Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:27:22.124Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

WARREN ROOTCOLLAR WEEVIL, HYLOBIUS WARRENI WOOD (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN CANADA: ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, DAMAGE RELATIONSHIPS, AND MANAGEMENT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

H.F. Cerezke
H.F. Cerezke
Affiliation:
Canada Department of Natural Resources, Canadian Forest Service, 5320 - 122 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Warren rootcollar weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood, is a pest of several conifer species and is distributed widely throughout the boreal forest in Canada. Literature on this weevil is reviewed and interpreted to provide comprehensive coverage of its ecology, behavior, and impacts, and the implications for its management. New information is provided to fill gaps in our knowledge of H. warreni. These include distribution and hosts, immature stages, sex ratios, and daily and seasonal activity patterns of adults. Sex ratios, abundance, longevity, and pedestrian dispersal behavior of adults within the forest and on trees are described from mark, release, and recapture studies conducted over several years using a newly designed interception trap. Daily trap captures are correlated with previous night temperatures and this relationship is a tool for predicting adult captures. Fecundity and oviposition behavior on the host tree are described from laboratory- and field-reared adults.

Population levels of H. warreni are compared across a variety of lodgepole pine stands in Alberta. Weevil numbers within forests are described in relation to tree size and age, depth of duff material around tree bases, and stand density. Analysis of weevil feeding scars distributed at the root collar base of mature pine stems were used to describe the likely temporal pattern of population abundance and change during stand development. Information supportive of this pattern is presented from surveys in young and mature stands.

A new method of assessing stands of lodgepole pine for suitability of habitat for H. warreni takes into account the cumulative nature of this weevil’s injury and reflects its temporal pattern of success in relation to stand conditions. The effects of a pre-commercial thinning treatment on H. warreni populations and its girdling injury were investigated in a 25-year-old lodgepole pine stand over an 8-year period. Compared with control plots, thinning treatment caused a 5-fold increase in weevil numbers per tree and increased the tree attack incidence by 2-fold, but resulted in an average 6% reduction in partial stem girdling of attacked trees. Information about the effects of various forest management practices on H. warreni abundance and survival is reviewed and areas requiring research are identified.

Résumé

Le Charançcon de Warren, Hylobius warreni Wood, parasite plusieurs espèces de conifères et est bien répandu dans la forêt boréale canadienne. Les travaux sur cette espèce ont été révisés et interprétés dans le but d’obtenir le plus d’informations possible sur l’écologie, le comportement et les effets de ce parasite avant d’établir des programmes de contrôle. De nouvelles données viennent combler les lacunes dans nos connaissances de l’espèce : répartition des hôtes, stades immatures, rapports mâles : femelles, activités quotidiennes et saisonnières des adultes. Les données sur les rapports mâles : femelles, l’abondance, la longévité et le comportement de dispersion pédestre des adultes dans la forêt et sur les arbres ont été obtenues par marquage–capture–recapture durant plusieurs années au cours desquelles un nouveau type de piège a été utilisé. Les captures quotidiennes dans les pièges se sont avérées en corrélation avec la température de la nuit précédente et celle relation permet de prédire les captures des adultes. La fécondité et le comportement de ponte sur les arbres hôtes sont décrites à partir de données sur des adultes élevés en laboratoire et en nature.

Les densités de population d’H. warreni ont été comparées au sein de plusieurs forêts de pins de Murray en Alberta. Le nombre de charançons trouvés a été mis en relation avec la taille et l’âge des arbres, avec la profondeur de la couche d’humus autour de la base des arbres et avec la densité de la forêt. L’analyse des cicatrices laissés par les charançons se nourrissant à la base du tronc d’arbres à maturité, à la naissance des racines, a permis de décrire la courbe probable d’abondance de la population en fonction du temps au cours du développement de la forêt. Le pattern obtenu est confirmé par des données obtenues dans des forêts jeunes et des forêts à maturité.

Une nouvelle méthode d’évaluation des forêts de pins de Murray comme hôtes de populations d’H. warreni tient compte de la nature cumulative des blessures causées par le charançon et reflète son succès en fonction du temps en relation avec les conditions de la forêt. Les effets d’un éclaircissement préliminaire de la forêt pour des fins commerciales sur les populations d’H. warreni et ceux des blessures d’annélation ont été étudiés pendant 8 ans au sein d’une forêt de pins de Murray de 25 ans. La comparaison avec des forêts témoins a révélé que l’éclaircissement a entraîné une augmentation considérable (×5) du nombre de charançons par arbre, a augmenté l’incidence des attaques aux arbres par un facteur de 2, mais a résulté en une réduction moyenne de 6% des annélations partielles des tiges des arbres attaqués. L’information sur les effets des pratiques d’aménagement des forêts sur l’abondance et la survie d’H. warreni est révisée et les zones de recherche qui doivent être approfondies sont indentifées.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 126 , Issue 6 , December 1994 , pp. 1383 - 1442
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Amirault, P.A., and Pope, B.. 1989. Pest Distribution and Impact in Young Lodgepole Pine Stands in West-central Alberta. Forestry Canada, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alta. Canada-Alberta Forest Resource Development Agreement, Project Report 1410–65: 37 pp.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1939–1992. Annual Reports of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey. Department of Natural Resources, Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Baranyay, J.A., and Stevenson, G.R.. 1964. Mortality caused by Armillaria root rot, peridermium rusts, and other destructive agents in lodgepole pine regeneration. Forestry Chronicle 40: 350–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bejer-Petersen, B., Juutinen, P., Kangas, E., Bakke, A., Butovitsch, V., Eidmann, H., and Heqvist, K.J.. 1962. Studies on Hylobius abietis L. Development and Life Cycle in the Nordic Countries. Acta Entomologica Fennica 17: 106 pp.Google Scholar
Byford, G.T., and McLean, J.A.. 1991. Survey of Warren's Root Collar Weevil in the Kispiox Forest District Summer 1989. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. British Columbia Forest Service Internal Report PM–PB–71: 19 pp.Google Scholar
Burman, M., Pye, A.E., and Nöjd, N.O.. 1979. Preliminary field trial of the nematode Neoplectana carpocapsae against larvae of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Annales Entomologici Fennici 45: 88.Google Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1967. A method for rearing the root weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Canadian Entomologist 99: 1087–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1969. The Distribution and Abundance of the Root Weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood, in Relation to Lodgepole Pine Stand Conditions in Alberta. Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.221 pp.Google Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1970 a. Biology and Control of Warren's Root Collar Weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood, in Alberta. Canada Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Canadian Forestry Service, Calgary, Alta. Internal Report A–27: 28 pp.Google Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1970 b. Survey Report of the Weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood, in the Foothills of Alberta. Canada Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, Alta. Internal Report A–38: 40 pp.Google Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1970 c. A method for estimating abundance of the weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood, and its damage in lodgepole pine stands. Forestry Chronicle 46: 392–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1972. Effects of weevil feeding on resin duct density and radial increment in lodgepole pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2: 11–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1973 a. Survival of the weevil, Hylobius arreni Wood in lodgepole pine stumps. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3: 367–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1973 b. Bark thickness and bark resin cavities on young lodgepole pine in relation to Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3: 599–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1973 c. Some parasites and predators of Hylobius warreni in Alberta. Environment Canada. Bi-monthly Research Notes 29: 24–25.Google Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1974. Effects of partial girdling on growth in lodgepole pine with application to damage by the weevil Hylobius warreni Wood. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 4: 312–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1990. Summary of Surveys for Pests and Tree Conditions in Lodgepole Pine Tree Genetic Plantations G127D (1989), Snuff Mountain, Grande Prairie Forest District, Alberta. Forestry Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, Alta. File Report NOR–1101: 1 p.Google Scholar
Cerezke, H.F. 1991. Report on Pests, Damage, and Tree Conditions in 1990 in the Lodgepole Pine Plantations, G127A and G127B. Forestry Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, Alta. File Report NOR–1101: 10 pp.Google Scholar
Cerezke, H.F., and Brandt, J.P.. 1993. Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories in 1992. Forestry Canada, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton. Information Report NOR–X–332: 24 pp.Google Scholar
Corns, I.G.W., and Annas, R.M.. 1986. Field Guide to Forest Ecosystems of West-central Alberta. Forestry Canada, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alta. 251 pp.Google Scholar
Daviault, L. 1949. Charancon de l'epinette. Bureau d'Entomologie, Quebec. Foret et Conservation 1: 96–97.Google Scholar
Drouin, J.A., and Kusch, D.S.. 1975. Pesticide Field Trials on Shade and Shelterbelt Trees in Alberta, 1974. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, Alta. Information Report NOR–X–131: 30 pp.Google Scholar
Drouin, J.A., and Kusch, D.S.. 1978. Pesticide Field Trials on Shade and Shelterbelt Trees in Alberta, 1977. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Edmonton, Alta. Information Report NOR–X–205: 16 pp.Google Scholar
Duncan, R.W. 1986. Terminal and Root-collar Weevils of Lodgepole Pine in British Columbia. Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, B.C. Pest Leaflet FPL 73: 6 pp.Google Scholar
Eidt, D.C., and Weaver, C.A.A.. 1993. Control Damage by Seeding Debarking Weevil. Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region, Fredericton, N.B. Technical Note 271: 5 pp.Google Scholar
Eidt, D.C., and Thurston, G.S. (Compilers and Editors). 1994. Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Insect Pest Management in a Cold Climate. Canadian Forest Service, Maritimes Region, Fredericton, N.B. Proceedings of Workshop sponsored by Entomological Society of Canada and Entomological Society of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Information Report M–X–187E: 66 pp.Google Scholar
Embree, D.G. 1965. The Population Dynamics of the Winter Moth in Nova Scotia, 1954–1962. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 46: 57 pp.Google Scholar
Felt, E.P., and Bromley, S.W.. 1941. New and unusual shade tree pests. Journal of Economic Entomology 34: 383–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnegan, R.J. 1961. A field key to the North American species of Hylobius (Curculionidae). The Canadian Entomologist 93: 501–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnegan, R.J. 1962 a. The pine root-collar weevil, Hylobius radicis Buch, in southern Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist 94: 11–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnegan, R.J. 1962 b. Serious Damage to Scots Pine by the Weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood. Canada Department of Forestry, Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, Ottawa, Ont. Bi-monthly Progress Report 18: 2 pp.Google Scholar
Finnegan, R.J., and Stewart, K.E.. 1962. Control of the pine root collar weevil, Hylobius radicis. Journal of Economic Entomology 55: 482–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, H.R., Foreman, F., MacLeod, L.S., and Ingram, W.. 1968. Canada Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Forestry Branch, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Annual District Reports of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey in Ontario, 1967, Northern Forest Region. 15 pp.Google Scholar
Foster, H.R., and Hook, J.. 1972. Forest Insect and Disease Surveys in the Northern Survey Region, 1971. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Information Report O–X–161: 22 pp.Google Scholar
Garbutt, R., and Stewart, A.. 1989. Forest Insect and Disease Conditions, Prince Rupert Forest Region 1988. Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, B.C. Forest Insect and Disease Survey Report 89–5: 51 pp.Google Scholar
Garbutt, R., and Stewart, A.. 1991. Forest Insect and Disease Conditions, Prince Rupert Forest Region 1990. Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, B.C. Forest Insect and Disease Survey Report 91–5: 42 pp.Google Scholar
Goyer, R.A., and Benjamin, D.M.. 1972. Influence of soil fertility on infestation of jack pine plantations by the pine root weevil. Forest Science 18: 139–147.Google Scholar
Goyer, R.A., and Hertel, G.D.. 1970. A Field-key to the Pine Infesting Hylobius Weevils of Wisconsin and their Allies. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. Forest Research Note 152: 5 pp.Google Scholar
Grant, J. 1966. The hosts and distribution of the root weevils Hylobius pinicola (Couper) and H. warreni Wood in British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 63: 3–5.Google Scholar
Herring, L.J., and Coates, H.G.. 1981. Warren's Collar Weevil: The Underground Plantation Menace. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Prince George Forest Region, B.C. Report 2: 9 pp.Google Scholar
Howse, G.M. 1984. Insect pests of jack pine: Biology, damage and control. pp. 131–138 in Smith, C.R., and Brown, G. (Cochairmen), Proceedings of Jack Pine Symposium, Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Canada–Ontario Joint Forest Research Committee Symposium Proceedings O–P–12: 195 pp.Google Scholar
Howse, G.M., and Applejohn, M.J.. 1993. Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in Ontario Fall 1992. Forestry Canada, Ontario Region, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Ontario Region Survey Bulletin: 18 pp.Google Scholar
Humphreys, N., and Clarke, D.H.L.. 1989. Forest Insect and Disease Conditions, Vancouver Forest Region 1988. Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, B.C. Forest Insect and Disease Survey Report 89–6: 37 pp.Google Scholar
Hunt, D.W.A., Lintereur, G., Salom, S.M., and Raffa, K.F.. 1993. Performance and preference of Hylobius radicis Buchanan, and H. pales (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on various Pinus species. The Canadian Entomologist 125: 1003–1010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, D.W.A., and Raffa, K.F.. 1989. Attraction of Hylobius radicis and Pachylobius picivorus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to ethanol and turpentine in pitfall traps. Environmental Entomology 18: 351–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ives, W.G.H., and Rentz, C.L.. 1993. Factors Affecting the Survival of Immature Lodgepole Pine in the Foothills of West-central Alberta. Forestry Canada, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alta. Information Report NOR–X–330: 49 pp.Google Scholar
Johnstone, W.D. 1985. Thinning lodgepole pine. pp. 253–262 in Baumgartner, D.M., Krebill, R.G., Arnott, J.T., and Weetman, G.F. (Eds.), Lodgepole Pine: The Species and its Management Symposium Proceedings. Washington State University, Pullman, WA. 381 pp.Google Scholar
Kabzens, A., Kosowan, A.L., and Harris, W.C.. 1986. Mixedwood Section in an Ecological Perspective in Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan Parks and Renewable Resources and Forestry Canada, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alta. Canada–Saskatchewan Forest Resource Development Agreement Technical Bulletin 8 (2nd ed.): 122 pp.Google Scholar
Koot, H.P., and Turnquist, R.. 1984. Forest Insect and Disease Conditions, Nelson Forest District 1983. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Victoria, B.C. File Report: 32 pp.Google Scholar
Långström, B., and Hellqvist, C.. 1989. Effects of defoliation, decapitation, and partial girdling on root and shoot growth of pine and spruce seedlings. pp. 98–100 in Alfaro, R.I., and Glover, S.G. (Eds.), Insects Affecting Reforestation: Biology and Damage. Proceedings of the International Union Forest Research Organizations, Working Group on Insects Affecting Reforestation, Vancouver, B.C. Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, B.C.256 pp.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, A.A., Dixon, E.A., and Wieser, H.. 1989. Semiochemical Mediated Control and Monitoring of Root Collar Weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Forestry Plantations in Alberta. Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. Unpublished Report. 66 pp.Google Scholar
Magasi, L.P. 1988. Forest pest conditions in the Maritimes 1987. Canadian Forestry Service, Maritimes Forestry Centre, Fredericton, N.B. Information Report M–X–166: 109 pp.Google Scholar
Manna, G.K., and Smith, S.G.. 1959. Chromosomal polymorphism and inter-relationships among bark weevils of the genus Pissodes Germar. The Nucleus 2: 179–208.Google Scholar
Martineau, R. 1984. Insects Harmful to Forest Trees. Multiscience Publications Limited, Montreal, Que.261 pp.Google Scholar
Maxwell, K.W., and MacLeod, G.F.. 1937. A Scotch pine weevil (Hylobius radicis Buchanan). Journal of Economic Entomology 30: 215–216.Google Scholar
Merler, H. 1985. Tomentosus Root Rot of White Spruce in Central British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.72 pp.Google Scholar
Millers, I. 1965. The Biology and Ecology of the Pine Root Collar Weevil, Hylobius radicis Buchanan, in Wisconsin. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. 151 pp.Google Scholar
Millers, I., Benjamin, D.M., and Warner, R.E.. 1963. A new Hylobius weevil associated with jack pine stand deterioration (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Canadian Entomologist 95: 18–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, W.S. 1984. Keynote address: Status and potential of jack pine in Ontario. pp. 1–8 in Smith, C.R., and Brown, G. (Cochairmen), Proceedings of Jack Pine Symposium. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Canada–Ontario Joint Forest Research Committee Symposium Proceedings O–P–12: 195 pp.Google Scholar
Morris, O.N. 1985. Susceptibility of 31 species of agricultural insect pests to the entomogenous nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The Canadian Entomologist 117: 401–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, M., and Haufe, G.. 1991. The response of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to certain chemical compounds of its host plants. Archiv fuer Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz 27: 299–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordin, V.J. 1956. Insects associated with fire-scarred lodgepole pine in Alberta. Agriculture Canada, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, Ont. Bi-monthly Progress Report 12: 3.Google Scholar
Norlander, G. 1987. A method for trapping Hylobius abietis (L.) with a standardized bait and its potential for forecasting seedling damage. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2: 199–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norlander, G. 1990. Limonene inhibits attraction to alpha-pinene in the pine weevils Hylobius abietis and H. pinastri. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16: 1307–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norlander, G. 1991. Host finding in the pine weevil Hylobius abietis: Its effects of conifer volatiles and added limonene. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 59: 229–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pendrel, B.A. 1990. Hazard from the Seedling Debarking Weevil: A Revised Key to Predicting Damage on Sites to be Planted. Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region, Fredericton, N.B. Technical Note 236: 4 pp.Google Scholar
Pye, A.E., and Pye, N.L.. 1985. Different applications of the insect parasitic nematode Neoplectana carpocapsae to control the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis. Nematologica 31: 109–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raffa, K.F., and Hunt, W.A.. 1988. Use of baited pitfall traps for monitoring pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Great Lakes Entomologist 21: 123–125.Google Scholar
Reid, R.W. 1952. Hypomolyx piceus (DeG.) on lodgepole pine. Canada Agriculture, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, Ont. Bi-monthly Progress Report 8: 2–3.Google Scholar
Reid, R.W. 1954. Summary of Observations on Hypomolyx sp., 1952–1953. Canada Agriculture, Forest Biology Division, Calgary, Alta. Unpublished file report. 4 pp.Google Scholar
Rieske, L.K., and Raffa, K.F.. 1991. Effects of varying ethanol and turpentine levels on attraction of two pine root weevil species, Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environmental Entomology 20: 48–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rieske, L.K., and Raffa, K.F.. 1993. Potential use of baited pitfall traps in monitoring pine root weevil, Hylobius pales, Pachylobius picivorus, and Hylobius radicis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations and infestation levels. Journal of Economic Entomology 86: 475–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, A.H., and Lindquist, O.H.. 1973. Insects of Eastern Canada. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Publication 1313: 127 pp.Google Scholar
Rose, A.H., and Lindquist, O.H.. 1977. Insects of Eastern Spruces, Fir and Hemlock. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Forestry Technical Report 23: 159 pp.Google Scholar
Ross, D.A. 1955. A Weevil of White Pine Roots. Canada Agriculture, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, Ont. Bi-monthly Progress Report 11: 4.Google Scholar
Rowe, J.S. 1972. Forest Regions of Canada. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, Ont. Publication 1300: 172 pp.Google Scholar
Samšináková, A., and Novák, V.. 1967. Combined control methods for Hylobius abietis. Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde 40: 22–27.Google Scholar
Schabel, H.G. 1976. Green muscardine disease of Hylobius pales (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Entomologie 81: 413–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffner, J.V. Jr., and McIntyre, H.I.. 1944. The pine root collar weevil. Journal of Forestry 42: 269–275.Google Scholar
Schenefelt, R.D. 1950. Control of the pine root collar weevil. Journal of Economic Entomology 43: 684–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmiege, D.C. 1963. The feasibility of using a Neoplectanid nematode for control of some forest insect pests. Journal of Economic Entomology 56: 427–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selander, J., and Immonen, A.. 1992. Effect of fertilization and watering of Scots pine seedlings on the feeding preference of the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.). Silva Fennica 26: 75–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selander, J., and Kalo, J.P.. 1979. Evaluation of resistance of Scots pine seedlings against the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in relation to their monoterpene composition. Silva Fennica 13: 115–130.Google Scholar
Smerlis, E. 1957. Hylobius injuries as infection courts of root and butt rots in immature balsam fir stands. Agriculture Canada, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, Ont. Bi-monthly Progress Report 13: 1.Google Scholar
Smerlis, E. 1961. Pathological condition of immature fir stands of Hylocomium-Oxalis type in the Laurentide Park, Quebec. Forestry Chronicle 37: 109–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C.R. 1984. Precommercial thinning in jack pine with particular reference to experiments in northeastern Ontario. pp. 122–130 in Smith, C.R., and Brown, G. (Cochairmen), Proceedings of Jack Pine Symposium. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Canada–Ontario Joint Forest Research Committee Symposium Proceedings O–P–12: 195 pp.Google Scholar
Smithers, L.A. 1957. Thinning of Lodgepole Pine Stands in Alberta. Canada Department Northern Affairs and Natural Resources, Forestry Branch, Forest Research Division, Ottawa, Ont. Technical Note 52: 26 pp.Google Scholar
Smithers, L.A. 1962. Lodgepole Pine in Alberta. Canada Department Forestry, Ottawa, Ont. Bulletin 127: 153 pp.Google Scholar
Southwood, T.R.E. 1978. Ecological Methods with Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations. University Printing House, Cambridge, Great Britain. 524 pp.Google Scholar
Stark, R.W. 1959 a. Studies on the Pine Root Weevil, Hylobius warreni Wood in Alberta (1957). Canada Agriculture, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Calgary, Alta. Interim Report. 25 pp.Google Scholar
Stark, R.W. 1959 b. Hylobius warreni Wood in Alberta. Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, Ont. Bi-monthly Progress Report 15: 2.Google Scholar
Steel, R.G.D., and Torrie, J.H.. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, a Biometrical Approach, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York, NY. 633 pp.Google Scholar
Sullivan, T.P., Coates, H., Jozsa, L.A., and Diggle, P.K.. 1993. Influence of feeding damage by small mammals on tree growth and wood quality in young lodgepole pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23: 799–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Syme, P.D. 1985. Eastern white pine in Ontario: Its entomological, pathological, physiological and other problems. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Supplement 116: 21–31.Google Scholar
Taylor, J.W., and Franklin, R.T.. 1973. Incidence of occurrence of Beauveria bassiana in forest collections of Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Canadian Entomologist 105: 123–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilles, D.A., Norlander, G., Nordenhem, H., Eidmann, H.H., Wassgren, A.-B., and Bergström, G.. 1986. Increased release of host volatiles from feeding scars: A major cause of field aggregation in the pine weevil Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environmental Entomology 15: 1050–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilles, D.A., Sjödin, K., Norlander, G., and Eidmann, H.H., 1986. Synergism between ethanol and conifer host volatiles as attractants for the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 79: 970–973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townes, H., and Townes, M.. 1960. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 2. Subfamilies Ephialtinae, Xoridinae, and Acaenitinae. United States Natural Musuem Bulletin 216, Part 2: 124–127.Google Scholar
Unger, L., and Stewart, A.. 1986. Forest Insect and Disease Conditions, Prince Rupert Forest Region 1985. Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, B.C.Forest Insect and Disease Survey File Report 86–5: 39 pp.Google Scholar
Walstad, J.D., and Anderson, R.F.. 1971. Effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana and Metarrhizium anisopliae as control agents for the pales weevil. Journal of Economic Entomology 64: 322–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, R.E. 1966. A review of the Hylobius of North America with a new species injurious to slash pine (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 20: 65–81.Google Scholar
Warren, G.L. 1954. Studies of Hypomolyx piceus (De G.) (1953). Canada Agriculture, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Winnipeg, Man. Unpublished file report. 21 pp.Google Scholar
Warren, G.L. 1955. Studies of Hypomolyx piceus (De G.). Canada Agriculture, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Winnipeg, Man. Interim Report 1954–2: 10 pp.Google Scholar
Warren, G.L. 1956 a. Studies of Hypomolyx piceus (De G.). Canada Agriculture, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Winnpeg, Man. Interim Report 1955–2: 22 pp.Google Scholar
Warren, G.L. 1956 b The effect of some site factors on the abundance of Hypomolyx piceus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Ecology 37: 132–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, G.L. 1956 c. Root injury to conifers in Canada by species of Hylobius and Hypomolyx (Coleoptera: Cuculionidae). Forestry Chronicle 32: 7–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, G.L. 1956 d. pH and incidence of attack of Hypomolyx piceus (De G.). Canada Agriculture, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, Ont. Bi-monthly Progress Report 12: 2–3.Google Scholar
Warren, G.L. 1958. A method of rearing bark- and cambium-feeding beetles with particular reference to Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Canadian Entomologist 90: 425–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, G.L. 1960 a. Progress in the artificial rearing of Hylobius warreni Wood. Canada Agriculture, Research Branch, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, Ont. Bi-monthly Progress Report 16: 2–3.Google Scholar
Warren, G.L. 1960 b. External anatomy of the adult of Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and comparison with H. pinicola (Couper). The Canadian Entomologist 92: 321–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, G.L. 1960 c. Damage Appraisal of Hylobius warreni Wood (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its Effect on its Hosts. Canada Agriculture, Research Branch, Forest Biology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Man. Unpublished file report. 21 pp.Google Scholar
Warren, G.L., and Ives, W.G.H.. 1957. A Preliminary Comparison of Two Methods for Appraisal of Infestations of Hylobius warreni Wood. Canada Agriculture, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Winnipeg, Man. Unpublished file report. 6 pp.Google Scholar
Warren, G.L., and Parrott, W.C.. 1965. Status of Root Weevils, Hylobius spp. in Coniferous Plantations in Newfoundland. Forestry Canada, Corner Brook, Nfld. Information Report N–X–1: 7 pp.Google Scholar
Warren, G.L., and Singh, P.. 1970. Hylobius weevils and Armillaria root rot in a coniferous plantation in Newfoundland. Canada Fisheries and Forestry, Canadian Forestry Service, St. John's, Nfld. Bi-monthly Research Notes 26: 55.Google Scholar
Warren, G.L., and Whitney, R.D.. 1951. Spruce root borer (Hypomolyx sp.), root wounds, and root diseases of white spruce. Canada Agriculture, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, Ont. Bi-monthly Progress Report 7: 2–3.Google Scholar
Wegensteiner, R., and Führer, E.. 1988. The efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. against Hylobius abietis L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Entomophaga 33: 339–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, R.D. 1952. Relationship between entry of root-rotting fungi and root wounding by Hypomolyx and other factors in white spruce. Canada Agriculture, Science Service, Forest Biology Division, Ottawa, Ont. Bi-monthly Progress Report 8: 2.Google Scholar
Whitney, R.D. 1961. Root wounds and associated root rots of white spruce. Forestry Chronicle 37: 401–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, R.D. 1962. Studies in forest pathology. XXIV. Polyporus tomentosus Fr. as a major factor in stand-opening disease of white spruce. Canadian Journal of Botany 40: 1631–1658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, R.D., and Myren, D.T.. 1978. Root-rotting fungi associated with mortality of conifer saplings in northern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 8: 17–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, L.F. 1965. Recent advances in the study of Hylobius radicis Buch. Proceedings North Central Branch, Entomological Society of America 20: 144–146.Google Scholar
Wilson, L.F. 1967. Effects of pruning and ground treatments on populations of the pine root collar weevil. Journal of Economic Entomology 60: 823–827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, L.F. 1973. Pruning and litter removal or soil scraping controls the pine root collar weevil in young red pine plantations. Environmental Entomology 2: 325–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, L.F., and Millers, I.. 1983. Pine Root Collar Weevil — Its Ecology and Management. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, East Lansing, MI. Technical Bulletin 1675: 34 pp.Google Scholar
Wilson, L.F., Waddell, C.D., and Millers, I.. 1966. A way to distinguish sex of adult Hylobius weevils in the field. The Canadian Entomologist 98: 1118–1119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, C.S., and Van Sickle, G.A.. 1986. Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in British Columbia and Yukon 1985. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, B.C. Information Report BC–X–277: 32 pp.Google Scholar
Wood, C.S., and Van Sickle, G.A.. 1989. Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in British Columbia and Yukon 1988. Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, B.C. Information Report BC–X–306: 33 pp.Google Scholar
Wood, S.L. 1957. The North American allies of Hylobius piceus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The Canadian Entomologist 89: 37–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J.W., and Wilson, L.F.. 1972. Genetic Differences in Scotch Pine Resistance to Pine Root Collar Weevil. Michigan State University, Agriculture Experiment Station, East Lansing, MI. Research Report 159: 6 pp.Google Scholar
Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 718 pp.Google Scholar
Zumr, V., and Starý, P.. 1992. Field experiments with different attractants in baited pitfall traps for Hylobius abietis L. (Col., Curculionidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 113: 451–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar