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IV. The Hudson's Bay Company and the Treaty of Utrecht

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2011

E. E. Rich
E. E. Rich
Affiliation:
Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History in the University
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Extract

The military triumphs and the political eclipse of Marlborough epitomize much of the history of the Treaty of Utrecht. He was, as even Bolingbroke acknowledged, the great successor to William, keeping the Grand Alliance together and imparting to it a rapid and vigorous motion in sharp contrast to the delays of William's ‘languishing out disastrous campaigns’. As ‘the greatest general, and as the greatest minister, that our country or perhaps any other has produced’ (to quote Bolingbroke again), he was deeply involved in the prolonged negotiations leading to the peace. But Marlborough and the Whigs were discredited and ousted from office in the course of the negotiations, and the peace was the work of a Tory ministry which claimed that the terms showed a reaction from the impracticable proposals of the Whigs to the more sound, statesmanlike and feasible, concepts of William III.

Type
Research Article
Information
Cambridge Historical Journal , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , 1954 , pp. 183 - 203
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1954

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References

1 Bolingbroke's Defence of the Treaty of Utrecht, with an Introduction by G. M. Trevelyan, pp. 90–1.

2 Ibid. pp. viii–ix.

3 Clark, G. N., ‘War Trade and Trade War’, Econ[omic] Hist[ory] Rev[iew] (1928)Google Scholar.

4 Camden Soc[iety] (1925), B[ritish] D[iplomatic] I[nstructions, France, 1689–1721], ii, p. xii.

5 C. Wickham Legg, Matthew Prior, p. 55. Cf. Bolingbroke, op. cit. pp. 60–3.

6 P[ubiic] R[ecord] O[ffice] CO/135/3/103–4; CO/134/2/195.

7 H[udson's] B[ay] Co. [Archives], A/1/33/51 d, 53d. Reference to the Hudson's Bay Company Archives is by kind permission of the Governor and Committee.

8 Ibid. A/i/33/83d, 85, 87.

9 Ibid. B/3/a/5/3d.

10 Archives] Nat[ionales, Paris] Marine, B/2/125/370; B/2/140/76d, 146, 261.

11 H.B. Co. A/1/19/6.

12 Ibid. A/6/3/22d.

13 Arch. Nat. Marine B/2/140/261.

14 Ibid. fos. 288; 323d, 353; H.B. Co. A/1/21/26–26d; A/1/22/18d; P.R.O. CO/135/3/47–48; C[alendar of] S[tate] P[apers] Col[onial] America and W. Indies, Oct. 1697–Dec. 1698, pp. 179, 186.

15 P.R.O. CO/135/2/60.

16 P.R.O. CO/134/2/101.

17 C.S.P. Col. America and W. Indies, Oct. 1697–Dec. 1698, pp. 206–7, 209, 219; Hist[orical] MSS. Comm[ission], 1903, Buccleuch MSS. ii, Montagu House, 11, ii.pp. 525, 561.

18 Coxe, W.[Private and original correspondence of Charles Talbot, Duke of] Shrewsbury (London, 1821), p. 362.Google Scholar

19 C.S.P. Col. America and W. Indies, Oct. 1697–Dec. 1698, pp. 76,186; P.R.O. CO/134/2; CO/134/3/8.

20 H.B. Co. A/1/19/22, 34d, 37; A/1/20/2, 4, 6 etpassim; A/1/21/9d; 10, 12, 16.

21 Iberville said he sank the Hampshire, the crucial event in the action. More probably she sailed on to a shoal and was overturned. Cf. La Potherie in Tyrell, Documents relating to the early history of Hudson Bay (Champlain Society, 1931); Jérémie, Twenty Years of York Factory, ed. R. Douglas and J. N. Wallace.

22 Arch. Nat. Marine B/2/141/250; B/2/142/449. Yet the French memorandum [Colonies C/11/A/17/383] is headed ‘Mémoire pour prouver qu'il est beaucoup plus deu aux interessez dans la capitulation du fort bourbon que ce qu'on leur a payé’ (italics mine, E.E.R.).

23 Arch. Nat. Colonies, C/11/A/33/11d–12. C.S.P. Col. America and W. Indies, Oct. 1697–Dec. 1698, pp. 76, 179, 186; H.B. Co. A/9/3/7 et passim; P.R.O. CO/134/3/7; CO/135/3/27–9.

24 H.B. Co. A/9/3/6; A/9/3/7; A/9/3/10; P.R.O. CO/X34/2; CO/134/3; CO/135/3.

25 Coxe, Shrewsbury, p. 350.

26 H.B. Co. A/1/19/38d.

27 Coxe, Shrewsbury, pp. 118–19, 129, 375, 377.

28 P.R.O. CO/134/3/8/30.

29 [Jean Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de] Torcy, . Memoirs … translated from the French (London, 1757), I, pp. 148, 152, 163, 169.Google Scholar

30 Ibid. I, pp. 238ff.

31 Ibid. I, pp. 304–5.

32 Ibid. I, pp. 310–11.

33 H.B. Co. A/1/14/5:77; A/1/15/1: 5; A/1/23/35d; A/1/24/7d; A/1/25/4–4d.

34 Hist. MSS. Comm. 1881, viii, Marlborough MSS. p. 36b; Camden Soc. (1925), B.D.I., ii, p. 11.

35 Torcy, op. cit. 1, pp. 339–40; Clark, G. N., ‘War Trade and Trade War’, Econ. Hist. Rev. (1928)Google Scholar.

36 H.B. Co. A/1/31/6d–11d; A/6/3/96.

37 Camden Soc. (1925), B.D.I. 11, p. 11.

38 H.B. Co. A/1/31/17d.

39 Camden Soc. (1925), B.D.I, 11, pp. 12–13.

40 De Lamberty, , Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire du XVIII siècle (Amsterdam, 1735), v, p. 288ff.Google Scholar; Torcy, op. cit. 1, pp. 354ff.

41 Camden Soc. (1925), B.D.I. 11, p. 14; Hist. MSS. Comm. 1949, xiv, MSS. of the House of Lords (N.S.), ix, pp. 266, 277.

42 H.B. Co. A/1/31/17d; A/1/32/4d, 7d.

43 Arch. Nat. Marine, B/2/139/83. The principle was enunciated to deal with the Dutch East India Company after Ryswick, but was clearly applicable to the Hudson's Bay Company also.

44 P.R.O. CO/134/3/25/54d.

45 Camden Soc. (1925), B.D.I, 11, pp. xvi, 20.

46 Camden Soc. (1925), B.D.I. 11, pp. 21–3; H.B. Co. A/1/32/12d.

47 Arch. Nat. Colonies, C/11/E/9/42.

48 P.R.O. CO/134/3/8/2.

49 P.R.O. CO/134/2/195d.

50 P.R.O. CO/134/2/185, 191; CO/135/3/87, 89, 93, 98, 100.

51 P.R.O. CO/135/3/74ff.; Arch. Nat. Marine, B/2/139/112d.

52 The hatters required three-quarters of parchment beaver (castor sec) to one-quarter of coat beaver (castor gras.) Nelson River beaver was predominantly coat. Arch. Nat. Colonies C/11/A/19/308; C/11/A/15/233; C/11/A/16/175.

53 E.g. Arch. Nat. Marine, B/3/156/266; Colonies, C/11/A/15/233; C/11/A/16/175; C/11/A/33/09.

54 E.g. C.S.P. Col. America and W. Indies, 1711–12, p. 218; P.R.O. CO/135/3, passim.

55 P.R.O. CO/134/2/185.

56 P.R.O. CO/135/2/40.

57 Arch. Nat. Colonies, C/11/A/15/233; C/11/A/16/175; C/11/A/33/09–14d.

58 P.R.O. CO/135/3/100–1.

59 P.R.O. CO/134/2/195d; CO/135/3/105, 106; H.B. Co. A/1/24/10.

60 Camden Soc (1925), B.D.I. 11, p. 22; cf. p. 193 above.

61 The Compleat History of the Treaty of Utrecht (London, 1715), 1, i, p. 45.Google Scholar

62 Cf. Clark, ‘War Trade and Trade War’, Econ. Hist. Rev. (1928).

63 I.S. Leadam, The History of England from the Accession of Anne to the Death of George II, P. 186.

64 Torcy, Op. cit. 11, p.129.

65 So Torcy, Loc. cit.; but cf. Leadam, op. cit. p. 187.

66 Compleat History of the Treaty of Utrecht, p. 85ff.

67 Torcy, op. cit. 11, p. 160.

68 Ibid. pp. 141–2, 165, 172.

69 C.S.P. Col. America and W. Indies, 1711–12, pp. 178–9, 237.

70 Ibid. pp. 218, 266.

71 Mercure [Historique et Politique] (The Hague, 1711), t. 51, p. 528 ff.

72 B[ibliothèque] N[ationale], MS. Fran¸ais, Clairambault, 284, fos. 55 ff., 76; Compleat History of the Treaty of Utrecht, pp. 161, 167.

73 Hist. MSS. Comm. 1899, Portland MSS. v, p. 36.

74 P.R.O. CO/134/2/225; C.S.P. Col. America and W. Indies, July 1712–July 1714, pp. 182–3.

76 Camden Soc. (1925), B.D.I. 11, p. xviii; Hist. MSS. Comm. Portland MSS. v, p. 36.

78 H.B. Co. A/1/33/49d.

77 Ibid. A/1/33/83d, 87.

78 Compleat History of the Treaty of Utrecht, 1, 2, p. 97.

79 B.N. MS. Français, Clairambault 284, fos. 44–9; Mercure, t. 52, pp. 78–85, 323–4, 684ff.

80 B.N. MS. Frarçais, Clairambault 286, fos. 104, 106.

81 H.B. Co. A/1/33/59d, 63, 66.

82 H.B. Co. A/6/3/122–5; B/3/a/5/1d; Jérémie, Twenty Years of York Factory, pp. 38ff.

83 B.N. MS. Français, Nouvelles Acquisitions, 9284; Arch. Nat. Colonies, C/11/E/9/71.

84 H.B. Co. A/9/6/47d; A/1/33/81 d.

85 Arch. Nat. Colonies, C/11/E/2/10; F/3/2/355d.

86 H.B. Co. A/9/6/52.

87 Cf. for example Émile Bourgeois, Manuel historique de politique étrangère, 1, ch. xi.

88 Hist. MSS. Comm. Portland MSS., v, p. 36.

89 H.B. Co. A/1/33/75d.

90 Arch. Nat. Colonies, C/11/E/9/114ff.

91 Cit. Wilson, Beckles, The Great Company (London, 1900), 1, p. 250.Google Scholar

92 Camden Soc. (1925), B.D.I. 11, pp. 96ff.; P.R.O. CO/134/2/305.

93 Beckles Wilson, op. cit. 1, p. 256.

94 Hist. MSS. Comm. x, i, Underwood MSS. p. 213.

95 P.R.O. Index 8338.

96 For which see H.B. Record Society, xii (1949), ‘James Isham's Observation on Hudson's Bay, 1743’, pp. xlvi–lxiv, lxii–xcix.

97 P.R.O. CO./134/3/22–4.