Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T18:55:03.688Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Review of the emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), life history, mating behaviours, host plant selection, and host resistance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2015

Therese M. Poland ,
Yigen Chen ,
Jennifer Koch  and
Deepa Pureswaran
Therese M. Poland*
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3101 Technology Blvd., Suite F, Lansing, Michigan 48910, United States of America
Yigen Chen
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
Jennifer Koch
Affiliation:
USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 359 Main Rd. Delaware, Ohio 43015, United States of America
Deepa Pureswaran
Affiliation:
Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du PEPS, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 4C7
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

As of summer 2014, the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), has become established in 24 states in the United States of America and has killed tens of millions of ash trees since its introduction into Michigan in the 1990s. Considerable research has been conducted on many aspects of EAB life history, natural history, ecology, and management strategies in an attempt to contain this devastating pest. In this article, we review the life history, mating behaviours, and host plant selection by EAB in North America as well as host resistance to EAB attack.

Type
Original Article
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 147 , Special Issue 3: Emerald Ash Borer , June 2015 , pp. 252 - 262
Copyright
© The Entomological Society of Canada 2015. Parts of this work are that of the US Government and therefore such parts are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Parts of this work are that of the Canadian Government and therefore such parts are subject to Canadian Crown Copyright. 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Subject editor: Krista Ryall

References

Akiyama, K. and Ohmomo, S. 1997. A checklist of the Japanese Buprestidae. Gekkan-Mushi Supplement, 1: 1–67.Google Scholar
Anulewicz, A.C., McCullough, D.G., and Cappaert, D.L. 2007. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) density and canopy dieback in three North American ash species. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, 33: 338–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anulewicz, A.C., McCullough, D.G., Cappaert, D.L., and Poland, T.M. 2008. Host range of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in North America: results of multiple-choice field experiments. Environmental Entomology, 37: 230–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bai, X., Rivera-Vega, L., Mamidala, P., Bonello, P., Herms, D.A., and Mittapalli, O. 2011. Transcriptomic signatures of ash (Fraxinus spp.) phloem. Public Library of Science One, 6: e16368. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016368.Google ScholarPubMed
Bartels, D., Williams, D., Ellenwood, J., and Sapio, F. 2007. Application of remote sensing technology for detection and mapping of hardwood tree species and emerald ash borer-stressed ash trees. In Emerald ash borer and Asian longhorned beetle research and technology development meeting. Compiled by V. Mastro, D. Lance, R. Reardon, and G. Parra. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America. Pp. 84–85.Google Scholar
Bartelt, R., Cossé, A.A., Zilkowski, B.W., and Fraser, I. 2007. Antennally active macrolide from the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis emitted predominantly by females. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 33: 1299–1302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, L.S., Haack, R.A., Miller, D.L., Petrice, T.R., and Liu, H. 2004. Emerald ash borer life cycle. In Emerald ash borer research and technology development meeting. Compiled by V. Mastro and R. Reardon. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America. P. 8.Google Scholar
Brown-Rytlewski, D.E. and Wilson, M.A. 2004. Tracking the emergence of emerald ash borer adults. In Emerald ash borer research and technology development meeting. Compiled by V. Mastro and R. Reardon. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America. Pp. 13–14.Google Scholar
Cappaert, D., McCullough, D.G., Poland, T.M., and Siegert, N.W. 2005. Emerald ash borer in North America: a research and regulatory challenge. American Entomologist, 51: 152–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakraborty, S., Whitehill, J.G.A., Hill, A.L., Opiyo, S.O., Cipollini, D., Herms, D.A., et al. 2014. Effects of water availability on emerald ash borer larval performance and phloem phenolics of Manchurian and black ash. Plant Cell & Environment, 37: 1009–1021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Y., Ciaramitaro, T.M., and Poland, T.M. 2011a. Moisture content and nutrition as selection forces for emerald ash borer larval feeding behaviour. Ecological Entomology, 36: 344–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y., Ni, X., Cottrell, T.E., Wood, B.W., and Buntin, G.D. 2009. Changes of oxidase and hydrolase activities in pecan leaves elicited by black pecan aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102: 1262–1269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Y. and Poland, T.M. 2009. Interactive influence of leaf age, light intensity, and girdling on green ash foliar chemistry and emerald ash borer development. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 35: 806–815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Y. and Poland, T.M. 2010. Nutritional and defensive chemistry of three North American ash species: possible roles in host performance and preference by emerald ash borer adults. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 43: 20–33.Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Ulyshen, M.D., Poland, T.M. 2012. Differential utilization of ash phloem by emerald ash borer larvae: ash species and larval stage effects. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 14: 324–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y., Whitehill, J.G.A., Bonello, P., and Poland, T.M. 2011b. Differential response in foliar chemistry of three ash species to emerald ash borer adult feeding. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 37: 29–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Y., Whitehill, J.G.A., Bonello, P., Poland, T.M. 2011c. Feeding by emerald ash borer larvae induces systemic changes in black ash foliar chemistry. Phytochemistry, 72: 1990–1998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cipollini, D. 2015. White fringetree, Chionanthus virginicus, as a novel larval host for emerald ash borer. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108: 370–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cipollini, D., Wang, Q., Whitehill, J.G.A., Powell, J.R., Bonello, P., and Herms, D.A. 2011. Distinguishing defense characteristics in the phloem of ash species resistant and susceptible to emerald ash borer. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 37: 450–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cossé, A.A., Bartelt, R.J., Zikowski, B.W., and Fraser, I. 2008. Identification and antennal electrophysiology of ash bark volatiles for emerald ash borer. In Proceedings of the emerald ash borer and Asian longhorned beetle research and technology development meeting. Edited by V. Mastro, D. Lance, R. Reardon, and G. Parra. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America. Pp. 81–82.Google Scholar
Crook, D.J., Francese, J.A., Zylstra, K.E., Fraser, I., Sawyer, A.J., Bartels, D.W., et al. 2009. Laboratory and field response of the emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) to selected regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102: 2160–2169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crook, D.J., Khrimian, A., Cossé, A., Fraser, I., and Mastro, V.C. 2012. Influence of trap color and host volatiles on capture of the emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 105: 429–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crook, D.J., Khrimian, A., Francese, J.A., Fraser, I., Poland, T.M., Sawyer, A.J., et al. 2008. Development of a host-based semiochemical lure for trapping emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Environmental Entomology, 37: 356–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crook, D.J. and Mastro, V.C. 2010. Chemical ecology of the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36: 101–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Groot, P., Grant, G.G., Poland, T.M., Scharbach, R., Buchan, R.L., Nott, R.W., et al. 2008. Electrophysiological response and attraction of emerald ash borer to green leaf volatiles (GLVs) emitted by host foliage. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 34: 1170–1179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duan, J.J., Larson, K., Watt, T., Gould, J., and Lelito, J.P. 2013. Effects of host plant and larval density on intraspecific competition in larvae of emerald ash borer larvae. Environmental Entomology, 42: 1193–1200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duan, J.J., Ulyshen, M.D., Bauer, L.S., Gould, J., and Van Driesche, R. 2010. Measuring the impact of biotic factors on populations of immature emerald ash borers (Coleoptera: Bupristidae). Environmental Entomology, 39: 1513–1522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duan, J.J., Yurchenko, G., and Fuester, R. 2012. Occurrence of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and biotic factors affecting its immature stage in the Russian far east. Environmental Entomology, 41: 245–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2013. Pest risk analysis for Agrilus planipennis [online]. Available from http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/PRA_intro.htm [accessed 7 January 2015].Google Scholar
Eyles, A., Jones, W., Riedl, K., Cipollini, D., Schwartz, S., Chan, K., et al. 2007. Comparative phloem chemistry of Manchurian (Fraxinus mandshurica) and two North American ash species (F. americana and F. pennsylvanica). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 33: 1430–1448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francese, J.A., Crook, D.J., Fraser, I., Lance, D.R., Sawyer, A.J., and Mastro, V.C. 2010. Optimization of trap color for the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 103: 1235–1241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, G.G., Poland, T.M., Ciaramitaro, T., Lyons, D.B., and Jones, G.C. 2011. Comparison of male and female emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) responses to phoebe oil and (Z)-3-hexenol lures in light green prism traps. Journal of Economic Entomology, 104: 173–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, G.G., Ryall, K.L., Lyons, D.B., and Abou-Zaid, M.M. 2010. Differential response of male and female emerald ash borers (Col., Buprestidae) to (Z)-3-hexenol and manuka oil. Journal of Applied Entomology, 134: 26–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haack, R.A., Jendek, E., Liu, H., Marchant, K.R., Petrice, T.R., Poland, T.M., et al. 2002. The emerald ash borer: a new exotic pest in North America. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society, 47: 1–5.Google Scholar
Herms, D.A. and McCullough, D.G. 2014. Emerald ash borer invasion of North America: history, biology, ecology, impact and management. Annual Review of Entomology, 59: 13–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinsinger, D.D., Basak, J., Gaudeul, M., Cruaud, C., Bertolino, P., Frascaria-Lacoste, N., et al. 2013. The phylogeny and biogeographic history of ashes (Fraxinus, Oleaceae) highlight the roles of migration and vicariance in the diversification of temperate trees. Public Library of Science One, 8: e80431doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080431.Google ScholarPubMed
Jendek, E. and Grebennikov, V.V. 2011. Agrilus (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) of East Asia. Jan Farkac, Prague, Czech Republic.Google Scholar
Knight, K.S., Brown, J.P., and Long, R.P. 2013. Factors affecting the survival of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees infested by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). Biological Invasions, 15: 371–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ko, J.H. 1969. A list of forest insect pests in Korea. Forest Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea.Google Scholar
Koch, J.L., Carey, D.W., Knight, K.S., Poland, T.M., Herms, D.A., and Mason, M.E. 2012. Breeding strategies for the development of emerald ash borer-resistant North American ash. In Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on genetics host-parasite interactions in forestry. Edited by R.A. Sniezko, A.D. Yanchuk, J.T. Kliejunas, K.M. Palmieri, J.M. Alexander, and S.J. Frankel. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California, United States of America. Pp. 235–239.Google Scholar
Kovacs, K.F., Haight, R.G., McCullough, D.G., Mercader, R.J., Siegert, N.W., and Liebhold, A.M. 2010. Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in U.S. communities, 2009–2019. Ecological Economics, 69: 569–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K.P., Behmer, S.T., Simpson, S.J., and Raubenheimer, D.A. 2002. A geometric analysis of nutrient regulation in the generalist caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval). Journal of Insect Physiology, 48: 655–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lelito, J.P., Böröczky, K., Jones, T.H., Fraser, I., Mastro, V.C., Tumlinson, J.H., et al. 2009. Behavioral evidence for a contact sex pheromone component of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 35: 104–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lelito, J.P., Frazer, I., Mastro, V., Tumlinson, J.H., Böröczky, K., and Baker, T.C. 2007. Visually mediated ‘paratrooper copulations’ in the mating behaviour of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a highly destructive invasive pest of North American ash trees. Journal of Insect Behavior, 20: 537–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H.P., Bauer, L.S., Gao, R., Zhao, T., Petrice, T.R., and Haack, R.A. 2003. Exploratory survey for emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and its natural enemies in China. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 36: 191–204.Google Scholar
Liu, H.P., Bauer, L.S., Miller, D.L., Zhao, T., Gao, R., Song, L., et al. 2007. Seasonal abundance of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and its natural enemies Oobius agrili (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in China. Biological Control, 42: 61–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, D.B., Jones, G.C., and Wainio-Keizer, K. 2004. The biology and phenology of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis. In Emerald ash borer research and technology development meeting. Compiled by V. Mastro and R. Reardon. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America. P. 5.Google Scholar
McCullough, D.G. and Mercader, R.J. 2012. Evaluation of potential strategies to slow ash mortality (SLAM) caused by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis): SLAM in an urban forest. International Journal of Pest Management, 58: 9–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCullough, D.G., Poland, T.M., Anulewicz, A.C., and Cappaert, D. 2009a. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) attraction to stressed or baited ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. Environmental Entomology, 38: 1668–1679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCullough, D.G., Poland, T.M., Cappaert, D., and Anulewicz, A.C. 2009b. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) attraction to ash trees stressed by girdling, herbicide and wounding. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39: 1331–1345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pijut, P.M., Beasley, R.R., and Palla, K.J. 2010. Genetic transformation of Fraxinus spp for resistance to the emerald ash borer. In Proceedings of symposium on ash in North America. Edited by C.H. Michler and M.D. Ginzel. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Serice, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, United States of America. Pp. 18–19.Google Scholar
Poland, T.M. and McCullough, D.G. 2006. Emerald ash borer: invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America’s ash resource. Journal of Forestry, 104: 118–124.Google Scholar
Poland, T.M. and McCullough, D.G. 2010. SLAM: a multi-agency pilot project to slow ash mortality caused by emerald ash borer in outlier sites. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society, 55: 4–8.Google Scholar
Poland, T.M., McCullough, D.G., and Anulewicz, A.C. 2011. Evaluation of double-decker traps for emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 104: 517–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pureswaran, D.S. and Poland, T.M. 2009a. Host selection and feeding preference of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on ash (Fraxinus spp.). Environmental Entomology, 38: 757–765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pureswaran, D.S. and Poland, T.M. 2009b. The role of olfactory cues in short-range mate finding by the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 22: 205–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajarapu, S.P., Mamidala, P., Herms, D.A., Bonello, P., and Mittapalli, O. 2011. Antioxidant genes of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis): gene characterization and expression profiles. Journal of Insect Physiology, 57: 819–824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebek, E.J., Herms, D.A., and Smitley, D.R. 2008. Interspecific variation in resistance to emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) among North American and Asian ash (Fraxinus spp.). Environmental Entomology, 37: 242–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivera Vega, L.J. 2011. Characterization of Fraxinus spp. phloem transcriptome. MSc thesis. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America. Available from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:osu1316097649 [accessed 7 January 2015].Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Saona, C.R., Miller, J.R., Poland, T.M., Kuhn, T.M., Otis, G.W., Turk, T., et al. 2007. Behaviors of adult emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist, 40: 1–16.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Saona, C., Poland, T.M., Miller, J.R., Stelinski, L.L., Grant, G.G., de Groot, P., et al. 2006. Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, to induced volatiles of Manchurian ash, Fraxinus mandshurica. Chemoecology, 16: 75–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Routledge, C.E. and Keena, M.A. 2012. Mating frequency and fecundity in the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 105: 66–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryall, K.L., Silk, P.J., Mayo, P., Crook, D., Khrimian, A., Cossé, A.A., et al. 2012. Attraction of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) to a volatile pheromone: effects of release rate, host volatile, and trap placement. Environmental Entomology, 41: 648–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shukle, R.H. and Murdock, L.L. 1983. Lipoxygenase, trypsin inhibitor, and lectin form soybeans: effects on larval growth of Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Environmental Entomology, 12: 789–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siedow, J.N. 1991. Plant lipoxygenase: structure and function. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 42: 145–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegert, N.W., McCullough, D.G., Leibhold, A.M., and Telewski, F.W. 2014. Dendrochronological reconstruction of the epicentre and early spread of emerald ash borer in North America. Diversity and Distributions, 20: 847–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silk, P.J., Ryall, K., Lyons, D.B., Sweeney, J., and Wu, J. 2009. A contact sex pheromone component of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Naturwissenschaften, 96: 601–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silk, P.J., Ryall, K., Mayo, P., Lemay, P.M., Grant, G., Crook, D., et al. 2011. Evidence for a volatile pheromone in Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) that increases attraction to a host foliar volatile. Environmental Entomology, 40: 904–916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A., Herms, D.A., and Long, R.P. 2005. The impact of emerald ash borer on forests within the Huron River watershed. In Emerald ash borer research and technology development meeting. Compiled by V. Mastro, R. Reardon, and G. Parra. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America. Pp. 22–23.Google Scholar
Tanis, S.R. and McCullough, D.G. 2012. Differential persistence of blue ash and white ash following emerald ash borer invasion. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42: 1542–1550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tluczek, A.R., McCullough, D.G., and Poland, T.M. 2011. Influence of host stress on emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) adult density, development, and distribution in Fraxinus pennsylvanica trees. Environmental Entomology, 40: 357–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service 2008. Forest inventory and analysis national program [online]. Available from http://www.fia.fs.fed.us [accessed 7 January 2015].Google Scholar
Wallander, E. 2008. Systematic of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 273: 25–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X.Y., Yang, Z.Q., Gould, J.R., Zhang, Y.N., Liu, G.J., and Liu, E.S. 2010. The biology and ecology of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, in China. Journal of Insect Science, 10: 128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wei, X., Reardon, R.D., Yun, W., and Sun, J.H. 2004. Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in China: a review and distribution survey. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 47: 679–685.Google Scholar
Wei, X., Wu, Y., Reardon, R.D., Sun, T.H., Lu, M., and Sun, J.H. 2007. Biology and damage traits of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) in China. Insect Science, 14: 367–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei, Z. 1992. Fraxinus Linnaeus. Flora of China, 61: 10–40.Google Scholar
White, T.C.R. 1993. The inadequate environment: nitrogen and abundance of animals. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehill, J.G.A., Opiyo, S.O., Koch, J.L., Herms, D.A., Cipollini, D.F., and Bonello, P. 2012. Interspecific comparison of constitutive ash phloem phenolic chemistry reveals compounds unique to Manchurian ash, a species resistant to emerald ash borer. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 38: 499–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehill, J.G.A., Popova-Butler, A., Green-Church, K.B., Koch, J.L., Herms, D.A., and Bonello, P. 2011. Interspecific proteomic comparisons reveal ash phloem genes potentially involved in constitutive resistance to the emerald ash borer. Public Library of Science One, 6: e24863. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024863.Google ScholarPubMed
Yu, C. 1992. Agrilus marcopoli Obenberger. In Forest insects of China, second editionEdited by G. Xiao. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China. Pp. 400–401.Google Scholar
Zhao, T.H., Gao, R.T., Liu, H.P., Bauer, L.S., and Sun, L.Q. 2005. Host range of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, its damage and the countermeasures. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 48: 594–599.Google Scholar