The Roll

doi:10.1017/S204216990001347X

^{page 3 note a} The year of our Lord, as well as the-regnal year, but more particularly the days of the month, which do not exist in the original, are inserted for the convenience of reference.

^{page 3 note b} Sugwas. An episcopal manor and residence in the parish of Bishop's Eaton, 3¾ miles W.N.W. from Hereford.

^{page 3 note c} Panis precomputalus, sometimes prius computalns, an expression of constant recurrence, shewing that the article to which it is annexed had already been accounted for. Here it manifestly refers to some preceding roll. The remark of the learned and accurate editor of the Countess of Leicester's Roll (Manners and Household Expenses, p. xxxvi.) upon panis, that it designates flour as well as bread, is fully supported by this document.

^{page 3 note d} Estika anguillarum. Every stick of eels should contain twenty-five. (Assisa de pond. et mens. temp. Ed. I. Statutes of the Realm, p. 205.)

^{page 3 note e} Lamprunculis. The smaller species of lamprey, called the lampern.

^{page 3 note f} De exhennio. An exact rendering of the rural idiomatic phrase, of a present.

^{page 3 note g} Remanent. The articles that follow this expression were such as remained at the end of the day, and are of course always hereafter referred to, as in note^c.

^{page 3 note h} Fenum de manerio. Hay from the farm in the occupation of the bailiff, taken from his stock, at a certain price per horse, entered probably upon his as well as this account, and settled between him and the steward at his reckoning day. The same mode of proceeding seems to have obtained with regard to corn.

^{page 4 note a} Prebenda, applied throughout to oats—horse-corn as it is termed in the country—or, as in this instance apparently, oats and bran mixed.

^{page 4 note b} De veteri ferro. New shoes worked up out of old iron and cast-off shoes. This was not mere economy, such being preferred for toughness to any made of new iron.

^{page 4 note c} Furnus or (panis) furniatus (furnagium signifies a toll for baking). Wherever this term may be employed it denotes a baking day.

^{page 4 note d} In universo omnes. The whole of all.

^{page 4 note e} Summa, a word variously spelt in the glossaries, but by this writer always in the same way with that which he places at the close of each day's expenditure, here and elsewhere signifies a horse-load. According to the Assize (ut supra) it should weigh an hundred pounds.

^{page 4 note f} Harpini. Venatoris. Adam Harpin, the falconer, and John the huntsman, had an extra allowance for diet when they were engaged at a distance from home. (Dors. ||43. f. m. ||63. e. j.) The same rule was observed with other retainers.

^{page 4 note g} Summa duorum dierum precedentium. The two preceding days are summed up to bring the account even, and begin that of the week with Sunday.

^{page 4 note h} De instauro. Out of the stock, not purchased on this occasion.

^{page 4 note i} Carkasiis bovis. As this is the first flesh-day that occurs, the reader will observe that from this point throughout, in the account given of common meats, joints are never noticed, nothing less than quarters or carcasses. The Norman term multon is always used for the dead sheep.

^{page 5 note a} De perquisito. Apparently employed in opposition to de exhennio, as of our own, not of a present. (But see Glossary.) These partridges were the fruit of Harpin's exertions.

^{page 5 note b} Buleteria, bolted flour, or the cloth applied to that process. (Dors. ||48.)

^{page 5 note c} De camera. Spices delivered out from the store-room for culinary purposes. Their prices are not noted here, as having been formerly entered when bought in; but see Dors. ||5, 6, for farther purchases.

^{page 5 note d} Tench, pisce aquae dulcis et menusiis. Many kinds of the smaller fish are comprised in this statement which are not particularly specified. Carp had not as yet been brought into this country, or it would probably have been mentioned with Tench. Minnows were in request; but the term may designate several sorts of smaller fry.

^{page 6 note a} Ad pastum canum. Oatmeal for the stag-hounds, that were shortly to have full employment.

^{page 6 note b} In potu carectariorum ad forum. The carters having been to market and brought home twelve quarters of barley, had an allowance of drink.

^{page 7 note a} Rompeneye superior et inferior. Meadow land so called in the parishes of Bromyard and Bishop's Frome, in co. Hereford, distinguished as Over or Upper and Lower Rompeney. A part of it is still called the Lord's Meadow, is parcel of the manor of Bromyard, and attached to the see. The hay from the two manors is kept distinct, not to disturb the accounts of the several bailiffs. That from Upper Rompeney, sent off to Bosbury, had never been entered before, (pro eo quod, a literal translation of the French phrase par or pour ce que,) because the worth of it had not hitherto been ascertained. Passages such as these may serve to shew the manner in which the Latin of the Roll apes the structure of the French and English then in use.

^{page 7 note b} Bromyard. A market town in co. Hereford, 14 miles N.E. from Hereford. In this parish was one of the Bishop's manors.

^{page 7 note c} Bosbury. A parish and village, 4½ miles N. by W. from Ledbury, in co. Hereford. Here the Bishop had a manor and residence.

^{page 7 note d} Frome. A parish 4½ miles S. by E. from Bromyard, containing another episcopal manor.

^{page 7 note e} In eleemosina. This almsgiving does not appear to be connected with any dole at the Bishop's gate. It was the charity of my lord's personal distribution, or by the hands of his almoner, when he went abroad.

^{page 7 note f} Dashed through with the pen.

^{page 7 note g} Allocatio facta prœposito prius computata. This marginal note records that several of the entries had previously been accounted for; and that an allowance was made to the bailiff for certain disbursements in the cost of a kitchen fire-place, collecting faggots, and house-cleaning against the Bishop's arrival.

^{page 8 note a} Mareschalcia. Attendance upon a sick horse that had been left with some hounds in the care of William, the under-groom, at Bosbury, when my lord was last there in August preceding. John, a farrier, of Bosbury, was occasionally employed in this service. (Dors. ||24. ||44. m. ||64. m.) See also Oct. 21, May 18.

^{page 8 note b} Vini. inserted.

^{page 8 note c} B. John de Basseville. One of the squires of the household. Dec. 3. (Dors. ||42. c. ||62. c.)

^{page 8 note d} De gurgite. Salmon and eels caught at the wear at Sugwas, which belonged to the manor. See infra, Oct. 22, March 29, marginal references.

^{page 9 note a} Aucas for aucis?

^{page 9 note b} Mazerinis. My lord had a cup of this kind for his own use. See March 6. Few words have given rise to more discussion or have been left in more uncertainty. It is, however, agreed on all hands that Mazerine vessels were cups, bowls, or goblets, with or without a foot, of some precious quality, but what that quality was does not exactly appear. These variations and difficulties may have had their origin in the corruption and abused application of some word, at first employed with a definite and intelligible meaning, that was afterwards lost by being transferred in its application from one valuable material to another. Du Cange is quite puzzled about it. They were either of metal, wood, or mother-of-pearl, glass or porcelain, or some substance set with gems, or agate, or onyx, or they might be constructed of stone. Amidst all this we may, perhaps, take a hint from a term in common use. The word maslin describes a vessel of mixed metal. We may also observe in this case that among the buttery vessels the Mazerine are coupled with the silver, and that on one occasion they were mended, riveted, soldered, or bound with silver. (See June 11.) Hence it may fairly be inferred that such cups or goblets were of a metallic mixture, valuable or otherwise, in proportion to their alloy.

^{page 10 note a} Harpini. The fowler is still out after the partridges with his nets; he will shortly have more employment. See Nov. 1.

^{page 10 note b} Expensœ, i. e. they were all cooked and eaten. It is hardly necessary to point out that, whether anything or nothing remained after the consumption of the day, it was in either case faithfully recorded.

^{page 10 note c} Gruelli. See also Nov. 23, Jan. 11. This is sometimes interpreted as fluid gruel. As it is, however, here and elsewhere occasionally estimated by the dry measure, it may be taken for the meal or material of which the gruel is made.

^{page 10 note d} Et nil remanet, interlined.

^{page 11 note a} Siccatione avenœ ad canes. The oats for the hounds would hardly have needed drying before they were ground, had they not been badly got in, owing to neglect, or, what is more likely, the unfavourable nature of the harvest.

^{page 11 note b} Scirpis, busca. Rushes and brushwood to strew the floors and for firing.

^{page 11 note c} Bosbury. Wherever the name of a place appears thus in the margin at the beginning of a day, it is to be understood that the family have removed from their former abode some time in the course of that day, and taken up their quarters at the place thus specified before the evening, when the computus, or account, was statedly drawn out.

^{page 11 note d} Vini veteris remanentis. Some of the old stock left in the cellar at Bosbury.

^{page 11 note e} Pistorum prœcedentium. The bakers had gone over to make preparation.

^{page 11 note f} Unius garcionis et duorum equorum. Compare Oct. 12. One of these horses was brought to the Bishop by the under-groom, when my lord was at Eye in Shropshire, on his visitation in that quarter.

^{page 11 note g} De reditu de la Were. Eels caught at the wear on the Wye at Sugwas, sent after them, and allowed for at three pence per stick. Le weare, unum gurgitem infra Waye qui solebat reddere de redd’ x stick’ anguill’ vel ijs. vjd. p’ ann. Butterfield MS. Survey, f. 172 b. On Oct. 28th a single stick of large eels cost four shillings.

^{page 12 note a} Succidendum. Fallage of coppice and brushwood for culinary and chamber purposes. Oct. 20. It might be taken to apply to the slaughtering noticed on this day's account, but the former meaning seems preferable.

^{page 12 note b} Ledbury. A market town in co. Hereford, 15 miles E. by S. from Hereford. This was the most valuable of the episcopal manors.

^{page 12 note c} Topesleye, allocati. Tupsley, near Hereford, one of the Bishop's manors. It had a park attached to it, and was under the care of a bailiffs allowance was made to him with respect to the oxen that had been brought thence.

^{page 12 note d} In ultimo recessu domini. The register of Bishop Swinfield shews that he had been here in the latter part of August preceding.

^{page 12 note e} Auc’ here erased, and p' dr' inserted above it.

^{page 12 note f} Gestia. Yeast for the baking on this day. The purchase of this necessary article is not always noted on the days on which their bakings occurred, and indeed the mention of it is not so frequent as might be expected. (Oct. 28, 30, Nov. 1, et alibi.) They would procure it from their own brewings, and might be acquainted with the useful art of preserving it.

^{page 13 note a} Lagenis emptis. Cervisiœ omitted in the MS. This is one of the regular days of abstinence; but there are no fish at table as upon other such occasions. Another instance occurs on Wednesday Dec. 28.

^{page 13 note b} Here is a Thursday kept in abstinence, perhaps instead of the preceding day, on which no supply of fish might be procured.

^{page 13 note c} Coci ad forum. The cook was often despatched to market to buy fish. This purchase was probably made at Ledbury. It was neither the market-day at this place nor at Gloucester; and when he goes to the latter place there is usually a charge for his horse: but fish seem to have been almost always on sale in the principal towns.

^{page 13 note d} Candelarum de sebo. The precise mention of tallow candles seems to intimate that wax candles were also in use,—perhaps at my lord's table,—more certainly in the services of the Church. (Dors. ||5, 6, b.) They however manufactured their own tallow candles from their household resources; and, in one instance, there was a large making of eighty pounds. Nov. 17.

^{page 14 note a} Precomputatœ inserted.

^{page 14 note b} Duorum dierum. The two days taken into the reckoning from the beginning of the Roll, viz. Sept. 30, Oct. 1. The last day of this week and month of weeks is sig. nalised by an expenditure of only two pence, but this is not beneath the clerk's notice.

^{page 14 note c} Volatilibus. Many species of small birds, not including larks, for they usually form a separate article.

^{page 14 note d} Exhennium inserted.

^{page 14 note e} End of the first schedule of the roll. Each schedule is numbered upon the endorsement, and is separately called Rotulus. The whole is formed of ten of these skins or rotuli.

^{page 14 note f} Rengerii ad pistrinum. Some kind of fastening for the bakehouse, for the better security of the flour and bran deposited there.

^{page 15 note a} De veteri instauro. Salt pork and bacon of the old stock in hand.

^{page 15 note b} .xx. Aucœ interlined.

^{page 15 note c} Hanch’ pinguedinis. This refers to hart or buck venison. Pinguedo is a term of venery or purveyance, importing that the animal, when salted, was in prime condition: it is used to express the season of the male deer, as firmatio is that of the female. See Nov. 27, Dec. 25, Jan. 10, 15, 22. This great feast-day produced venison of several kinds, that of the hart or stag, the buck and the doe. It was now the height of the doe-season; and these are mentioned as fresh, though lean, because brought immediately from the chase.

^{page 15 note d} Reginaldo de Boclond or de la Bocland. (Dors. ||34) where he again appears to be favoùred by Bishop Swinfield, who made him a present of 53s. 4d. de dono mero, at Colwall on the day of the Seven Sleepers, July 27, 1290. He had also clothing (Dors. ||48, 54, a, b.), but does not seem to have received regular wages. He and John de Kingeswood took the wagon up from Bosbury to London, when Thomas de la Dane made a journey thither, and brought it back to Bosbury. (Dors. ||12, 23.)

^{page 15 note e} Chacia. The Chase on the western side of Malvern Hill, that had been an object of contention between Gilbert de Clare earl of Gloucester, and Thomas de Cantilupe bishop of Hereford, but was adjudged to the latter in the year 1278. Reg. Cantilupe, f. 20, a, b.

^{page 15 note f} Veteris sc. instauri understood.

^{page 15 note g} Johannem de Bosbyr’. A page on the establishment. (Dors. ||45, d. 65, e.)

^{page 15 note h} .viij. inserted.

^{page 16 note a} Locatis ad clamandum. Boys hired to shout at the deer, either to rouse or drive them in certain directions, or into toils.

^{page 16 note b} Foliot. A page of the household. (Dors. ||45, h. 65, i.) The family of Foliot had supplied the see of Hereford with two bishops. Swinfield in the person of this young man, and in William de Cantilupe, who was at the head of his esquires, patronised the connections of two of his predecessors. (Dors. ||42, a. 62, a.)

^{page 16 note c} Henricus de Bekkeford, so named from Beckford between Tewkesbury and Evesham. He was the chamberlain. (Dors. ||43, I. 63, i.)

^{page 17 note a} Conputanda. The price is not set down, but is to be carried to account hereafter. The same precise memorandum occurs on the ensuing day, and in many other places.

^{page 17 note b} Prœco’. Dashed through with the pen.

^{page 17 note c} De veteri sc. instauro. They were consuming their old stock of salt meat, see Nov. 1, 10, 13, to make room for the supply coming into the larder.

^{page 18 note a} Perdrices. Inserted.

^{page 18 note b} Pro Jejunantibus. Thejejunia quatuor temporum may be here intended. They fasted three days in each quarter, corresponding in some measure to what are denominated Ember days, besides the other seasons of fasting or abstinence; and for this practice, transmitted from the primitive church, though originally it was observed only three times in a year, Durandus assigns several reasons. (Rationale divinorum officiorum. Lugduni, 1512, 4°. lib. v. f. cj. a.) Whether or not the Jejunantes in the text were such persons of the family as were keeping the above fasts, they are only traceable on Nov. 14, 21, 28, Dec. 5, 13, 19, and this by no means corresponds with a quarterly arrangement, or the scheme laid down by Durandus. Of course, if they occurred during Lent they would pass unnoticed, or might be then kept as double fasts. The imperfection of the latter part of the Roll prevents our pursuing them any farther. The Bishop might have had a discretionary power of arranging them as he should deem expedient. This would account for the occurrence of the six in November and December on the days above stated, and would make up their number for half a year.

^{page 19 note a} R. prœpositum de Ros. Robert Crul, or Kyrle, bailiff of Ross. He was a villein attached to the manor.

^{page 19 note b} De parco Dun'ingewod’. Now called Dingwood park, in the manor of Ledbury.

^{page 19 note c} Crassa ad lardarium. Fat enough for the larder, i. e. to be put into the saltingvat for store. The fat does were from the parks of Colwall and Dingwood, the lean from the open chase. See Nov. 17.

^{page 19 note d} Marescalli. Adam, the marshal, or stud-groom, the fifth on the household list of esquires. He was ill duriDg part of the summer. See June 4. Richard, another marescallns, is mentioned in the last list. (Dors. ||42. e. 62. e. f.)

^{page 19 note e} Venatorum, inserted. John the huntsman, one of the serving men or valets, and his party. (Dors. ||43. m. 63. j.)

^{page 19 note f} Colewell’. Colwall, a parish and manor 4 miles N.E. by N. from Ledbury. The house stood in a park, between which and the summit of Malvern hill, to the eastward, was the Chase.

^{page 20 note a} Ricardo de la Batayl, or elsewhere de Bello, of Battle in Sussex. (Dors. ||33.35.) According to Le Neve, Fasti, p. 152, he was treasurer of Lincoln cathedral in 1275. He was also made prebendary of Norton in the cathedral of Hereford on the death of John de Scardeburgh in 1305, 8 id. April. Reg. Swinfield, f 149, b.

^{page 20 note b} De sebo hospitii. As a great number of deer and fat cattle had been slain at this Martinmas, a large making of candles ensued. See Dec. 1.

^{page 20 note c} Animalium quœrendorum. A drove of beeves had been fetched from the pasture at Sugwas, and brought to Bosbury to be slaughtered.

^{page 20 note d} The regnal year of Edward I. began on this day.

^{page 21 note a} Prestebyr’. Prestbury. A manor belonging to the see of Hereford in the parish of that name in co. Gloucester, one mile and a half N.E. from Cheltenham. The mansion had a park stocked with deer. This, too, had been hunting ground, and what was here taken was transferred to the Bosbury larder. The manor was second upon the list, and inferior in value only to Ledbury.

^{page 21 note b} This article styled panellus is a small account, or panel, of dead and live stock bought in or brought to Bosbury from other places about this time, and for the most part laid in pickle for future consumption. A distinction is made among the live cattle between such as were necessarily to be kept up on the different farms, to be replaced by others, and transferred with the temporals of the see to a successor, and such as were purchased for the occasion. Hence the difference expressed by bobus vivis inventis and bobus vivis emptis.

^{page 21 note c} De Ledebur’ interlined.

^{page 21 note d} Arleye. Early, near Reading, in co. Berks, on the E. where the Bishops of Hereford had a manor.

^{page 21 note e} Bestia venationis. A common phrase descriptive of a carcase of venison; probably not being certain whether it were hind or doe venison he sets it down under a general term.

^{page 22 note a} Potu dato famulis de manerio. The farm-servants helping to bring in brushwood had an allowance of drink. A gratuity of this kind to domestics of other households frequently occurs.

^{page 22 note b} Wigorniœ. Salt purchased at Worcester, and supplied from the pits at Droitwich in that county.

^{page 23 note a} Dore. Abbey Dore, a monastery of Cistercians in the valley, and on the stream of that name, in co. Hereford, 12 miles S.W. by W. from Hereford.

^{page 23 note b} Cum panello. The panel inserted between Nov. 20 and 21. The same accuracy is here observed as in the case of the two extra days recorded after Oct. 1.

^{page 23 note c} Ante festum Sancti Andreœ. Though he particularises the Sunday preceding, and the morrow following the feast of St. Andrew, it is singular that the festival itself should have passed unrecorded.

^{page 23 note d} Ffroma Episcopi. Bishop's Frome, four miles and a half S. by E. from Bromyard.

^{page 23 note e} Cauda venationis de firmatione. The hind quarters or rump of a stall-fed or imparked doe.

^{page 24 note a} Scyphorum et coopertoriorum. Crockery ware, cups and covers for broth or gruel. We shall find considerable purchases of ware as we proceed.

^{page 24 note b} In supplemento. To make up what was due to Robert Crul, bailiff of Ross, over and above the money allowed for a previous purchase made by him. See Nov. 15.

^{page 24 note c} Decem inserted.

^{page 24 note d} lij. bobus et xx. porcis. The reader will not fail to notice the destruction among the beeves and swine about Martinmas.

^{page 24 note e} In prœparatione exituum. The dressing of the offal of these animals. See April 3 and July 9.

^{page 24 note f} End of the second schedule of the roll.

^{page 25 note a} Bristolliœ. The city of Bristol, at that time one of the chief marts for foreign wine in this part of England.

^{page 25 note b} Upton. Upton-upon-Severn, a market town in the lower division of the hundred of Pershore, in co. Worcester; seated on the right bank of the Severn, 10 miles S. distant from Worcester.

^{page 25 note c} Cum natis. If this be put for nattis, it will signify that the servants were provided with mats to shelter the casks, and preserve the temperature of their contents: if it be intended for nautis, it will mean that they were placed in charge to watch the trowmen on their passage up the Severn, that they should not tap the wine.

^{page 25 note d} Rub’ inserted.

^{page 25 note e} Cunis ad lardarium religandis. Probably the salting-vats or vessels in the larder, that were to be replenished with such an abundance of meat, and would therefore require to be well secured by strong hoops or bands.

^{page 26 note a} Blundel. Robert Blundel, a page. (Dors. ||45, c. 51. 65, d.)

^{page 26 note b} Ex inserted. If it were intended for exhennium, the correction was fruitless; for this article will be found upon examination to have been summed up with the rest.

^{page 26 note c} Cum equo coquinœ. The kitchen-sumpter, a horse frequently employed to bring provision from the markets.

^{page 27 note a} Reducentis palefridum. Adam, the head groom, took back to the Abbat of Gloucester a horse that had been lent or sent upon trial. See Dec. 14.

^{page 27 note b} Domino Abbati Gloucestrensi. John de Gamages, sixteenth Abbat of Saint Peter's, Gloucester. He had held that post about five years, having been installed on Saint Andrew's day, Nov. 30, 1284. He died April 17, 1307. Chron. of Glouc. Abbey under John de Gamages.

^{page 27 note c} Benetleye. Bentley or Benethley. There are several places so called; and the roll furnishes us with no precise indication of this in particular. There is a Bentley in co. Warwick, near Atherstone; and a Coleshill (if it be the same where the Bishop is hereafter mentioned to have been (Dors. ||20, 56), is in that neighbourhood. These may accordingly have a connection. There is also a Bentley in co. Worcester, three miles S.E. by E. from Bromsgrove. On the other hand, the priory of Bentley or Benethley was some time (but qu. if at this time founded?) not far from Stanmore in co. Middlesex; where as an habitation it still remains. The bishop is about to travel in that direction, and might be sending some message before him.

^{page 28 note a} Galonis, or ibus. Cervisiœ is omitted. This is one of the few deviations in the measure of beer, which is usually purchased by the sextarius, half sextarius, and lagena. For other instances of the gallon see Dec. 29, 30, Jan. 6, 11, Feb. 6.

^{page 28 note b} Palefridarii. Thomas, the groom, despatched to Hereford to look at and purchase a horse for my lord against his intended journey. Thomas is one of the valleti de ministerio, (Dors. ||43, h. 63, g.) and he attended at Sugwas, in the autumn, circa custodiam bladorum. (Id. ||23, 46, i.)

^{page 29 note a} Ferratorem. There were two farriers upon the establishment, Thomas and John (Dors. ||43. i. j.); but they both quitted it, July 27, 1290, and were succeeded by Alan, the new farrier, August 1 ensuing. (Id. ||63, k. 1.)

^{page 29 note b} Storugy’. Storidge, a grove or coppice, parcel of the manor and lordship of Bosbury, but lying in the parish of Cradley, co. Hereford. (MS. Butterfield, f. 55, b.)

^{page 29 note c} p’ p'p'm. interlined. It will be observed that the bailiffs in the several manors were usually charged with the necessary preparations against the bishop's arrival.

^{page 29 note d} Hernesio—Prestelury—per Gloucestriam. As the bishop was about to proceed to Prestbury, to keep his Christmas, furniture or articles of various kinds would be wanting. This is comprised in the expression hernesium, “Instrumentys longynge to howsolde.” (Promptorium Parvulorum, A. Way, ed. Camd. Soc. in voce.) The most practicable roads for the carts conveying it from Bosbury would be through Gloucester.

^{page 29 note e} Lagenis, sc. Cervisiæ.

^{page 29 note f} Caseo—fornagio pastillorum. Cheese for cheesecakes? and the baking of pastry occurs as the next article; fornagium being the money paid for the use of a public oven, which may be easily understood, as they were now sojourning three days in a town.

^{page 30 note a} Robertum Calewe, one of the garciones, mentioned again, Dec. 22, as presiding over the brewing and the preparation of charcoal. He was generally useful, and assisted at Whitburne in getting in the harvest. (Dors. ║44, b. 46, b. 64, b.) Many years subsequent to this, one Robert de Erealewe, clerk, occurs as presented by Sir John de Lacy, knight, to the church of Castle Frome, and admitted to the same on the 7th of the ides (9th) of May, 1310. Reg. Swinf. f. 168, a.

^{page 30 note b} lxviij.8. ay.d. ob. g. A wrong casting in this place is dashed through, and the sum corrected; these errors, together with the imperfect opening of the following line, have been left by the writer.

^{page 31 note a} Ad mareschalciam, a hammer for shoeing the horses, or for the general purposes of the smith's shop,—the marshalsey.

^{page 31 note b} Neuwent. Newent, a market-town in co. Gloucester, 8J miles N. W. from Gloucester, just within the border of the county.

^{page 31 note c} Preceptori de Upleden. The preceptor, or receiver and manager, of an estate of the Templars, in the parish of Bosbury, called Upleden; but distinct from the Upleden near Newent. They both derive their names from the little stream Leden.

^{page 31 note d} Prioris loci. This locus was an alien priory of Benedictines at Newent. The prior was Simon, surnamed le Gupillers, i. e. the fox-hunter. Reg. Swinf. f. 65, b. He made the bishop a present of a palfrey. (Dors. ║31.)

^{page 31 note e} Hynehome. Highnam. A hamlet in the parish of Churcham, co. Gloucester, 2 ½ miles N. W. by N. from Gloucester. The manor belonged to the Abbey of Gloucester.

^{page 31 note f} lnpotu data. The usual gratuity of drink to the servants of the Abbey of Gloucester under the bailiff at the manor of Highnam, where the bishop had passed the night.

^{page 32 note a} Tonello prius inthamiato. This cask had been on tap when my lord was last here, a proof that the wine at his residences was drunk, as cider now commonly is, from the wood. By his register (f. lx. a.) he was at Prestbury on the feast of Saint Mark the Evangelist, April 25, 1289.

^{page 32 note b} Frumenti—ordei—avencB. A mixed brewing of malt from wheat, barley, and oats, common in those days. See Manners and Household Expenses, p. xxxviii.

^{page 32 note c} Per prceposilum, andprceposilum, interlined in several places.

^{page 32 note d} Sexdecim denarii. The sum set out in extenso, as may easily be ascertained, is not brought into the total casting of the day, because these sixteen pence, according to the remark of the writer, were the value of the draff (drachia) or grains, allowed to the female brewers for their labour.

^{page 32 note e} A xlvij equos, for ad.

^{page 32 note f} Allec’, originally written anguilV, but corrected to allec’.

^{page 33 note a} This summing up seems to furnish an instance of the supervisors’ or auditors’ care; for that these accounts and all others kept by the chaplain were audited we have sufficient proof. (See Dors. ║37, where Friar John and Nicholas de Reygate are named as supervisors at this time.) A wrong casting of one penny only had been made in the week ending on Dec. 3, which was there noted in another hand and in paler ink, and is here brought out and corrected in the same way.

^{page 33 note b} Canabacio pro coloribus. Canvass for kitchen-strainers or sieves.

^{page 33 note c} Barillo ad crocum coquinm. A tub for holding the saffron used in cookery. There was a box also for the kitchen spices: see Jan. 12. They were delivered out of the store-room as they were wanted: Oct. 3.

^{page 33 note d} Quarteriis carbonis. Cords of wood made into charcoal.

^{page 33 note e} Perpraposilum, interlined in four places on this day, and four on the two following days.

^{page 33 note f} Spinis. Thorns and small wood under this appellation for lighting fires and ovens. Dues of this kind, from estates under episcopal leases, are annually brought in as thorns up to the present day, and coppices in some parts are still called spinnies.

^{page 34 note a} Dressorio et penticia. A dresser, and penthouse, or shedding over it, against the wall from the larder to the kitchen-door, and thence to the hall.door, to shelter the viands; particularly in the latter case, when the dishes were brought from the kitchen and set down on the dresser so protected, preparatory to their being brought into the hall.

^{page 34 note b} Halve. A wharf on the Severn, between Gloucester and Tewkesbury, where was a passage over the river. Atkyns, pp. 18, 414. The wine here set on shore was brought by land-carriage to Bosbury; and if it be the same as that mentioned Dec. 3, it must have stopped short in its voyage, for the freightage was originally taken as far as Upton, still higher upon the river.

^{page 34 note c} Receptce de firmatione. See Nov. l, note”. Fourteen does in prime condition, brought in and received from the place where they had been put to fatten: some were appropriated to the feast of this day, others put into the salting-vat.

^{page 34 note d} Colne Sancti Aylvnni. Colrie Saint Aylwin's or Aldwin's, co. Gloucester, 3 miles N. from Fairford. The church, that is, the rectorial tithes, and many dwelling-houses in this place, were given to the Abbey of Gloucester, for the increase of hospitality. Atkyns, p. 189.

^{page 35 note a} Farringdon, in co. Berks, 35 miles W.N.W. from Reading.

^{page 35 note b} Vasorum de coquina locatorum. Kitchen utensils hired for the day. If, as it seems, they put up at an inn, the culinary accommodation was insufficient for so large a party.

^{page 35 note c} Et inserted.

^{page 35 note d} Lechlade, in co. Gloucester, 25 miles S.E. from Gloucester. The high road from the latter place to London, then and long after, passed through the towns of Farringdon and Lechlade. Here is a confluence of the rivers Leach and Thames; and the lode in the antiquated spelling of Lechlade implies that there was a ferry there of old time. The passage at the period in question is expressed by the phrase conductus ultra aquam. It seems, however, that either this or the road to or from it was not very safe. See Jan. 24.

^{page 35 note e} Wantage, in co. Berks, 24 miles W.N.W. from Reading.

^{page 36 note a} allecis inserted.

^{page 36 note b} De Waneting, interlined. These might be servants of J. de Wantage, to whose kind offices in sending his men to help with the carriages towards or over the water, they were indebted on this occasion. The guide mentioned in the text was, perhaps, to show them the nearest way over some of the open country between Wantage and Reading.

^{page 36 note c} End of the third schedule of the Roll.

^{page 36 note d} Reading, in co. Berks, famous for its magnificent abbey, where my lord took up his quarters this night, ad rogatum, either by express invitation from the Abbat, or upon his own application for the customary hospitality of the house.

^{page 36 note e} Cum domino Abiate. Robert de Burghate, who resigned in the autumn of 1290. Inventory of Records in the Tower, App. Sixth Report, p. 97. Coates, Hist, and Ant. of Reading, 4°. London, 1802, p. 285, affirms that he resigned in 1287, aod was succeeded by William de Sutton.

^{page 36 note f} Die dominica infe— dashed through with the pen.

^{page 36 note g} Cuniculis, leporibus. Though the Bishop's own preserves must have abounded with hares and rabbits, they have not hitherto occurred in the bills of fare, and are now purchased for this entertainment.

^{page 37 note a} Darnæ pingues de instauro. This venison, part of the Bosbury stock, must have been among the eatables carried with them. After receiving for two days the hospitalities of the Abbat, the Bishop feasts him and his society in return before his departure, which is the most reasonable way of accounting for the consumption and expenditure of this and the ensuing day.

^{page 37 note b} Post compotum. Some hay and straw omitted in the preceding entries. It had been brought in after the account had been taken on the evening of Dec. 30.

^{page 37 note c} Curialitate facta servientibus. J. of Wantage's servants attended with the carts all the way to Reading, the Prestbury carters having returned. The Wantage men were dismissed with a present of sixpence, equivalent to our seven shillings and sixpence, for their pains.

^{page 37 note d} Ad eleemosinam. A dole of bread to the poor before he quits the town of Reading. It is not said where he lodged on the third and fourth day; but it seems to have been in the abbey, at his own charges. He would hardly have left it to go into the town for the remainder of so short a stay.

^{page 37 note e} Bedefonte. Bedfont in co. Middlesex. This is a day of abstinence, but no fishoccur.

^{page 37 note f} iiij. sextariis, ij. lagenis, j. potello. The quantities of these measures are variously aad unsatisfactorily given by writers. The sextarius is here clearly distinguished from the lagena, and the latter from the potellus, or bottle.

^{page 38 note a} Stanes. Staines, in co. Middlesex, 17 miles W.S.W. from London.

^{page 38 note b} W. Janitoris. William the Porter, one of the valletide ministerio. (Dors. ║43, g. 46, k. 63, f.)

^{page 38 note c} Cokham. Cookham, in co. Berks, 2½ miles N. by E. from Maidenhead.

^{page 38 note d} Victualibus qucerendis. It looks as though provisions were scarce in the town of Bedfont; but a good supply was obtained on the following day, and was partly laid in against their arrival in London; this was packed upon the sumpters and sent forward. See Jan. 7, equi prcevenientes cum victualibus.

^{page 38 note e} Diversis passayiis et batillagiis. Many of the party, as before at Farringdon and Wantage, Dec. 29, 30, were sent on to Staines with the kitchen apparatus, and by ferry over the Thames towards London; for there was evidently then no bridge at Staines.

^{page 39 note a} Hadok’ et codling’. A barrel or basket of haddock and small cod. On the Wednesday preceding no fish had been procured. The variety announced on this and the following day makes up for that omission; and is indicatory of access to the London market. It is the. same with other viands. The head-cook, William Peters, de coquina, had been left behind at Ledbury, sick.

^{page 39 note b} Fwnum conputandum. Hay and oats for fifty-two horses to be reckoned up. The price might not be ascertained, and the fixing of it is often deferred.

^{page 39 note c} Contrary to his usual regularity, the writer omits to sum up at the end of this week; but he rectifies it at the close of the fortnight. See Jan. 14. Might not his ideas be excusably a little distracted on his arrival in the metropolis?

^{page 39 note d} On this day the Bishop was at court, and made a present to the King and the Queen consort. The only notice taken of this is in Dors. ║39.

^{page 40 note a} Caseo—-flore—pomis. These articles and other ingredients of pastry and fritters, coupled viithfornagium pastillorum, exhibit additions made in this department during their stay in London. Here is one of the few occasions on which apples occur. See Jan. 12.

^{page 40 note b} Fratrilus. The friars minors? towards whom the Bishop appears to have paid much attention. (Dors. 32, 33.)

^{page 40 note c} Et omitted, and probably prcecomputati, for no sum is given.

^{page 40 note d} Cuniculis, leporibus. (See Jan. 2, note f.)

^{page 40 note e} xxx, originally written, but dashed through with the pen, and liiij. substituted in its place.

^{page 40 note f} Extra villain, sc. Londoniam. Hay was to be bought in London, but they were obliged to send for oats into the country.

^{page 40 note g} Av'ene pro avene.

^{page 40 note h} ij.fesant’. Two pheasants at eleven pence a piece. These birds seem to be of rare occurrence. None are at this time mentioned among the game in the episcopal manors. Afterwards they were so numerous as to attract the depredation of poachers in the reign of Edward III.

^{page 41 note a} Westmonasterium. Edward I. had held his Christmas here, and summoned bis Parliament to attend him as at this time. Their sitting lasted many weeks; but as Swinfield was only six days in London, after offering his gift, and showing himself at Westminster, and at the congregation of Bishops, (Dors. l|12.) he probably obtained leave of absence to return to his diocese. His servants breakfasted at some house of entertainment on this and the next day, while he was thus engaged.

^{page 41 note b} Garcionum. On the Tuesday he is attended by his valleti, on Wednesday by his garciones, on Thursday by his clerks. The latter accompany him to and from Westminster by water. His lodgings were at St. Mary Montalt, near Fish-street Hill.

^{page 41 note c} j. latus.j. cauda cervi. A side and rump of hart or red-deer venison, presented, not improbably, from the king's larder? Such courtesies were not uncommon; and it would be a mark of royal favour in acknowledgment of what had recently been tendered and accepted at the bishop's hands.

^{page 42 note a} Lacte—frumento ad frimitatum. Milk, and wheat to be boiled therein, for the dish called frumenty, or firmity.

^{page 42 note b} Ad species coquinæ inponendas. A box for holding the kitchen spices. See Dec. 25, for a similar mode of expression respecting a barrel for the saffron used in cookery.

^{page 42 note c} Stabulagio equornm. It may fairly be concluded, that when Swinfield took his servants to Westminster on the two preceding days, the party rode, and the horses were put up in villa; but when he went with his clerks it was in a boat, in passagio. Nothing is mentioned as to how he went or was accompanied on the previous Sunday; whether he sent his present or delivered it in person; the latter, as more probable, is assumed to have been the case in these notes. See Dors. ║39. a. b. where it is expressly stated to have been per dominum.

^{page 42 note d} Ilem pro mora domini Londoniæ. The whole of what follows these words to the end of the day's account is written in a smaller hand. No sum is entered after the word Lond', but this passage bears some not very obvious reference to the subsequent articles.

^{page 42 note e} Per Thomam de la Dane. A memorandum respecting the price of oats and payment by the said Thomas, which is not altogether intelligible, but seems intended as a check upon his account.

^{page 42 note f} Kensinion. Frequent mention is made in the Bishop's register of his staying at Kensington in his visits to London, both in going up and returning. The Abbey of Abingdon had a manor and manor-house here.

^{page 43 note a} Ad molendinum. At the Abbat of Abingdon's mill.

^{page 43 note b} Litera hominum. While they were in London—and the same must have occurred elsewhere—a part of this family were glad to make their beds upon straw.

^{page 43 note c} De Tasso Londoniæ. Hay for forty-one horses was brought from a rick in London to my lord's quarters at Kensington; and this charge is for the hauling. A small quantity besides was bought at Kensington before they went away.

^{page 43 note d} Lampr', placed in the MS. before allec', but altered.

^{page 43 note e} Summa septimanarum, &c. is the rectifying of an omission at Jan 7.

^{page 44 note a} Conputat' had been first written, but was corrected, and p'co' inserted above it. Only thirty horses now remained, several having been sent on with the luggage.

^{page 44 note b} Quod amplius fuit, &c. An explanation of some adjustment of the reckoning with respect to oats; the meaning of which was more obvious to the writer than it is to the editor. See the preceding Friday.

^{page 44 note c} De dono rectoris ecclesiæ de Stainwell. Stanwell, in co. Middlesex, 2¾ miles N.E. by N. from Staines. The Rector of Stanwell found the horses in hay for two successive nights. It has been already remarked that Bedfont was not well stocked with provisions for man; there is now apparently a scarcity of those for horse.

^{page 45 note a} Arleye. Early. This is the place near Reading mentioned before, in the panel after Nov. 20. At the manor-house the Bishop was in some sense at home, and could inspect the state of affairs. He had a chamber and a hall,—the latter had lately been rebuilt,—and there were other accommodations. Reg. Swinf. f. cxxj. b. a. 1298.

^{page 46 note a} R. rectore capelle. A chapel at the manor-house at Early. It was dedicated to St. Nicholas. Reg. Swinf. f. xlviij. a.

^{page 46 note b} End of the fourth schedule of the Roll.

^{page 47 note a} In carnibus porcina, for porcinis. Pork-meat. The substantive, originally written in the ablative singular, had been altered to the plural; but the adjective remains uncorrected.

^{page 47 note b} Pane ad equos. Panis, which so often expresses wheaten flour as well as bread, (see page 3, note ^c), in this passage denotes horse-bread, but it was only given to horses upon particular occasions, as when they were sick. See June 11.

^{page 47 note c} In carecta oblevanda. Several hints are given of an accident having happened in this journey to one of the carts. Jan. 28. (Dors. ║25.)

^{page 48 note a} vij. galonis ostrearum. Oysters bought by the gallon, as also by the lagena. Feb.10.

^{page 48 note b} Scyphorum—discorum, &c. Cups, dishes, plates, and saucers purchased by the cook at the market, to make up for the damage occasioned to the crockery-ware by the accident on the 24th instant.

^{page 48 note c} Expensis pistorum. Travelling expenses of the bakers, who were sent forward to Prestbury to get things in readiness against the arrival of the Bishop and his retinue.

^{page 48 note d} Harpini retromorantis. Harpin was obliged to stay behind at Lechlade with the baggage or a portion of it, till the injury done on the preceding Tuesday could be repaired.

^{page 48 note e} Et hodie dimidius baco, interlined.

^{page 49 note a} Retromorantium. The bishop had left two of the boys that attended upon the huntsman in charge of the hounds at Prestbury, while he went up to London. He set out from the above place on December 28, and returned to it on January 24; and this is the cost of keeping them during the interval.

^{page 49 note b} xij.d. ob. interlined.

^{page 49 note c} Gall' dashed through, and perdrices inserted.

^{page 50 note a} xxviij. (equos) oblitos nocte prcecedente. The accountant had not noticed on the preceding night, as he ought to have done, the quantity of hay consumed. This particular designation, if any proof were wanting, would shew the time when the list of articles was statedly taken down.

^{page 50 note b} All' inserted.

^{page 50 note c} In.j. equo locato. A horse had been hired to bring home a considerable quantity of fish bought by the cook in the Gloucester market. This purchase appears in the reckoning of the next day.

^{page 50 note d} Aberden. Salt cod, dried and cured at Aberdeen in Scotland. Archæologia, xv. p. 353. These must have been of a large size. See Feb. 15, note.

^{page 50 note e} In coquina. An expression often used, but not clearly definitive, inasmuch as it may be applied either to what was put by or what was consumed. This passage, however, and others, e. g. Feb. 17, 20, 27, seem to establish the latter sense, viz. that in this instance two hundred of the two thousand herrings were consumed in the kitchen alone, and that all the rest were reserved, cetera remanent. Then if in coquina be admitted as generally applied to consumption in the kitchen, it gives us to understand that it was the place where the inferior members of the household took their meals.

^{page 51 note a} Multonis salsi. Sheep salted whole in the carcase, and sold at 8d. a piece.

^{page 51 note b} In.j. edo (hædo). Kids are coming into season, and are for sale here in Gloucestershire (Feb. 9, 12). Rarely, however, at present. They are much more frequent during April and May in Salop, and on the wilder borders of Wales; and they continue to be brought to table in June. The names of places bear testimony to the former frequency of goats in Herefordshire.

^{page 52 note a} Pincernæ. This person is Robilard de Buteleria, one of the valleti de ministerio. (Dors. ║43 k, 63 h.) As the cook was the chief purveyor of eatables, the purchase of wine in small quantities might belong, as in this case, to the department of the butler. But the laying in of the larger stock we have seen intrusted to others (Dec. 3). The wine ran so short at Prestbury that they had none on the preceding day.

^{page 53 note a} In festo Cinerum. Ash Wednesday. Lent sets in, and with it, of course, a fish diet more or less abundant till Easter; but the use of wine is continued throughout.

^{page 53 note b} In pice ad barillum butiri. The butter-tub has an outer coating of pitch. It may be thought that this does not speak favourably for the delicacy of its contents.

^{page 53 note c} Cariagio et portagio piscis. The difference between these two modes of conveyance must of course be that the one is by cart or pannier, and the other by hand in loading or unloading. Two horse-loads constitute only a part of the fish bought in this day.

^{page 53 note d} xij. lagenis lactis oblitis. Two omissions are here corrected, the former made probably by the cook, the latter by Basseville. An unusual quantity of milk, with cheese, almonds, figs, and raisins, and the absence of flesh, exhibit a change in their diet, and indicate the season upon which they were entering.

^{page 54 note a} In exp'. Twice in the MS.

^{page 54 note b} Dcccxl allec'. The number of herrings provided for this annual fast in families of consequence was often very considerable. 2,000 were bought in on the 4th instant. On Ash Wednesday 300, on this day 840, (of which 240 are cooked for the servants,) on Sunday 1260, by the great hundred, are enumerated; all these during a single week, and 1500 more on the Friday following. But such supplies sink into insignificance compared with royal purveyance at other times. In October 1225, 9 Hen. III. the king gave an order to the Sheriff of Northampton to send at once to Oxford ten thousand herrings and the same quantity of eels. Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, p. 65 b. This was a last: each last, according to the assize, contained 10,000, every 1000 containing 10 hundred by the great hundred (magna centena; see Feb. 19, 24, 27, March 7) of six score. The same reckoning was applied to dry salt cod; but the smaller Aberdeen cod was sold at nine score to the hundred. Assisa de Pond. et Mens. Stat. of the Realm, pp. 204, 205.

^{page 54 note c} Johannis carectarii. John de Kingeswood, the senior carter on the household list, is despatched with his horses to Ledbury to get a tilt (caretillus) made to the long cart or wagon. (Dors. ≑27.) He is one of the valleti de ministerio, and his services are frequently recorded. (Dors. ║7, 9, 23, 43, c. 46, a. f. 63, b.) There were two head or master carters, John and Robert. (Dors. ║46, d.)

^{page 55 note a} Lampreda. The difference between the lamprey and the lampern is here strongly marked. See also Sept. 30. The single lamprey must have been of a great size to obtain so high a price; and the quantity of lamperns is large.

^{page 55 note b} End of the fifth Schedule of the Roll.

^{page 55 note c} De veteri ferro. For the frequency of this practice noticed Sept. 30; see also June 2.

^{page 56 note a} Expenses. At this winding-up of the Prestbury expenses sundry unusual but graphic items occur, such as the forming of a Conynger, or Coniger,—a rabbit-warren in the park, and the repair of a bridge that seems to have been constructed to turn upon a pivot over a ditch or moat.

^{page 56 note b} Inserted.

^{page 56 note c} Prius inthamiato. A small cask of wine that had been left on tap when the family were last here at Ledbury (Dec. 19). The same was the case with the wine at Prestbury (Dec. 22). Both these vessels came from the Bosbury cellar.

^{page 56 note d} Venatoris cum canibus. The huntsman brings his pack from Prestbury, where they had remained during the bishop's absence, and takes them through Gloucester to Ledbury. In this there may be more than meets the eye. Certainly it was not the nearest road; but under circumstances it would be the most convenient way. Had they passed directly over Malvern Hill, crossing the river at any intermediate point at Tewkesbury, Upton, or any of the fords, they would probably have had to traverse a part of the Earl of Gloucester's preserves on the eastern side of the mountain. And as they had of late been idle, and were apt to be mischievous, see Dec. 16, it might have been attended with the risk of giving offence to the irritable Earl.

^{page 57 note a} In eleemosiná,. Almsgiving on the road is, as usual, indicatory of the bishop having performed his journey from Prestbury to Ledbury on this day. See Oct. 9, note ^e. He seems himself to have taken the more direct road across the country.

^{page 57 note b} Ferrorum. Preparations, repeated Mar. 3, for shoeing the horses against the journey that was about to be taken through deep and difficult roads, and would try their farriery.

^{page 57 note c} De instauro. A stew at Ledbury containing small pike and tench. Feb. 28.— There was one of a larger size at Ross, vivarium magnum, stocked with pike and bream. March 17, 27.—Fishpools were valuable appendages to manor-houses and religious establishments.

^{page 58 note a} Angrou de Sugwas. Though this word, which occurs several times, appears to bear a termination that does not accord with mediæval Latinity, there can be little doubt that its true origin and signification is to be sought in angaria. See Du Cange in voce. They were salmon, as in the margin, supplied by the customary tenants or renters of the fishery or weir at Sugwas, (Oct. 22, note ^g,) who were bound to furnish a certain number of them annually at a given rate. In this way they are only charged at what seems to be a nominal price of sixpence each. See more of this Mar. 9, 12, 29.

^{page 58 note b} Cervisiæ inserted.

^{page 59 note a} Willielmi Petri de coquina. William Peters, the senior cook, and one of the garciones (Dors. ║44, e. 64, e ), fell sick at Ledbury, and was left behind till the return of the family from London. A physician was called in on this very day. (Dors. ║33.)

^{page 59 note b} Vined de Ledebur', A vineyard at Ledbury, the vintage of which during the preceding autumn had yielded seven casks of white wine, and nearly one of verjuice. Of how much land that consisted which produced this quantity we have no means of ascertaining; but an estate in the parish of Ledbury, on the road leading towards Gloucester, still retains the name. The wine was purchased, as appears by a marginal note, and allowed to the bailiff in his account.

^{page 59 note c} Markeleye. Much or Great Marcle, a parish in co. Hereford 5 miles S.W. by W. from Ledbury; at that time seated amidst most impracticable roads.

^{page 59 note d} Cervisiæ emptæ. It may be seen that most of the beer consumed by them at home or abroad was bought. They carried both wine and beer with them when they set out, perhaps anticipating difficulty of procuring either of these at the first stage.

^{page 59 note e} Domini procuratoris de Lyra. It were useless in the absence of direct information to speculate upon the quality of this nameless proctor, or proxy, who supplied the bishop's horses with hay and provender. As to his title of dominus, the expression is applied to so many conditions of men that nothing precise can be deduced from it. He represented the prior of Lyra, in Normandy, and, as the bishop did not visit this church, his providing for the stable de dono was a mere act of courtesy, which frequently occurs. See Dec. 21, March 6, 8, et alibi.

^{page 60 note a} Clavorum eq' dashed through.

^{page 60 note b} Neuwent. See Dec. 19. The vicar contributed his share towards the entertainment of the stud on this second visit.

^{page 60 note c} Mortariola, or os. Tallow for mortars or night-lights; one is mentioned Jan. 10. They were commonly used in the chambers of invalids or aged persons.

^{page 60 note d} Visitavit. Here is the earliest intimation of the business on which the bishop was going, a visitation to the south-eastern part of his diocese.

^{page 60 note e} Procuratus. This, too, is the first regular procuration that appears. The prelate and his entire suite, man and horse, were entertained by the prior, as holding the great tithes of the church under the Abbey of Cormeilles, to which this house was a cell.— Atkyns, Tanner.

^{page 60 note f} Chirchomme. Churcham; a parish chiefly in the hundred of Westbury and co. Gloucester, 4½ miles W. by N. from that city. It had belonged to the Abbey of Gloucester from before the Conquest.

^{page 61 note a} Elfar'. Elvers or small eels, as diminutive as the white-bait of the Thames, caught in the spring by hand-nets along the edge of the banks in the Severn.

^{page 61 note b} Abbatis.—Prioris. Only the abbat made a gift of hay and corn at Highnam on a former occasion, Dec. 21. The prior now joins him in finding the corn this evening. Still, however, as at Newent and elsewhere, it is in this case a mere act of voluntary hospitality: de dono.

^{page 61 note c} Avenæ inserted.

^{page 61 note d} Flaxleye, Flaxley. A parish in the hundred of St. Briavel's, co. Gloucester. Here was an abbey of Cistercians, 11 miles S.W. from Gloucester.

^{page 61 note e} Abbatis loci. Abbat Nicholas, who had been admitted to that office in August 1288. Reg. Swinf. f. liij. b.

^{page 61 note f} Aure. Awre, a parish in the hundred of Blidesloe, co. Gloucester, 2½ miles from Blakeney, forming a promontory of the Severn.

^{page 62 note a} Angrow de Sugwas. See Feb. 27.

^{page 62 note b} Newenham. Newnham, in the hundred of Westbury. This parish is adjoining to Awre on the N. As the bishop rode from Flaxley, he took the church of Newnham on his way, and preached there. This was a part of the office of episcopal visitation. In the mean time the horses were baited at the cost of one penny.

^{page 62 note c} Wolaston. Wollastone, a parish in the same hundred and county, 5¼ miles from Chepstow, bounded on the north by the Severn.

^{page 62 note d} Abbatis Tyntarn''. The church of Wollastone belonged to that abbey, and they held the rectorial tithes.

^{page 62 note e} Tyntarn'. Tintern, a Cistercian abbey in the parish of that name, in co. Monmouth, 4¾ miles from Chepstow. The Bishop had crossed the Wye, and spent the Saturday, and apparently the Sunday, at the abbey, the latter day at his own charges, probably furnishing a repast to his hosts in return for their hospitality. He then recrossed to the left bank of the river.

^{page 63 note a} Neulond. Newland, a parish in the hundred of St. Briavel's, in co. Gloucester, 4 miles E.S.E. from Monmouth.

^{page 63 note b} Radulphi de Hathewy. The Hathewys or Hathways were a family of consequence in the forest of Dean. William Hathewy was the king's keeper in the forest, and bailiff of St. Briavel's. Rot. Claus. in anno. Rymer, 1, pt. ii. p. 676. Ed. I. had granted the great tithes of Newland to the bishop of Llandaff, for the augmentation of his income, in May 1285. Reg. Swinf. f. 24, a. Hathewy was the farmer of them.

^{page 63 note c} In expensis præeuntium, &c. and again in the next day's statement Carectariorum præcedentium. The harbingers and carters going on and anticipating the bishop's arrival, together with Foliot, the messenger employed perhaps in delivering summonses and citations, indicate unusual bustle and preparation.

^{page 63 note d} Ros. Ross, a market town of the second class in the county of Hereford, on the left bank of the Wye, 14 miles S.S.E. from Hereford, an episcopal manor, the third upon the list in value.

^{page 63 note e} In, ij.s. dashed through with the pen.

^{page 63 note f} p' 9. Post compotum. Nine salmon remained; an entry after taking the evening's account. A mark in the margin shews that hac die refers to the Tuesday.

^{page 64 note a} Succri. Sugar was much in use. The winter stock bought in by Thomas de la Dane at London amounted in quantity to upwards of 100 pounds. The price of that procured at Ross compared with it was high. (Dors. ║5, 6, a. b.)

^{page 64 note b} Olei ad coquinam. Oil for dressing the fish.

^{page 64 note c} Ad lxx. equos. Seventy horses are an unusual number. The bishop came into Ross with 35, and quitted the place with 36. Compare Mar. 13 and 18. Here therefore is a great accession of guests at this liberal entertainment, in which every dish consisted of fish, salt or fresh.

^{page 64 note d} End of the sixth schedule of the Roll.

^{page 64 note e} Manerii inserted.

^{page 64 note f} Viridibus salsis. Notices like these, in the estimation of many, may be thought to argue a state of society inferior in resources, coarse in taste, and imperfectly versed in those arts of life by which fresh articles of consumption are supplied. Though horticulture was on the advance (Archæolog. Journal, v. p. 295, et seq.), there was but a scanty assortment of vegetables in general; and we see that salt was lavishly employed for curing meat as well as fish. The produce of the chase and the farm, deer, beeves, and sheep, in large proportion, are consigned to the vat; and here the very greens of the garden are pickled in salt.

^{page 64 note g} Aqua carianda. The upper part of the town of Ross is seated upon a rock, and few, if any, of the wells there have good water. The bishop's residence was near the highest part on the N.W. of the churchyard, towards the edge of the rock above the river; and it is believed the premises contained no well at all, many ineffectual attempts having been made to sink shafts in that quarter. This carriage of water was from the Wye below.

^{page 65 note a} Piscatorum. John de Longeford and his helpers were the fishermen of the great pool. See Mar. 27. Wye fishermen have dwelt in and about the town from time immemorial.

^{page 65 note b} Vivario magno. No traces of this large stew or pool at present exist to the Editor's knowledge. It contained pike and bream.

^{page 65 note c} Monemuth, Monmouth. The capital of the county of that name, near the confluence of the rivers Monnow and Wye, 10 miles S.W. from Ross. This town was then, and till of late, in the diocese of Hereford.

^{page 65 note d} Avenæ, omitted.

^{page 66 note a} Moneketori'. Now two farms in the parish of Llanwarne, in co. Hereford. They are 1½ mile S.W. from the church, and are called Monktown, vulgo Mounton, from having been part of the possessions of the monks of Llantonia prima.

^{page 66 note b} Visitaverit ecclesiam. He visited the church, and ought to have been received by the rector, or portionist, as he is styled in Reg. Swinf. 173 a. But he might not be resident, or, what is more probable, might not acknowledge his liability; for many rectors took exception to this. See Mar. 30, Apr. 25, June 13. Be this as it may, the patrons of the church bore the expense of the bishop's entertainment at the house on their estate.

^{page 66 note c} Lanwaran. Llanwarne, a parish in co. Hereford, about 7 miles N.W. from Ross.

^{page 66 note d} Garewy. Garway, a parish on the south, in co. Hereford, about 7 miles N.W. from Monmouth. The Templars had a preceptory here, and a large tract of land; but that order was not subject to diocesan supervision; and, though the bishop was supplied by procuration, it is not said from what quarter it came. See Archseologia, xxxi. p. 186.

^{page 66 note e} Kilpek. Kilpeck, a parish in co. Hereford, 8¾ miles S.W. from Hereford. The Benedictine priory here was a cell to the Abbey of Gloucester.—Tanner.

^{page 66 note f} Vini inserted.

^{page 66 note g} j. salmo di'. Quære, et di'.

^{page 66 note h} Busca et litera. The prior's means would not permit him to contribute more in the way of hospitality than brushwood for firing, and litter for the men and horses.

^{page 66 note i} Roberti Petit. From this marginal note it appears that Robert Petit, alias le Petyt, made up in some measure for the defects of the prior, who could spare but little from his scanty resources. The Petits were landed proprietors in the neighbourhood.

^{page 66 note k} Dore. Abbey Dore. See Nov. 26. This religious house stood in the parish of Bacton.

^{page 66 note l} Ut consuevit. It was the usual custom of the abbat to invite the bishop at his visitation in those parts. Some of the monasteries gave the bishops great trouble, and others disclaimed episcopal authority. But Dore was upon good terms with the diocesan, and subject to him. Leland, v. p, 10, says, Dore is in the diocese, but not in the county, of Hereford. Gough has attempted to correct him, Addit. to Camden, ii. p. 446:—” He should have said the direct contrary, which is the fact.” Nevertheless, Leland is in the right as to the diocese, though not as to the county.

^{page 67 note a} Per daeriam. Du Cange in exhibiting this word, Gloss. Vet. in voce, produces no more than the passage in Fleta from which he took it, and that only explains it so far as to shew the subject with which it is connected. It occurs in l. ii. c. 87, De Caseatrice; where the qualifications and duties of the female cheese-maker and poultry-keeper are minutely laid down. “Pudica esse debet, et honesta, fidelis et laboriosa in officio daeriœ.” There is no question about the meaning of the word; but it may be doubtful whether in this case the expression per daeriam applies to the person or to the scene of her labours, to the female servant of the dairy or to the dairy itself. The text of the MS. seems to imply the former; and probably the reason why the person is named in this, and a parallel instance, where the farrier attended to the kiln in drying oats for the hounds, Dec. 16, was because such tasks did not beloug to their offices. At Prestbury the bailiff prepared the malt. (Dec. 22.) It was usually in his keeping, and passed from him into the baker's hands. Fleta, ib. c. 72, ║20, c. 83. For Dayeria see Kennet. Par. Ant. Gloss, in voce.

^{page 67 note b} Pro drachia. For this mode of settling with the brewers see Dec. 22, Mar. 31.

^{page 67 note c} Yrchinefeud'. This is variously spelt Archenfield, Irchenfield, &c, a district and deanery in the south of Herefordshire, the customs of which were peculiar, and entered as such in the Domesday survey. This country being in the marches, was often wasted by the feuds of the borderers; perhaps, also, it was imperfectly cultivated at the period in question, and provisions might have been procured with difficulty.

^{page 68 note a} Hereford’. The bishop appears to be at this place so seldom, that it is difficult to understand how he could satisfactorily attend in the cathedral to the duties required of him. Judging from the treatment that he had received at the hands of the citizens, he could have no particular affection to the place. It is even doubtful whether he kept up his house, or palace, as a residence. He dines on this Palm Sunday with his favourite Minorites, but at his own cost, as they were mendicants. He extended his charity to them also on Easter Sunday. (Dors, ||33.)

^{page 68 note b} Vivario de Ros. See Mar. 17.

^{page 69 note a} De gurgite. Salmon from the wear near Sugwas; as on Oct. 14.

^{page 69 note b} In cœna domini. Thursday in the last week of Lent, so called on account of the institution of the Lord's supper, “quia scilicet mysterium Dominiœ cœnce a Christo fuit institutum.”—Du Cange.

^{page 69 note c} Lugwardin. The parish of Lugwardine is 2¾ miles E. by N. from Hereford. The bishop had not as yet set out on his second regular tour of visitation; but he took this place in his road between Sugwas and Colwall, and, as procuration is alluded to, seems to have visited it on his way.

^{page 69 note d} Adhuc est inter dominum et dictum rectorem. The advowson of Lugwardine was in the crown; and it had been disputed without success by the prior of St. Guthlac in Hereford, 31 Hen. III.—Prynne, Papall Usurpations, iii. 103. It was given to the dean and chapter of Hereford, 1 Edw. III. The question as to the claim of the bishop to procuration from the rector had been canvassed, but was left unsettled. See a similar case, April 25.

^{page 70 note a} Eleemosyna pro duobus diebus pro Herefordia. The bishop was twice at Hereford, on Palm Sunday and the Thursday following, when he passed through the city from Sugwas to Lugwardine. On both these days he gave alms to the poor, which were omitted in the proper places, and are here put down in a marginal note. This is, however, more formally introduced at the close of this day's account.

^{page 70 note b} Coci, inserted.

^{page 70 note c} Wigorniœ. The cook has been at Worcester making purchases, and a large supply of ware in cups, plates, and dishes is laid in against the approaching Paschal entertainment. Seventy horses, on this and the following night, are a sufficient proof of the hospitality of the season. This is the only way in which an estimate can be made of the numbers of guests, since there is no allusion to them throughout; though this is occasionally found in the margins of some Household rolls, as in Manners and Household Expenses, and the Rotulus Familiæ, 18 Edw. I., in Archæologia, vol. xv.

^{page 71 note a} Non sanus. This is probably the boar alluded to ou April 9, that disappointed their expectations.

^{page 71 note b} Columbellis de manerio de Bosebur’. A large stock of pigeons was kept up at Bosbury. The curious dove-cote resembling that at Garway is still in existence. See Archæologia, vol. xxxi.

^{page 71 note c} Exituum. Washing and preparing the tripes; Dec. 1, July 9.

^{page 72 note a} Venatorum in chacia. The neighbourhood of the chase tempts them to bring in a little fresh venison, though it is not altogether in season. Two bestiœ macrœ are registered on the preceding day. The season of the hind or doe was over at Candlemas; and that of the hart or buck did not begin till Midsummer. Manwood, Forest Laws, 8°. Lond. 1717, pp. 180, 181. This was therefore what is styled in some of the records, Mortua saisona; e. g. Lib. Hosp. in Turr. Lond. 18 Ed. I. Martius.

^{page 72 note b} Operantem. The wages of a cooper sent for from Colwall to Bosbury were two pence per day.

^{page 72 note c} Cervisiœ, inserted.

^{page 73 note a} Multonis. No mutton occurs since Feb. 9, Lent having intervened. The absence of lamb throughout is remarkable; yet small pigs and calves were brought to table. Lamb was probably classed under mutton.

^{page 73 note b} In tolneto brasii. The bailiff of Sugwas having made the malt in question, it was delivered by him into the hands of the bailiff of Bosbury, who was sent for it, and had it ground, and paid the toll of it at the latter place; where the bishop does not appear to have had a mill. This is accordingly a mere statement of the fact, that the tallies of the two bailiffs might agree, and the deficiency after the toll was deducted might be sufficiently accounted for. They kept tallies against each other. Fleta, lib. ii. c. 83, pp. 171,172. The gross quantity and cost of the grain is shewn at Mar. 31, and is not repeated here. Neither is the toll specified: if not discharged in money, it was taken at the mill, as it now is, by the miller's toll-dish. This was a large brewing: coolers or casks (cacabi) were hired, candles bought for the night-work, helpers procured, and a cooper was brought from Colwall to repair the vessels, which could not be few, since he was employed ten days upon them. See Apr. 6.

^{page 73 note c} Apri exhenniati. This was the unfortunate boar killed against the Easter banquet, that had been, put up to feed from All Saints’ day, Nov. 1, till this time. It ate two seams and a half of pease, and turned out unsound after all—non sanus, and yet it comes into the account. See April 2.

^{page 74 note a} Credeleye. Cradley, a parish in co. Hereford, 7 miles N.E. from Ledbury. This was also one of the episcopal manors.

^{page 74 note b} Bromyerd’. Oct. 9. Note^b.

^{page 74 note c} Magistrum Rogerum de Sevenak’. One of the three portionists there. He was collated to a prebend in the church of Bromyard, 7 kal. Feb. (Jan. 26) 1287. Reg. Swinf. f. 47, a.

^{page 74 note d} Temedeburya. Tenbury, a market town in co. Worcester upon the river Teme, 21 miles N.W. by W. from Worcester. The church belonged to the abbey of Lyra, in Normandy, and at this place, as at Marcle, they had a proctor (March 3); but he is not here, as there, called dominus procurator. This was the assistant proctor.

^{page 74 note e} In victualibus, interlined.

^{page 74 note f} Boreford’. Burford, a parish in co. Salop, 1½ mile W. by S. from Tenbury. Burford is a rural deanery.

^{page 74 note g} Cum domino Willielmo de Mortuomar’. Sir William de Mortimer, one of the great family of the Mortimers, whose head was at Wigmore. In the church of Lindridge were three portionists, as at Bromyard. William de Mortimer was one of them. He was precentor, and held successively several prebends in the church of Hereford.

^{page 74 note h} Lindrugg’. Lindridge, a parish in co. Worcester, 5½ miles E. from Tenbury.

^{page 74 note l} Rectorem. John de Buterlee. The church of Lindridge, like that of Ross, had both a rector and a vicar. The last vicar, Walter de Kemeseye, had been instituted by Bishop Cantilupe in 1277; and, upon his decease in 1288, both rectory and vicarage were united in favour of Buterlee, then resident there. Reg. Cant. f. 36, b. Swinf. f. 48, b.

^{page 75 note a} Ak’. Aka, or Rock, a parish in the same county, 4¾ miles S.W. by W. from Bewdley.

^{page 75 note b} End of the seventh schedule of the roll.

^{page 75 note c} Kynlet’. Kinlet, a parish in co. Salop, 5¼ miles N.E. by N. from Cleobury Mortimer. The abbat of Wigmore held the great tithes, and presented to the vicarage. He is therefore styled Rector in the MS.

^{page 75 note d} Kydermeinstr’. Kidderminster, a market-town in co. Worcester, 14 miles N. from Worcester, on the river Stour.

^{page 75 note e} Ad victualia quœrenda. The poverty of Kinlet and the surrounding neighbourhood is strongly implied in the fact of victuals being sent for from Kidderminster.

^{page 75 note f} Guydagio pro Roberto carectario. Robert the carter in his expedition to Kidderminster had to traverse an intricate country, through which he needed a guide. He had to pass through the skirts of the forest of Wyre, and must cross the river Severn in passagio, by a ferry, before he could reach the town.

^{page 76 note a} Dudelwik’. A township in Stottesden, the parish adjoining to Kinlet. One of the many manors of the Abbey of Salop. This was only a halting place for a night.

^{page 76 note b} From the 16th instant to the 12th of May inclusive, the bishop is engaged in taking his course through various parishes, and visiting churches and religious houses in the county of Salop.

^{page 76 note c} Chetinton’. Chetton, a parish 3¼ miles S.W. by W. from Bridgnorth. It is contiguous to Morville.

^{page 76 note d} Rectorem. Nicholas de Hereford, canon of the church of Hereford, was presented to the church of Chetton by Sir Hugh Burnel, and admitted in August, 1284. Reg. Swinf. f. 25, b.

^{page 76 note e} Momerefeud’. Morville, a parish 3 miles W. by N. from Bridgnorth.

^{page 76 note f} Loci. A cell of Benedictine monks, subject to the Abbey of Shrewsbury.

^{page 76 note g} Wenlok’. Wenlock, a market town 12 miles S.E. from Shrewsbury. It gives name to a rural deanery.

^{page 76 note h} Priorem loci. This locus was a Cluniac priory. The person alluded to was John Tubbe: he was prior from 1277 to 1291. Willis.

^{page 77 note a} Oxebold’. Oxenbold. The priory of Wenlock had a manor and manor-house at this place. It is in the parish of Stanton Long in Corve dale.

^{page 77 note b} Monselowe. Munslow, a parish 4½ miles N.N.E. from Ludlow.

^{page 77 note c} Longa Stanton’. Stanton Long, a parish 13½ miles N.N.E. from Ludlow.

^{page 77 note d} Stanton’. Stanton Lacy, a parish 3 miles N.N.W. from Ludlow, on the Corve.

^{page 77 note e} Meth’. Metheglin or mead. More frequent mention might have been expected of this favourite liquor of the ancient inhabitants of the country. The omission of honey in the roll is remarkable; and tends to shew that even at this time it had been to some extent superseded by the introduction of sugar, at least in families of such consequence as were able to afford it. But by the people in general the labours of the bee were turned to good account; and honey must have been an article of considerable traffic in these parts, for in the list of tolls to be taken at Ludlow it is cited as sold by the cask, and the summa, or horse load. Rot. Pat. 18 Ed. I.

^{page 77 note f} Ven’ rec’ p'co’. Venatio recens prœcomputata? But fresh venison is not previously alluded to within a reasonable time; and this appears a slip of the pen.

^{page 77 note g} Canabacio ad vasa argentea. Canvass for packing and securing the plate from injury.

^{page 77 note h} Lonton’. Llanthonia Prima. The church of Stanton Lacy belonged to that priory. The prior at this time was either Walter the 14th on the list, 1285, or John de Chaundos, 1289. Roberts's Account of Llanthony Priory, 8vo. London, 1847, pp. 28,29.

^{page 78 note a} Ricardi de Heytone. We have no clue to the residence of this individual, who on two occasions shews his respect for the diocesan. See Apr. 27. He was, however, a beneficed man. Master Richard de Eyton was a portionist in the church of Bold in the deanery of Stottesden, and of Castle-Holgot in the deanery of Wenlock. Tax. Eccl. P. Nich. pp. 166, 167, b. The name of this family is still in existence.

^{page 78 note b} Butterleye. Bitterley, a parish 4½ miles E.N.E. from Ludlow.

^{page 78 note c} Intellexit. The rector of this place adhered to the opinion that he was not chargeable with procuration, though he did not refuse it on this occasion.

^{page 78 note d} Bromfeld’. Bromfield, a parish 3 miles N.W. by N. from Ludlow.

^{page 78 note e} De dono prioris loci. Interlined. At this place was a Benedictine cell under the Abbey of Gloucester. Tanner. The church belonged to the prior.

^{page 78 note f} Stoke de say. Stokesay, a parish 7 miles N.W. from Ludlow.

^{page 78 note g} Abbatis de Haweman. Haghmon Abbey, 4½ miles N.E. from Shrewsbury, a house of regular Canons of the order of St. Augustine. They were patrons of the vicarage of Stokesay. Reg. Swinf. f. 176, b.

^{page 78 note h} Wistanstowe. Wistanstow, a parish 9¾ miles N.W. by N. from Ludlow.

^{page 79 note a} Domini rectoris. Roger Sprenghose was rector of Wistanstow in 1288. He had been one of those who opposed procuration, but was forced to submit. Reg. Swinf. f. 48, b.

^{page 79 note b} Pane ad equos infirmos. The second instance in this month of having recourse to horse-bread. Some of the stud were probably faint during the spring season, and unequal to their work.

^{page 79 note c} Etone. Eaton, a parish 4½ miles S.E. by E. from Church Stretton.

^{page 79 note d} Prioris de Wenlak’. The prior and convent of Wenlock were patrons of the vicarage of Eton. Reg. Swinf. f. 179, a.

^{page 79 note e} St^etone. Church Stretton, a market town 13 miles S. by W. from Shrewsbury.

^{page 79 note f} Vini, inserted.

^{page 79 note g} Pontesbur’. Pontesbury, a parish 7¾ miles S.W. by W. from Shrewsbury. The rural deanery bears its name. The church had three portionists, called in the Taxation of Pope Nicholas, David, Nicholas, and Robert de Ratford. Tax. Eccl. P. Nich. p. 167.

^{page 80 note a} Rectoris loci. This was probably David, the senior of the three: portionists were styled rectors, and he might be resident.

^{page 80 note b} Guydagio. It refers to the intricate country between Stretton and Pontesbury, which, it seems, could not be traversed without a guide. Such was the difficulty of communication between places not very remote.

^{page 80 note c} Westbur’. Westbury, a parish 8¾ miles W. by S. from Shrewsbury. Here were two portionists.

^{page 80 note d} x. edi. ij. capreoli. The frequency of the former in these border parts has already been noticed. (See Feb. 6, note^b.) They were purchased on nine days during the month of April. The chevreuil, or roe, is equally characteristic of the style of country.

^{page 80 note e} Johannis de Lutham. John de Ludham, priest, was instituted to a prebendal portion in the church of Westbury, sometime held by Sir Henry Corbett deceased, 8 kal. Maij, (April 24) 1288. Reg. Swinf. 48, a.

^{page 80 note f} In mensa cum domino Willielmo de Hodenet. Sir William de Hodenet or Hodnet, knt. was patron of the church of Westbury; but neither he nor John de Ludham were bound to find procurations. The hay and corn of the portionist were a gift; and, as provisions were scarce, Sir William entertained the bishop and his retinue on the second day by invitation.

^{page 81 note a} Ibidem, struck out with a pen. It had not improbably been entered by anticipation on the evening before, after the hospitable reception they had experienced at the house of the patron, and in expectation of remaining another day.

^{page 81 note b} Albebur’. Alberbury, a parish 8½ miles W. from Shrewsbury. The great tithes belonged to the convent at Alberbury, and the living was in the gift of the prior.

^{page 81 note c} Vis. The word visitavit was begun, but cancelled by the writer, and dedicavit was substituted. We have two dedications or re-consecrations of parish churches within four days. Great disputes had arisen respecting the property of these and some other churches, and the spiritual jurisdiction over a tract called Gordwr in this neighbourhood, which the Bishop of St. Asaph had claimed as part of his diocese; and the controversy, which had been of some standing, had been settled only a year ago. Reg. Swinf. ff. 57, et seq. The final adjustment of these matters might have been the cause of these dedications.

^{page 81 note d} Procuratus. According to an agreement entered into a twelvemonth before, the expenses of visitation, with sundry other ecclesiastical charges, were to be borne conjointly between the convent and the vicar for the time being. Reg. Swinf. ff. 63, b.

^{page 81 note e} Priorem. Peter de Corcellis, prior of the Convent of Friars Grandimontensians at Alberbury.

^{page 81 note f} Visitavit. It is worthy of observation that the Bishop visits this church of Chirbury on the 6th of May, and dedicates it as a pàrochial church on the ensuing day. Conventual churches are mentioned at Alberbury and Chirbury. Were these distinct edifices? Both of them were dedicated to St. Michael, a favourite patron with the Welsh and the borderers. Gregory de Clon, priest, was admitted to the vicarage of Alberbury so far back as 1284, and John was the present vicar of Chirbury.

^{page 81 note g} Chyrebur’. Chirbury, a parish 3¼ miles E.N.E, from Montgomery. Here was a convent of Austin friars.

^{page 81 note h} Priorem loci. The name of the present prior was Adam.

^{page 82 note a} Cast^m Ep'i. Bishop's-Castle, a market town 19 miles N.W. by N. from Ludlow. This was one of the manors appertaining to the see of Hereford, and the Bishop had a strong border castle for the protection of his estates, which had been frequently subject to inroad and depredation, more especially previous to the death of Llewellin the last prince of Wales.

^{page 82 note b} .j. q^ar eor'd’. A singular entry. Four quarters of wheat had cost 13s. 7d which would have been at therate of 3s. 4¾d. per quarter, had not one of them, for some reason that the accountant has not vouchsafed to explain, been bought in at 3s. 7d. Accordingly the circumstance is set out in extenso, to avoid any mistake that might arise; and of course it reduces the price of the other three to 3s. 4d. per quarter.

^{page 82 note c} In feno empto. This was towards the end of the season for fodder, and there was no stock of hay or corn in hand at this remote place, as at other manors.

^{page 82 note d} Gestia et sale. Yeast and salt had been sent over by the baker, that a supply of bread might be ensured, as well during their stay as for the feast of the morrow.

^{page 83 note a} Furn’. A baking took place, to match the liberal supply of the day in flesh and fowl. But in a family of such a size it would be no economy that the bread should be eaten hot; especially, as is probable, if there were guests in the company. We have no means, however, of discovering whether this was attended to. As to bread, they seem to have dealt with it, according to the colloquial expression, “from hand to mouth.” On this occasion, as at Ross, an entertainment may have been given to tenants, or attendants upon some court; or, if otherwise, at any rate this was a high festival. The three preceding days had been Rogation days. The present is distinguished by an ample provision. Beef, bacon, kid, and chevreuil; poultry in abundance; venison, fresh-killed as well as salted, the latter brought all the way from Bosbury, replenish the board. The prelate appears to have called his border friends around him before he set out on his return.

^{page 83 note b} De manerio, interlined.

^{page 83 note c} Ob’, inserted.

^{page 83 note d} Lodelowe usque Castrum, sc. Episcopi. Ludlow, 29½ miles S. by E. from Shrewsbury. They had sent the bailiff to Ludlow, perhaps on the whole the nearest town in the then state and direction of the roads, to the Monday market (?) for a variety of articles not to be obtained at Bishop's Castle. The distance could not be less than sixteen modern miles.

^{page 83 note e} Clonbur’. Clunbury, a parish 6½ miles S.E. by S. from Bishop's Castle.

^{page 84 note a} Ad saccos prebendœ. The article called sack-cloth was not employed as yet for bags of horse-corn; they were made, it may be observed, of canvass.

^{page 84 note b} Wigemor’. Wigmore. He has now passed the southern border of Salop and entered into Herefordshire. At Wigmore, 10 miles N.W. by N. from Leominster, was an abbey of Austin monks.

^{page 84 note c} Leintwordyn. Leintwardine, a town 9 miles W. by S. from Ludlow. The mill of Leyntwardyn, and pannage for hogs there, are all the notices that occur in the Taxation of Pope Nicholas, p. 165, relating to this place, in connexion with the Abbat of Wigmore.

^{page 84 note d} Abbatem loci. Adam, Abbat of Wigmore, who resigned in the summer of 1293, being at that time an aged and infirm man. His name occurs at a visitation of Leominster Priory in April, 1283. Reg. Swinf. ff. 5, a. 84, b. By loci is meant Wigmore.

^{page 84 note e} Procuratus per Abbatem. Because the church belonged to the Abbat.

^{page 84 note f} Canonicos loci. Wigmore Abbey was one of those religious houses that were subject to the Bishop's visitation, and the inmates gave him some trouble.

^{page 84 note g} Macrœ, inserted.

^{page 84 note h} Cast^m Ricard’. Richard's Castle, a parish on the border of the two counties, partly in Salop and partly in Herefordshire, 3½ miles S.W. by S. from Ludlow.

^{page 85 note a} Rectoris. Ralph de Midliogton was rector in 1285. Reg. Swinf. f. 46, b.

^{page 85 note b} Eye. This parish is in co. Hereford, 3 miles N. from Leominster.

^{page 85 note c} Willielmi subpalefredarii. The same servant is mentioned at Oct. 12, note^a, p. 8. His occupation at Colwall seems to have been the same as at Bosbury, viz. attendance upon a sick saddle-horse. The expense of his board was, as usual, paid, because there was no housekeeping on my lord's account during his absence from any of his houses.

^{page 85 note d} Palefrido. Whether this was one of the horses presumed at Oct. 21, note^f, p. 11, to have been sent hither, or, which is more probable, the identical palfrey recorded at Oct. 12, it seems that the Bishop was not at present satisfactorily mounted; and that this circumstance occasioned the inquiry for a fresh horse that is to be inferred from many passages, and the variety of presents he received from different quarters. One was at last purchased for him. He seems not to have been very fortunate with his stud this year, though among such a number as he had on hand it might be expected that some would be upon the sick list. (Dors. 24, 31, 33, 47) Dec. 14.

^{page 85 note e} Vini, inserted.

^{page 85 note f} Prœcomputati, inserted.

^{page 85 note g} T^utt’. Trout. The single instance in which this fish is separately distinguished from the piscis aquœ dulcis. But it was the season for them, and the streams of this well-watered country yielded them in abundance.

^{page 86 note a} Vicarii. The vicar put in by the Abbat and convent of Reading, the patrons of Eye. Reg. Swinf. ff. 16, b. 84, b.

^{page 86 note b} Aliunde. An odd expression, used also on the preceding day; as though no one of the servants knew, or could give account of, the quarter from which the oats were presented.

^{page 86 note c} Vasis locatis ad mareschalciam. Unless the smith attached to the establishment could have carried about with him an ambulatory forge, he must often have been at a loss. His smaller tools he might take with him; but for the hearth, the bellows, and the anvil, he must have had recourse to the nearest shop, wherever it was to be found on their travels. This is manifestly implied by the passage in the text. He had either lost or worn out his rasp, for one was procured as soon as they reached Presteign. See Mai. 25.

^{page 86 note d} Leomenistra. Leominster, a market town in Herefordshire, on the river Lugg, 13 miles N. from the capital of the county, and next to it in size and population. It was a rural deanery. The Benedictine priory here was subordinate to the abbey of Reading.

^{page 86 note e} Monachos. The house had been in a most disorderly state for some time; and the late prior, John Geraud, notorious for immorality. The Bishop had already visited them more than once, but they disputed his authority. The pecuniary affairs of Reading Abbey itself were in great confusion, and this seems to have been extended to its dependencies.

^{page 86 note f} End of the eighth schedule of the Roll.

^{page 86 note g} Procuratus. The procuration is recorded in both instances, when he visited the convent and the parish church. But in neither is any notice taken from whom it was received. If it were from the monks, this looks as though they were in no favour, and not fit in any way to be owned.

^{page 86 note h} Kyngeslon’. Kingsland. This parish is in co. Hereford, 4½ miles N.W. by W. from Leominster.

^{page 87 note a} Penebrugg’. Pembridge, a borough town in the same county, 15½ miles N.W. by N. from Hereford.

^{page 87 note b} Rectorem. Hugh de Breusa, chaplain, was instituted to this rectory, 3 kal. Mai. 1287, on the presentation of Matilda de Mortimer. Reg. Swinf. f. 40, b.

^{page 87 note c} Cum, inserted.

^{page 87 note d} Matild’ de Mortuomar’. Matilda de Mortimer, daughter and coheir of William de Braose, lord of Brecknock, married Roger de Mortimer, lord of Pembridge, who died in 10 Ed. I. Dugdale, Baronage, i. pp. 141 et seqq.

^{page 87 note e} Presthemed’. Presteign, a market-town in co. Radnor, 150 miles W.N.W. from London. The church belonged to the abbey of Wigmore.

^{page 87 note f} In pane ad canes. It is a long time since any hint has been given respecting hounds, nor do they enter again upon the record till the family arrive at Sugwas in the following month. See Jun. 4. The dogs above mentioned might be only a few to guard the luggage.

^{page 87 note g} Radenor’. Old Radnor, a parish in the county of that name, 2 miles S.E. from New Radnor.

^{page 87 note h} Pistoris et janitoris. Roger, the baker, sometimes employed as a harbinger, going forward to make preparation in his own useful department (Apr. 16, Mai. 2, 10, Jun. 16, 17), stands on the list of servants among the garciones. (Dors. 44, h. 64, h.) William, the porter, is among the valleti de ministerio. (Id. 43, g. 63, f.) Roger was ill in the summer, and had helpers in the bakehouse.

^{page 87 note l} Makerell’. This perishable fish, so difficult to keep fresh long enough for conveyance into the interior of the country in the existing state of the roads, now makes its appearance, and is obtained freely by them during tbe latter end of this month and the early part of June. But the supply soon ceases. Like the herring, to be eatable at such a distance from the sea, it must in some degree have been cured for the journey. One quantity was not finished till the eighth day after it came to hand. Compare Mai. 31, June 2, 3, 7. However, it never reached them at Whitborne.

^{page 88 note a} Makerell’, struck through with the pen.

^{page 88 note b} Nicholai capellani. The living might be vacant, or about to become so, by the avoidance or demise of the incumbent. Only Nicholas, a chaplain, seems to have been at hand to lend his aid in providing for the horses that night, but he could not furnish them with stabling. See Mai. 29. Not long after, 9 kal. Oct. 1290, Hugh de Rysebury was instituted to the church of Old Radnor, on the presentation of the noble lady Matilda de Mortimer. Reg. Swinf. f. 66, b.

^{page 88 note c} Kingtone. Kington, a market-town in co. Hereford, 20 miles N.W. from Hereford.

^{page 88 note d} Philippo ab Howel. The bishop and his attendants were this day, after the visitation, received by Sir Philip ap Howel, or Powel, the owner of Hargest Court, in the parish of Kington. One of this name, and probably of this family, was incumbent of King, ton. Reys filius Howeli, Rhys ap Howel, was instituted to the church 13 kal. Febr. 1287. Reg. Swinf. f. 47, a.

^{page 88 note e} Almal’. Almeley, a parish in co. Hereford, 5¼ miles W. from Weobley. The family of Pichard were patrons of the living.

^{page 88 note f} Rectorem. Roger de Webbeley was instituted June 5, 1280. Reg. Cant. f. 65, b.

^{page 88 note g} Webbeleye. Weobley, an ancient market-town, 12 miles N.W. from Hereford. This was a rural deanery.

^{page 89 note a} Prioris Lontoniœ, rectoris. The church belonged to the prior and convent of Llantonia prima, who put in a vicar.

^{page 89 note b} Stabulagio. Weobley was on the high road from Hereford to Knighton, and it is traditionary that of old, in its flourishing state, the town contained many houses of entertainment, and was a place of some traffic.

^{page 89 note c} Die prœcedenti. They could not have passed through either of the Radnors on their route from Almeley to Weobley. Therefore, what is here signified respecting accommodation at Radnor must be not on the, but a, preceding day.

^{page 89 note d} Wormel’. Wormsley, a parish in co. Hereford, 3½ miles S.E. by E. from Weobley. The church had been appropriated to the priory in 1287. Reg. Swinf. f. 39, b.

^{page 89 note e} Dylnwe. Dilwyn, another parish in the same co. 2½ miles N.E. by N. from Weobley.

^{page 89 note f} Priorem. Dilwyn had also been appropriated to the same priory in 1285. Id. f. 20, a. They were black Austin canons.—Tanner. The present prior was probably John Ros, who resigned in 1307. Reg. Swinf. f. 158, a.

^{page 89 note g} Pisis. Fresh vegetables would be coming into the market at Hereford, whither some of the servants had been sent to-day. At Bosbury and Whitborne both peas and beans were procured in abundance during the two following months, perhaps from the bailiffs who cultivated the gardens. They were often used green in pottage. See Jun. 11.

^{page 89 note h} Per ferratorem j.d’. ob’. When an entry of this kind occurs, it seems to allude to some farrier casually employed on the road.

^{page 90 note a} xxj. equos. Seldom fewer than between thirty and forty horses were worked in this last expedition. They set out from Colwall, Apr. 10, with thirty-five, which were occasionally increased or diminished as they went along. Now, on the return to Sugwas, these have dwindled down to twenty-one. But the reason transpires in the transaction recorded on the following day.

^{page 90 note b} M. sc. millena, inserted.

^{page 90 note c} De veteri ferro. The practice of converting old shoes into new ones has been accounted for in p. 4, note^b. They had recourse to it at their own forges at home: once at Prestbury, Feb. 20; and again at Bosbury, Jun. 16.

^{page 90 note d} Kariacionem. This affair of removing the wine has taken out some of the horses alluded to in a former note, and the stock at Bosbury is drawn upon to serve for Sugwas and Whitborne. In a few weeks the cellars there are to be replenished against the autumnal consumption: indeed the Bishop was at Bosbury, as appears by his records, during most of the earlier part of the ensuing winter. Room must be made for the purchases that are to be laid in some time in the next month at Bristol. See Jul. 11.

^{page 90 note e} Coquina struck out and buteleria substituted.

^{page 91 note a} In croco. Saffron, used in various processes of cookery, and much in pottage at sheep-shearing.

^{page 91 note b} Cervus pinguis. If it were fresh venison, this is a little in anticipation of what the foresters termed the “time of grace,” or season of the hart.—Manwood, p. 180. See Jun. 20, 22. But the fat deer in question, as well as the porker, might be a present, though this is not quite clearly expressed. Here is a regular venison feast, in which the salt flitches remaining on hand from last winter were cleared off against midsummer; and now they are beginning to think of oatmeal for the hounds, See Jun. 10, 21.

^{page 92 note a} Dorsintone. Dorston, a parish in co. Hereford, at the upper end of the Golden Valley, 8 miles E. by S. from Hay. The living was in the gift of the prior and convent of Clifford, who afterwards obtained the appropriation of it.

^{page 92 note b} Thomas de Dane, or de la Dane, had been in London and bought a quantity of ling, which was salted, packed, and sent down into the country, and received on this day. Thomas has already been mentioned at p. 15, note^d, and the marginal note, Jan. 12. No individual makes so conspicuous a figure in this record as he. In the Bishop's register he is found in his service, as a layman, or perhaps in minor orders, so early as 1283.—f. 5, a. He is now holding the living of Hampton Bishop, having been instituted to it as deacon, Dec. 20, 1288, and appearing at this time as priest in the same rectory, during August in the present year 1290. He must have stood high in the estimation of the Bishop, for he was frequently entrusted with most important matters of business, as his chief manager to lay in necessary stores for housekeeping and clothing; he also spent a considerable part of the time recorded in this diary in the superintendence of building and repairs in Kent, and performed several journeys in the course of the year. His name is of repeated occurrence in the Endorsement. He is usually placed next to Stephen, the brother of my lord. But, like other priests or chaplains, it will be seen that he is not enumerated on the household list.

^{page 92 note c} Mundatione domorum. An entry of this kind often presents itself, e. g. Mar. 13, Apr. 29, Mai. 2, 29, Jun. 11, and involves the fact that places of reception were by law required to be provided for a Bishop when absent from home on his visitations; and these of course must be made ready against his arrival.

^{page 92 note d} Ecclesiam. The church belonged to the priory.

^{page 92 note e} Clifford, Clifford, a parish in co. Hereford, 3 miles N.E. from Hay.

^{page 92 note f} Priorem. A priory of Cluniac monks, subordinate to Lewes in Sussex, had been founded at Clifford in the reign of Henry I. Tanner.

^{page 93 note a} In recessu. That is, these oats were left behind when my lord went out on the Wednesday preceding.

^{page 93 note b} Harpini vacantis. Harpin.—See Oct. 1, note^f. Watching in the woods to capture the young falcons as soon as they were sufficiently fledged to leave the nest.

^{page 93 note c} Tankardis de buteleria. Coarse wooden buttery tankards, hooped with iron, to bring the beer from the cellar.

Mazerinis. See Oct. 17, note^b. An article of far higher value than the preceding, and belonging to the high table. All the vessels employed in the buttery service wanted renewal or repair.

^{page 94 note a} Et di', interlined.

^{page 94 note b} Operatoribus in quarrera. Apparently a gift to some labourers in a stone-quarry at Sugwas. Only a few presents of money are noticed in the Roll, such as the customary almsgiving, gratuities (curialitates) to servants, drink to carters and helpers (see Jun. 20), and this donation, which is by my lord's express order (de prœcepto). But five sections of the endorsement (||31, et seq.) are devoted to the “gift” branch of expenditure, and bear testimony to his liberality, besides many other instances of it scattered through that part of the account.

^{page 94 note c} Bodenham. Bodenham, a parish in co. Hereford, on the river Lugg, 8 miles N.N.E. from Hereford. The church belonged to the Dominican priory of Brecon.—Reg. Swinf. f. 163, a; Jones, Hist, of Brecon, i. p. 39. Hugh de Benet was incumbent in 1291.—Duncumb, Collections, &c. 4to. 1812, ii. p. 54.

^{page 94 note d} Pencomb’. Pencomb, a parish in co. Hereford, 4½ miles W. by S. from Bromyard.

^{page 94 note e} Rectoris. Master John de Chaundos, priest, was instituted to the church of Penecumbe on the presentation of Sir Eustace de Wyteneie, knt. 2 non. Febr. 1288. Reg. Swinf, f. 59, a.

^{page 94 note f} Sicut ipse intellexit. Another example of questioned liability to procuration. The rector scrupled the claim, and only invited his lordship, who was fain to accept his entertainment, rather as a boon than a right.

^{page 94 note g} Cervisiœ omitted. During the remainder of this month, and a great part of the next, in the heat of summer, all the beer for the family is bought.

^{page 95 note a} Salmones de Sugwas. The side note containing this memorandum is a farther confirmation of the connection and correspondence of the tallies of the bailiffs with the house-steward's account; and that they had allowance made at a fixed price for such portion of the produce of the manor, be it what it might, as was taken for the consumption of the family. It closes the reckoning with the bailiff of Sugwas for all the salmon previously received from that place to the present day.

^{page 95 note b} De instauro manerii. The wine is set down as part of the stock of the farm or manor. It was probably the white wine made at Ledbury, but of a vintage before 1289 ? See March 2.

^{page 95 note c} Rompeneỳe. Once more recourse is had for three days to this useful reserve of Rompney hay. It must have been the remnant of last year's making left in December, and brought in till the grass is fit to be cut: a little item, that throws light upon the management of the stable department under Adam the marshal's care.

^{page 95 note d} Witeborne. Whitborne, a parish in co. Hereford, 4¾ miles E. by N. from Brom yard. Here was a manor and a moated manor-house belonging to the Bishops of Hereford.

^{page 96 note a} De.j. dolio prius inthamiato. Two casks of wine, both white and red, had been tapped when the family were last here. (They were at Whitborne, as appears by the register, in July and August, 1288.) From this day both sorts of wine are brought to table, but the white or Ledbury wine (?), in smaller quantities.

^{page 96 note b} Prius ponebantur ad herbam. It is nowhere intimated whether the horses were turned out atnight, or had grass brought into the stable to them; but the latter is the most likely case of the two, and seems supported by the entry at Jul. 19, where mowing is expressed. At all events they had no oats (in prœbenda nichil) on the first night of their being put upon a change of diet; and the reason is given why their usual feed was not put before them; because, having previously tasted the grass, they probably would have refused or wasted the dry provender. But their allowance of grass is continued only till the evening of July 10; and their customary feed of oats will be found registered every evening.

^{page 96 note c} Et di’, interlined.

^{page 97 note a} Aucis. A large quantity of geese laid in on one day, no less than forty-three. Only eight are immediately cooked; the remaining thirty-five being put up to feed. A great quantity of poultry was fattened during their stay at Whitborne for my lord's table. See the materials employed, July 19.

^{page 97 note b} Adam. He was so ill at Bromyard in the beginning of my lord's Shropshire visitation, that he was unable to attend any farther. But the duties of the Chase have called him out again. It seems to have been part of his office, as having charge of the stud, to accompany the hunters.

^{page 97 note c} Trituratoribus apud Couwarne. We have no clue to the services of the threshers at Cowarne by which they had so far secured the Bishop's approbation as to obtain a present for drink. He does not appear to have had any land either at Great or Little Cowarne. Probably they afforded him some assistance on his way from Pencomb to Whitborne, as he passed through part of the parish of Little Cowarne.

^{page 98 note a} End of the ninth Schedule of the Roll.

^{page 98 note b} In.c. et dimidio discorum. A renewal of plates and dishes upon an extensive scale is considered necessary. It is the natural result of having carried their earthenware with them on journeys; and the necessity for frequent purchases is as remarkable as the number of the pieces required to keep up the stock. See farther, Jul. 15, 19.

^{page 98 note c} xl. equos. Midsummer day would be a court or rent day, and might occasion this increase in the number of horses.

^{page 98 note d} .ij. millibus clavorum ad eadem. Twenty nails to a horse-shoe; the average seems a large proportion, even allowing for turnings and removes of shoes. Trifling as such an observation may appear, it may not be without its use in helping to form a notion of the farriery of the time. From various entries upon this subject it is plain that, though they had sometimes more than one smith on the establishment, these were merely shoeing-smiths, and were not employed in forging new or working up old shoes into new ones, both of which articles are accounted for as matters of distinct expenditure.

^{page 99 note a} Ceteris prœremanentibus. Perhaps an allusion to the poultry already put up to feed. See June 20.

^{page 99 note b} x. auc’, interlined.

^{page 100 note a} Pastillorum. Pastry or pasties baked at Sugwas, and sent to Whitborne. Articles of this kind were at a much later period transmitted by an accomplished housekeeper from a remote part of Herefordshire even to London, in the time of Charles I.—MSS. Letters of Lady Brilliana Harley. Sugwas and Bosbury contributed to the provisioning of the household while they remained at this place. Fish and the above articles from the former of these manors; from the latter, venison, flour, and oats. The carts are moving to and fro between Whitborne and Bosbury, and the number of horses in the stable is continually varying between sixteen and thirty-nine.

^{page 100 note b} Per duos dies et noctes. The party were from home two days and nights when they were out on their hunting expedition in the chase. But they brought in on the Thursday preceding only three lean does: two bucks had been captured on the Thursday before that; and on Sunday the 16th instant part of a fat, fresh buck was cooked. This is as yet trifling compared with the destruction of deer in the winter; but they had then the parks of Colwall, Dingwood, and Prestbury to range in, besides the Chase on Malvern Hill. We shall, however, be able to trace them no farther than the 22d of this month.

^{page 101 note a} .j. vacca viva de manerio. One of the stock kept up at Whitborne, but slaughtered for convenience, and to be replaced. See the panel, and note^b, p. 21.

^{page 102 note a} Rem’, inserted.

^{page 102 note b} Ligandis. It seems as though, by some uncouth contrivance, these kitchen panniers were fitted up and strengthened with iron bands or braces after they were bought.

^{page 102 note c} Thomœ palefridarii. For this person see p. 28, Dec. 14, note^b. He and other servants here alluded to were probably up in London with Thomas de la Dane, when, as usual in their absence from the household, their board and lodging were paid for.

^{page 103 note a} Cum exitubus. Seven entire carcasses of beef, together with their contents, chiefly for summer salting.

^{page 103 note b} Lineœ telœ ad carnes coquinœ cooperiendas. Linen of some very fine texture, serving the purposes of a safe to cover the meat in the kitchen, and protect it from the flies.

^{page 103 note c} Bristoll’. Another purchase of wine made at Bristol. For the former see Dec. 3. These two commissions were apparently executed by the same agent. The first quantity, five tuns of red wine, has lasted six months, with the Ledbury wine to help it out. Seven casks more (dolia), and a barrel of thirty lagenœ, are now sent for. And here we have an additional proof that the Bosbury cellars were made the chief depositories. Out of these seven casks six are sent to that place and one only to Colwall.

^{page 103 note d} Fœnum de manerio. From this time forth, so far as the Roll will allow us to observe, the horses have no more grass.

^{page 104 note a} C'uis’, inserted.

^{page 104 note b} Per Raulinum. Raulinus or Radulphus de Marines, a trusty squire, second upon the list of those who received wages. (||Dors. 42, b. 62, b. Dec. 3.) That he went to Bristol a second time on the same errand is shewn by an entry on Saturday, July 15.

^{page 104 note c} In potu carectariorum. These carters went over to Ledbury to bring back the venison from the Chase.

^{page 104 note d} C'uis’, inserted.

^{page 104 note e} Sugwas, inserted.

^{page 104 note f} Ven'is at first written, and corrected to Sab'i.

^{page 105 note a} Similiter. The beer, as well as the wine, had already been accounted for. It is singular that the quantity of red wine drunk on this and the two following days should not be specified. Since intimation has been given of two sorts being brought to table, which is from the time they came to Whitborne, the consumption of red has more than doubled that of white. There were days indeed, and particularly in the present week, on which the reverse took place; but the preference does not argue favourably for the comparative quality of the Ledbury wine.

^{page 105 note b} Rogerus infirmabatur. Roger the baker was ill, and his place was supplied for two or three days by Stephen, another baker, with his boy. Their expenses are entered on Thursday ensuing.

^{page 106 note a} Die Mercurii. On this day we have the winding-up of the Whitborne reckonings, at their departure for Colwall.

^{page 106 note b} Lactis. 132 gallons of milk may sound like an extravagant quantity, as it is an article sparingly recorded in other places. But one purpose to which it was applied is explained by what immediately follows relative to the quantity of poultry fed at this place, and the quality of their food. See also Jun. 20. Milk was used to mix up a paste consisting of wheaten or oaten flour, or both together, pro pastillis, and this was given in balls, or set before them in feeding troughs. The person who attended upon this service received a remuneration, pro pastu.

^{page 106 note c} et, inserted.

^{page 106 note d} Hujusmodi. Of this sort of flour or feeding.

^{page 106 note e} .xl. equos. Eight horses, in addition to the thirty-two in the stable the day before, are found necessary to accomplish the removal of this migratory household through the country between Whitborne and Colwall—no trifling task among these entangling crossroads. They wanted more strength before they reached their journey's end.

^{page 106 note f} Busca et carione. Brushwood and charcoal. Brinxstie wood, partly in this manor and partly in that of Bromyard, would furnish abundance of materials of this description.

^{page 106 note g} Falcatione herbœ. Not only the grass with which the horses were supplied for so many nights, from June 17 to July 10 inclusive, but the mowing of it, is now paid for to keep the accounts even.

^{page 107 note a} Avena siccanda. These would be the oats of last season, see p. 11, note^a, which were in such inferior condition, that, even in the heat of summer, they must be dried before they could be ground into flour for the dogs.

^{page 107 note b} Hospitandis in villa; i. e. in Whitborne. As the Bishop had apparently no kennel for his hounds, he put them out, or some of them, when they were not employed, to be “at walk “among the different houses in the village or neighbourhood; and this is a remuneration paid where they were so received.

^{page 107 note c} Dudum primo atamiatum. The same notice with regard to wine is found at Prestbury, Dec. 22, Ledbury, Feb. 23, and Whitborne, Jun. 17. This cask had been on tap since April, and perhaps dudum may imply long before. They left Colwall ou the 10th of that month, p. 74. They seem not to have apprehended any deterioration of the liquor in the cask, after part of it had been drawn off; and probably, whether it acquired any acidity or otherwise, as an act of necessity they put up with it.

^{page 107 note d} Ad.xlv. equos. By the time they reached this place their horses amounted to forty-five. Ten went away on Friday, but on Saturday they were forty-eight. If, as in some rolls, a list of occasional guests had been given, this point might have been more satisfactorily cleared.

^{page 108 note a} In potu venatorum in chacia. The weather at this time of the year, if ever, would be fatiguing for the pursuit of game; and the last glimpse that we have of the huntsmen shews them refreshing themselves by assuaging their thirst in the sultry chase.

^{page 108 note b} End of the tenth Schedule of the Roll.

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