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FIRST REPORT OF THE DISPERSAL INTO MONTANA OF UROPHORA QUADRIFASCIATA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), A FLY RELEASED IN CANADA FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SPOTTED AND DIFFUSE KNAPWEED1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Jim M. Story
Jim M. Story
Affiliation:
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Western Agricultural Research Center, Corvallis, MT, USA 59828
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Extract

Two tephritid flies of European origin have been introduced into North America for biological control of spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam., and diffuse knapweed, C. diffusa Lam. One, Urophora affinis Frauenfeld, was released in British Columbia in 1970 and in 5 states, including Montana, in 1973 (Hanis 1980a; Maddox 1979; Story and Anderson 1978). The other, Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen), was introduced at Ned's Creek, British Columbia but was not released in the United States. The larvae of both flies induce galls (1 larva/gall) in immature knapweed flower heads and thus reduce seed production. Galls of Urophora affinis occur in the flower-head receptacle whereas galls of U. quadrifasciata are in the ovary wall. In contrast with U. affinis, which has only a partial second generation, U. quadrifasciata normally has 2 complete generations per year, induces thinner galls, and attacks more-mature flower heads than does U. affinis (Harris 1980a).

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 117 , Issue 8 , August 1985 , pp. 1061 - 1062
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1985

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References

Harris, P. 1980 a. Establishment of Urophora affinis Frfld. and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Canada for the biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed. Z. Angew. Ent. 89: 504–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, P. 1980 b. Effects of Urophora affinis Frfld. and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Centaurea diffusa Lam. and C. maculosa Lam. (Compositae). Z. Angew. Ent. 90: 190–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddox, D.M. 1979. The knapweeds: their economics and biological control in the western states, U.S.A. Rangelands 1: 139–141.Google Scholar
Story, J.M., and Anderson, N.L.. 1978. Release and establishment of Urophora affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) on spotted knapweed in western Montana. Environ. Ent. 7: 445–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar