Google Scholar
Busck, A. 1914. A destructive pine moth introduced from Europe. J. Econ. Ent. 7: 340–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckel, O., and Thams, Ch.. 1939. Unters. u Dichte, Temp. u. Strahlverhaltn d. Schneedecke in Davos. Geologie d. Schweiz, Hydrologie Lief. 3: 275–340.Google Scholar
Geiger, R. 1950. The climate near the ground. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Heikkenen, H. J., and Miller, W. E.. 1960. European pine shoot moth damage as related to red pine growth. Lake States For. Expt. Sta. Paper 83.Google Scholar
Mail, G. A. 1935. Cold weather and its effects on injurious insects. Montana State Coll. Agric. Expt. Sta. Cir. 146.Google Scholar
McLaine, L. S. 1926. A preliminary announcement of the outbreak of the European pine shoot moth. Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. 1925.Google Scholar
Pointing, P. J. 1961. Mortality of the European pine shoot moth associated with the severe winter of 1958–59. Can. Dept. For. Bi-mon. Prog. Rept. 17(1)Google Scholar
Putnam, D. F., and Chapman, L. J.. 1938. The climate of southern Ontario. Sci. Agric. 18(8): 401–447.Google Scholar
Robinson, W. 1928. Determination of the natural undercooling and freezing points in insects. J. Agric. Res. 37(12): 749–755.Google Scholar
Rudolf, P. O. 1949. Red pine and the European pine shoot moth in southern Michigan. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters 35: 61–67.Google Scholar
Salt, R. W. 1950. Time as a factor in the freezing of undercooled insects. Can. J. Res., D. 28: 285–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salt, R. W. 1953. The influence of food on the cold-hardiness of insects. Can. Ent. 85: 261–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salt, R. W. 1956. Influence of moisture content and temperature on cold-hardiness of hibernating insects. Can. J. Zool. 34(4): 283–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salt, R. W. 1958. Application of nucleation theory to the freezing of supercooled insects. J. Ins. Physiol. 2: 178–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salt, R. W. 1958a. Cold-hardiness of insects. Proc. Xth Int. Cong. Ent. 2: 73–77.Google Scholar
Salt, R. W. 1961. Principles of insect cold-hardiness. Ann. Rev. Ent. 6: 55–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snedecor, G. W. 1946. Statistical methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa.Google ScholarPubMed
Wellington, W. G. 1950. Effects of radiation on the temperatures of insectan habitats. Sci. Agric. 30: 209–234.Google Scholar
West, A. S. 1936. Winter mortality of larvae of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff., in Connecticut. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 29(3): 438–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar