Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T07:01:25.462Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evolution and Adaptation of Larval Characters in the Tortricidae

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Margaret Rae MacKay
Margaret Rae MacKay
Affiliation:
Entomology Research Institute, Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A true understanding of the evolution of the morphological characters of the tortricid larva, and hence of the phylogeny of the species, requires study of early as well as late instars. The characters of the first instars of about 20 species are compared with those of later instars. Postembryological changes and their significance are discussed for the head, the coronal suture, the ocelli, the spinneret, the body, the spiracle, the anal shield, the anal fork, the crochets, the integument and sclerotized areas, and the setae. Characters of the primitive larva are postulated, and it is concluded that this larva probably lived in a protected habitat, mining some part of its host plant, and had a convenient exit from which it could eject the frass. The evolution of some of the tortricid tribes as indicated by larval characters is also tentatively suggested: the Olethreutinae could have evolved from the Tortricinae as a result of the suppression «f the anal fork on the primordial tortricid ancestor; the reappearance of the fork not too long after its suppression resulted in the Olethreutini, and its continued suppression resulted in the Eucosmini and Laspcyresiini. The Archipini and Sparganothini appear to be the most specialized of the tribes examined of the Tortricinae, and the Laspeyresiim the most specialized of the Olethreutinae, with Laspeyresia Hbn. group 1 possibly being among the most recently evolved in the Tortricidae.

The inferences in this paper are drawn from: examination of the setal arrangements of a few first instars, the chaetotaxy of which is presumed to be an expression of the phylogenetic past of the larva; the fundamental setal arrangements on those larvae that, in late instars, show undoubted structural specialization; deductions as to the original arrangements of setae on the posterior abdominal segments by comparison with that on the primitive middle abdominal segments; the structural changes that occur between early and late instars and between generalized and specialized larvae; and lastly, a knowledge of the life histories of some of the species examined.

It is hoped that the discussion supporting these inferences will enable us to better understand (a) the changes occurring in larval characters not included here, (b) the phylogeny of other tribes of the Tortricidae, and (c) the larval structural changes and phylogeny of other families in the Microlepidoptera.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 95 , Issue 12 , December 1963 , pp. 1321 - 1344
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1963

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Atwood, C. E. 1944. The feeding habits of young spruce budworm larvae. Canad. Ent. 76: 64–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caesar, L. 1930. Insects attacking fruit trees. Bull. Ont. Dep. Agric. 356, 70 pp.Google Scholar
Diakonoff, A. 1953. Microlepidoptera of New Guinea II. Verh. Akad. Wet. Amst. 49, 166 pp.Google Scholar
Diakonoff, A. 1960. Tortricidae from Madagascar I. Tortricinae and Chlidanotinae. Verh. Akad. Wet. Amst. 53, 209 pp.Google Scholar
Diakonoff, A. 1961. Taxonomy of the higher groups of the Tortricoidea. Verh. XI int. Kongr. ent. Wien 1: 124–126.Google Scholar
Du Porte, E. M. 1915–1916. The eye-spotted bud-worm (Eucosma (Spilonota) ocellana Schiff.). Quebec Soc. Prot. Pl. 9: 118–137.Google Scholar
Gerasimov, A. M. 1952. Fauna U.S.S.R. Lepidoptera. Vol. 1, No. 2, I. Larvae. Zool. Inst. Acad. Nauk USSR (n.s.) 56, 338 pp.Google Scholar
Gilliatt, F. C. 1930. The bionomics of the white triangle leaf roller, Cacoecia persicana Fitch. Sci. Agric. 10: 631–653.Google Scholar
Gilliatt, F. C. 1932. Life-history and habits of the three-lined leaf roller, Pandemis limitata Rob., in Nova Scotia. Sci. Agric. 12: 506–521.Google Scholar
Heinrich, C. 1923. Revision of the North American moths of the sub-family Eucosminae of the family Olethreutidae. Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 123, 286 pp.Google Scholar
Hinton, H. E. 1946. On the homology and nomenclature of the setae of lepidopterous larvae, with some notes on the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 97: 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinton, H. E. 1947. On the reduction of functional spiracles in the aquatic larvae of the Holometabola, with notes on the moulting process of spiracles. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 98: 449–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinton, H. E. 1956. The larvae of the species of Tineidae of economic importance. Bull. ent. Res. 47: 251–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera). Canad. Ent. Suppl. 10, 338 pp.Google Scholar
MacKay, M. R. 1962. Larvae of the North American Tortricinae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canad. Ent. Suppl. 28, 182 pp.Google Scholar
Miller, E. M., and Altmann, S. A.. 1958. Ecological observations on the Virginia pitchnodule moth, Petrova wenzeli (Kearfott), including a note on its nomenclature (Lepidoptera, Olethreutidae). Ohio J. Sci. 58: 273–281.Google Scholar
Obraztsov, N. S. 1954. Die Gattungen der Palaearktischen Tortricidae. Tijdschr. Ent. 97: 141–231.Google Scholar
Obraztsov, N. S. 1958. Die Gattungen der Palaearktischen Tortricidae. Tijdschr. Ent. 101: 229–261.Google Scholar
Razowski, J. 1959. European specics of Cnephasiini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Pol. Akad. Act. Zool. Cracoviensia 4, 422 pp.Google Scholar
Ripley, L. B. 1923. The external morphology and postembryology of noctuid larvae. Illinois biol. Monogr. 8: 1–102.Google Scholar
Tripp, H. A. 1954. Descriptions and habits of the spruce seedworm, Laspeyresia youngana (Kft.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Canad. Ent. 86: 385–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar