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DEFINING THE COMPETITION TORTS AS INTENTIONAL WRONGS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2011

Cristián A. Banfi
Cristián A. Banfi
Affiliation:
Lecturer of Private Law, University of Chile. Ph.D., Pembroke College, Cambridge.
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The Cambridge Law Journal , Volume 70 , Issue 1 , March 2011 , pp. 83 - 112
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Copyright © Cambridge Law Journal and Contributors 2011

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References

1 These agreements are in principle forbidden and declared void if they affect trade and have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the EU/UK market: article 101 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (“TFEU”), formerly article 81 of the EC Treaty, and Chapter I/Prohibition of the Competition Act 1998.

2 The abuse of dominance by one or more undertakings within the EC/UK market is prohibited under article 102 TFEU (ex article 82 EC) and Chapter II/Prohibition of the Competition Act 1998. In this paper references are made to articles 81 and 82 EC as this is still the conventional numbering.

3 I.e., the EC Commission (Competition Directorate). In the UK, the Office of Fair Trading (“OFT”) or, in the last instance, the Competition Appeal Tribunal (“CAT”).

4 Lumley v. Gye (1853) 118 E.R. 749 (hereinafter, “Lumley-tort”).

5 Alternatively called “causing economic loss by using unlawful means” (OBG v. Allan, Douglas v. Hello! & Mainstream v. Young [2008] 1 A.C. 1, at [6], Lord Hoffmann), “three party unlawful interference with another's business or trade” (ibid, at [141], Lord Nicholls), “intentional-harm tort” (Sales, P. and Stilitz, D., “Intentional Infliction of Harm by Unlawful Means” (1999) 115 L.Q.R. 411Google Scholar) or, more concisely here, “unlawful-interference tort”.

6 Van Gend en Loos v. Neder-Landse Tariefcommissie case 26/62 [1963] E.C.R. 1.

7 BRT v. SABAM case 127/73 [1974] 2 C.M.L.R. 238.

8 Valor International Ltd. v. Application des Gaz S.A. [1978] 3 C.M.L.R. 87, 100, Roskill L.J.

9 Application des Gaz S.A. v. Falks Veritas Ltd. [1974] Ch. 381, 396, Lord Denning M.R.

10 Barretts & Baird v. Institution of Professional Civil Servants [1987] I.R.L.R. 3, 5, Henry J.

11 [1984] 1 A.C. 130.

12 Ibid, 141.

13 E.g., Bourgoin S.A. v. Ministry of Agriculture [1986] 1 Q.B. 716, 787, Parker L.J. It is noteworthy that the first instance decision in Garden Cottage Foods, restored by the House of Lords, had been the work of the then Parker J.

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19 E.g., Cutler v. Wandsworth Stadium Ld. [1949] A.C. 398, 407, Lord Simonds; South Australia Asset Management Corporation v. York Montague Ltd [1997] A.C. 191, 211, Lord Hoffmann.

20 Competition Act 1998, as amended by the Enterprise Act 2002, s. 47A.

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70 [2008] 1 A.C. 1, at [45] ff, Lord Hoffmann.

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72 Associated British Ports v. Transport and General Workers' Union [1989] 3 All E.R. 796 (overruled by the HL on different reasons: [1989] 1 W.L.R. 939); Sales, P., “The Tort of Conspiracy and Civil Secondary Liability” (1990) 49 C.L.J. 491, pp. 504–505Google Scholar.

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76 Reddaway v. Banham [1896] A.C. 199.

77 P. Cane, The Anatomy of Tort Law (Oxford 1997), pp. 45 ff, 146.

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83 Conversely, the tort of breach of statutory duty (from which the competition torts stemmed) triggers liability for pure economic loss: London Passenger Transport Board v. Upson [1949] A.C. 155, 168–169, Lord Wright.

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96 Leigh and Sillivan Ltd. v. Aliakmon Shipping Co. Ltd. [1985] Q.B. 350, 393, Goff L.J. Similarly: Home Office v. Dorset Yatch Co. Ltd. [1970] A.C. 1004, 1027, Lord Reid.

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101 See note 90 above.

102 Aquinas, Summa Theologica, II–II, qu. 64, art. 7.

103 J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1781), edited by J.H. Burns and H.L.A. Hart (New York 1996), ch. 8, §6, p. 86, ch. 9, §17, p. 94; Boyle, J.M., “Toward Understanding the Principle of Double Effect” (1980) 90 Ethics 527CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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106 [2008] 1 A.C. 1, at [62]–[63], Lord Hoffmann; at [164]–[165], Lord Nicholls.

107 Ibid, at [134], Lord Hoffmann.

108 Ibid, at [166]–[167], Lord Nicholls.

109 Three Rivers DC v. Bank of England (No. 3) [2003] 2 A.C. 1, 192, Lord Steyn; 235, Lord Millett.

110 [2008] 1 A.C. 1, at [191], Lord Nicholls.

111 Ibid, at [43], Lord Hoffmann (overruling Millar v. Bassey [1994] E.M.L.R. 44).

112 Ibid, at [59]–[60], [134]–[135].

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117 See note 17 above, at 188, Lord Diplock.

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120 Ibid, at [43].

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123 Sorrell v. Smith [1925] A.C. 700, 742, Lord Sumner.

124 Douglas v. Hello! [2006] Q.B. 125, at [159], [166], [213]–[214], [223]–[225], [236], Lord Phillips M.R.

125 [2008] 1 A.C. 1, at [130]–[136].

126 See note 113 above.

127 See note 118 above.

128 G.E. Anscombe, Intention 2nd ed (Oxford 1963), pp. 44–45.

129 Brian C.J., Y.B.17 Edw.IV, 1.

130 Lord Halsbury L.C., South Wales Miners' Federation v. Glamorgan Coal Company Ltd. [1905] A.C. 239, 244.

131 See note 118 above, pp. 539–540.

132 Bayley J., R v. Harvey (1823) 107 E.R. 379 (1823).

133 G. Williams, “Oblique Intention” [1987] C.L.J. 417.

134 D. Howarth, “Is There a Future for the Intentional Torts?” in P. Birks (ed.), The Classification of Obligations (Oxford 1997), ch. 9.

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147 E.g., Institute of Independent Insurance Brokers v. DGFT [2001] CAT 4, at [169]–[171].

148 O. Odudu, The Boundaries of EC Competition Law. The Scope of Article 81 (New York 2006), pp. 114 ff.

149 Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. U.S. 246 U.S. 231 (1918), 238, Brandeis J.

150 W. Van Gerven, “Private Enforcement of EC Competition Rules in the ECJ-Courage v. Crehan and the Way Ahead” in J. Basedow (ed.), Private Enforcement of EC Competition Law (Netherlands 2007), 19–38.

151 Sherman Act 1890, s. 5(a).

152 Competition Act 1998, s. 58A.

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213 Polinsky, M. and Shavell, S., “Punitive Damages: An Economic Analysis” (1998) H.L.R. 869, pp. 954–955Google Scholar.

214 Hylton, K., “Punitive Damages and the Economic Theory of Penalties” (1998) 87 Geo.L.J. 421Google Scholar.

215 Morris, C., “Punitive Damages in Tort Cases” (1931) 44 H.L.R. 1173CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Birks, note 82 above, p. 37; J. Edelman, “In Defence of Exemplary Damages” in Rickett, note 200 above, ch. 10.

216 D. Owen, “Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law” in Owen, note 82 above, ch. 9, pp. 205, 219 ff.

217 Lancashire CC v. Municipal Mutual Insurance Ltd. [1997] Q.B. 897.

218 Zipursky, B., “A Theory of Punitive Damages” (2005) 84 Tex.L.Rev. 105Google Scholar.

219 Cassell & Co. Ltd. v. Broome [1972] A.C. 1027, 1039, Lord Hailsham L.C.

220 [1964] A.C. 1129.

221 Ibid, 1221, 1226–8.

222 Weinrib, note 38 above, pp. 114, 134–135.

223 E.g., Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company 119 Cal.App.3d 757 (4th Dist., 1981).

224 Texaco Inc. v. Pennzoil Co 729 S.W.2d 768 Tex.Ct.App. (1987).

225 See, for example, Schwartz, G., “Deterrence and Punishment in the Common Law of Punitive Damages: A Comment” (1982) 56 S.Cal.L.Rev. 133Google Scholar; A. Burrows, “Judicial Remedies” in A. Burrows (ed.), English Private Law, 2nd ed (Oxford 2007), ch. 21, pp. 1677–8.

226 [2008] 2 All E.R. 249, [2009] 3 All E.R. 27.

227 [2008] 2 All E.R. 249, at [43]–[69].

228 [2009] 3 All E.R. 27.

229 Odudu, O. and Virgo, G., “Remedies for Breach of Statutory Duty” (2009) 68 C.L.J. 32CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sheehan, D., “Competition Law Meets Restitution for Wrongs” (2009) 125 L.Q.R. 222Google Scholar.

230 [2008] 2 All E.R. 249, at [19].

231 See note 178 above.

232 Cane, note 77 above, p. 115.

233 Kuddus v. Chief Constable of Leicestershire [2002] 2 A.C. 122, at [66], Lord Nicholls.

234 Rodger, B., “Private Enforcement and the Enterprise Act: an Exemplary System of Awarding Damages” (2003) 24 E.C.L.R. 103Google Scholar, pp. 109 ff.

235 Galanter, M. and Luban, D., “Poetic Justice: Punitive Damages and Legal Pluralism” 42 (1993) Am.U.L.Rev. 1393Google Scholar.

236 Smith New Court Securities Ltd. v. Scrimgeour (Asset Management) Ltd. Vickers [1997] A.C. 254, 280, Lord Steyn.