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EFFECT OF RH-5992, A NONSTEROIDAL ECDYSONE AGONIST, ON THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): LABORATORY, GREENHOUSE, AND GROUND SPRAY TRIALS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

A. Retnakaran ,
L.F.R. Smith ,
W.L. Tomkins ,
M.J. Primavera ,
S.R. Palli ,
N. Payne  and
L. Jobin
A. Retnakaran
Affiliation:
Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
L.F.R. Smith
Affiliation:
Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
W.L. Tomkins
Affiliation:
Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
M.J. Primavera
Affiliation:
Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
S.R. Palli
Affiliation:
Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
N. Payne
Affiliation:
Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
L. Jobin
Affiliation:
Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 1055 Rue du P.E.P.S., Saint Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
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Abstract

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Ingestion of 0.1 μg of RH-5992, tebufenozide, by early 6th instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), prior to the appearance of the ecdysone peak in the hemolymph, resulted in the induction of a precocious incomplete moult that was lethal. The larvae stopped feeding within 8 h post ingestion and remained quiescent just as they do in preparation for a normal moult. Head capsule slippage started at 12 h post ingestion, became pronounced by 24 h, and by 48 h an untanned new head capsule was visible behind the old one. The lack of tanning of the new cuticle was due to the failure of dopadecarboxylase gene expression. Although the old cuticle was loose around the entire body, indicating that apolysis had occurred, there was no evidence of ecdysis of the old cuticle, suggesting that eclosion hormone was probably not released. Earlier instars required a lower dose than the later ones to elicit an "all or none" type of moulting response. The most effective routes of entry were by intrahemocoelic injection, followed by ingestion. Topical application was effective only when nonaqueous carriers such as acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide were used. The larvae were unable to discriminate between treated and untreated diet over a 48-h period. The transcription factor, Choristoneura hormone receptor 3, which is normally expressed at the onset of the hemolymph ecdysone peak, was expressed in the epidermis 1 h post ingestion of RH-5992, reached a peak level by 3 h, and became undetectable by 24 h, confirming that this analogue acts through the ecdysone receptor system. Greenhouse tests using potted white spruce trees sprayed with RH-5992 and colonized with 4th-instar spruce budworm indicated that field dosages of 35, 70, 140, and 280 g/ha would all be effective. Ground spray trials conducted in a spruce budworm infested white spruce stand in Zee Casault, Gaspé, Quebec, using a backpack sprayer showed that ≥ 70 g/ha of RH-5992 reduced the insect population by 100% with very little defoliation and was better than Chlorfluazuron® (an analogue of the chitin synthesis inhibitor, diflubenzuron or Dimilin®) treatment, which was used as a positive control. The unique mode of action of this ecdysone agonist and its effectiveness as an environmentally benign control agent for the spruce budworm are discussed.

Résumé

L’ingestion de 0,1 μg de RH-5992, ou Tebufenozide, par de jeunes larves de sixième stade de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), avant l’apparition de la concentration maximale d’ecdysone dans l’hémolymphe, a provoqué l’apparition d’une mue partielle, létale à l’insecte. Les larves ont cessé de se nourrir moins de 8 h après ingestion et ont conservé une apparence semblable à celle précédent une mue normale. La capsule céphalique a commencé à se détacher 12 h après ingestion; ce détachement fut plus évident après 24 h et, après 48 h, une nouvelle capsule céphalique de couleur pâle était visible sous l’ancienne. L’absence de coloration de la nouvelle cuticule est le résultat de l’inactivation du gène de la dopadecarboxylase. Quoi que la vielle cuticule fut détachée du corps de l’insecte indiquant que l’apolyse eut lieu, il n’y a pas de preuve que la cuticule initiale se soit détachée, mettant en évidence le fait que l’hormone de la mue ne fut pas sécrétée. Pour provoquer le processus de la mue de type "tout ou rien", les premiers stades larvaires utilisent une plus faible dose d’hormone que les stades plus âgés. Les modes de pénétration les plus efficaces sont par injection intrahémocoelique, ou par ingestion. Une application sur la cuticule était efficace seulement lorsqu’un produit tel que l’acétone ou le diméthyl sulfoxide est utilisé. Pendant une période de 48 h, les larves ne pouvaient établir une distinction entre les régimes alimentaires traités ou non traités. Le messager, Choristoneura hormone receptor 3, s’exprime lorsque l’ecdysone de l’hémolymphe atteint son palier maximal, est décelé dans l’épidémie 1 h après ingestion de RH-5992, atteint un sommet après 3 h, et ne peut être détecté 24 h plus tard, mettant en évidence le fait que cet analogue agit sur le système récepteur de l’ecdysone. Des essais en serre à l’aide de larves de 4ième stade de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette élevées sur des plants d’épinette blanche traités avec le RH-5992, indiquent que les doses de 35, 70, 140 et 280 g par ha sont toutes aussi efficaces les unes que les autres. Des traitements au sol dans un peuplement d’épinette. blanche infesté par la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette localisé à Zec Casault, Québec, réalisés à l’aide d’un pulvérisateur portatif, démontrent qu’une dose de 70 g par ha de RH-5992 entraîne une diminution de 100% des populations larvaires. De plus, ce produit a donné des résultats très supérieurs au Chlorfluazuron® (un analogue de l’inhibiteur de synthèse de la chitine, le diflubenzuron ou Dimilin®) utilisé comme traitement comparatif. Le mode d’action particulier de cet ecdysone de synthèse de même que son efficacité comme agent de lutte contre la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette et sa sécurité pour l’environnement sont discutés.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 129 , Issue 5 , October 1997 , pp. 871 - 885
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1997

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