Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T22:01:07.193Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

III. Fowell Buxton and the New African Policy, 1838–1842

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2011

J. Gallagher
J. Gallagher
Affiliation:
Fellow of Trinity College
Get access

Extract

‘The Black in the West Indies will.… receive his Emancipation at the expense of his Brethren in Africa.’ So the Lieutenant-Governor of the Gambia had forecast before the 1833 Act, and he was right, although for the wrong reasons. Emancipation cramped the sugar production of the British Caribbean, but it did not affect the sweet tooth of the sugar consumer, and as West Indian output fell, sugar production in Cuba and (less noticeably) in Brazil rose sharply. Outproduced, undersold and overcultivated, the West Indian plantations began to lag as competitors, a result inevitable in the long run, but accelerated by the freeing of the slaves.

Type
Research Article
Information
Cambridge Historical Journal , Volume 10 , Issue 1 , 1950 , pp. 36 - 58
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1950

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 [Public Record Office], C[olonial] O[ffice], 267/117, Rendall to Goderich, 19 April 1832.

2 Burn, W. L., Emancipation and Apprenticeship in the British West Indies (1937), p. 367 and noteGoogle Scholar; Williams, E., Capitalism and Slavery, Chapel Hill, N.C. (1944), pp. 152–3Google Scholar; Parliamentary] P[apers] 1850, IX, 440: Cuban exports rising by one-third, 1835–9.

3 CO. 267/106, British Minister in Brazil to Aberdeen, 27 June 1829, enclosed in F[oreign] O[ffice] to CO. 20 Oct. 1830.

4 Holt and Gregson MSS. Picton Library, Liverpool, x, 371–3, for estimated Liverpool loss of over £7,000,000 through abolition; Brokers' Trade Circulars by W. and E. Corrie and Co., Picton Library, Liverpool, weekly advices, 1809–28, passim.

5 P.P. 1847–8, xvi, 217. These are the Foreign Office estimates, but from the nature of the case they are highly speculative.

6 Bandinel, J., Some Account of the Trade in Slaves from Africa (1842)Google Scholar; for other aspects of the diplomatic effort, vide Mathieson, W. L., Great Britain and the Slave Trade, 1839–65 (1929), pp. 5–27Google Scholar; Soulsby, H. G., The Right of Search and the Slave Trade, Baltimore (1933), pp. 1–61Google Scholar; Lloyd, R., The Navy and the Slave Trade (1949), pp. 39–61Google Scholar.

7 Lloyd, op. cit. pp. 61, 67.

8 The Anglo-Spanish treaty of 1835 provided for a mutual right of search, Mixed Courts, the presumption of guilt when slaving equipment (though no actual slave) was discovered, the breaking up of condemned slavers, and the surrender of liberated negroes to the country owning the warship which freed them. Bandinel, op. cit. pp. 230–1. The Equipment Act of 1839 extended the proviso concerning equipment to Portuguese ships.

9 Manchester, A. K., British Preëminence in Brazil, Chapel Hill, N.C (1933), pp. 159, 163–4, 217, 221, 242, 265Google Scholar; Aimes, H. H. S., A History of Slavery in Cuba (New York, 1907), pp. 89, 92, 124, 133, 142. 147Google Scholar.

10 P.P. 1847–8, xvi, 217, estimated mortality: 1805–10, 14%; 1815–47, 25 %. On the other hand, the passage was now quicker.

11 Slaving south of the Equator was common in the eighteenth century, but the bulk of it was north of the line.

12 CO. 267/130, Mixed Commissioners, Freetown to Palmerston, no. 4, 5 Jan. 1835, encl. in F.O. to C. O. 6 June 1835.

13 CO. 82/1, enclosure in Admiralty] to CO. 2 June 1828.

14 CO. 267/136, enclosure in Gold Coast Committee to George Grey, 19 March 1836; Forster and Smith to Glenelg, 11 Nov. 1836; P.P. 1842, xi, QQ. 1593, 1622, 1894, 2100, 3817, 6844; P.P. 1850, ix, QQ. 1232, 2032, 2573, 3930, 3404) 3798.

15 P.P. 1850, ix, Q. 3745; Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, xxxi, 47; Baines, T., History of the Commerce and Town of Liverpool (1852), p. 813Google Scholar.

16 P.P. 1842, xi, QQ. 357, 1592, 1878.

17 F.O. 2/1. Adm. to F.O. 26 June 1837 (enclosure); F.O. 2/2, same to same, 4 May 1839.

18 Manning, H. T., British Colonial Government.…. 1782–1820 (New Haven, 1933), p. 490Google Scholar.

19 Richard, H., Memoirs of Joseph Sturge (1864), pp. 101–2Google Scholar; Stephen, G., Anti-Slavery Recollections (1854), pp. 179–81Google Scholar; Klingberg, F. J., The Anti-Slavery Movement in England (New Haven, 1926), pp. 273, 282Google Scholar.

20 Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton (3rd ed. 1849, hereafter cited as Buxton Memoirs), p. 283.

21 Buxton Memoirs, p. 305.

22 Buxton Memoirs, p. 313, ‘the more immediate evil of British slavery’.

23 Hansard, 3rd series, xxvii, cols. 1039–51, 1233–6. Dr Mathieson, op. cit. p. 36, supposed that the motion was ultimately withdrawn, but it was carried without a division on 19 May.

24 He had not quite lost sight of West African affairs before this. The Governor of Sierra Leone complained of his acting Chief Justice for ‘being in constant communication with Mr Buxton’ (CO. 267/134, Campbell to Glenelg, Private and Confidential, 3 Nov. 1836.)

25 There had been some anticipations of the project for trading directly with the interior. In 1821 M'Queen had urged the control of Fernando Po and an inland station. They were to dominate and canalise the trade of the interior, and the scheme should be directed by a chartered company. M'Queen, J., A Geographical and Commercial View of Northern and Central Africa (1821), pp. 217–18, 234–9, 252–7, 272–80Google Scholar. After returning from his Niger expedition of 1832, Macgregor Laird published a plan ‘for trading with Central Africa’. Laird, M. and Oldfield, R. A., Narrative of an Expedition.… by the River Niger (1837), ii, 401–9Google Scholar.

26 Papers of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society (here-After cited as A./S. Papers). Buxton to Robert Stokes, 6 Dec. 1837; same to same, 28 Dec. 1837. I am indebted to the secretaries of the Society for their courteous assistance.

27 The Humanitarians were to make great play with this reckoning, but it is quite indefensible. To prove that one died for each one captured, Buxton uncritically assembled a jumble of evidence from the eastern and the western Sudan. His proofs of the high death-rate on the march are mere random observation by travellers who do not assert that they are typical. Similarly, his authorities for the conditions in the slave factories report haphazard incidents alone. For his statistics about deaths by capture, he parade old wives' tales by Bosman (who had published in 1705). Buxton, T. F., The African Slave Trade (1839), pp. 72–95, 165Google Scholar.

28 Buxton, op. cit. pp. 16, 169, 236. Although published in 1839, the book embodies his conclusions of 1838. Italics in the original.

29 C.O. 267/150, memorandum by Stephen, 26 April 1838; memorandum by George Grey, 4 May 1838.

30 Hansard, 3rd series, xxxviii, col. 1827; Whately, E. J., Life… of Richard Whately (1866), ii, 452Google Scholar (Melbourne on abolition as ‘all a pack of nonsense’); Lord Melbourne's Papers (ed, Sanders, L. C., 1890), p. 379Google Scholar (on the biography of Wilberforce; ‘One good Thing… is that it shows the great philanthropist, Thomas Clarkson, to be a sad fellow’)

31 ‘The little hope we entertain that the atrocious violation of Divine and human laws will ever be effectually checked’, Liverpoo Mercury, 9 Feb. 1838. The Mercury was strongly Whig.

32 Hansard, 3rd series, xl, cols. 596–615; Correspondence of … Macvey Napier (1879), Brougham to Napier, 7 March 1838.

33 P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice], 30/22/3 (Gifts and Deposits: the Russell Papers), Lord Tavistock to Russell, June 1838.

34 P.R.O. 30/22/3, Russell to W. Clay, 4 July 1838; Correspondence of Macvey Napier, Brougham to Napier, 28 July 1838.

35 Buxton Memoris, P. 367.

36 Buxton, T. F., The Remedy; being a Sequel to the African Slave Trade (1840), pp. 236–7Google Scholar. The book was written in 1838, pp. v–vi.

37 The anticipated cost of the Niger Expedition when it emerged from this scheme was £79,000 for the first twelve months. Allen, W. and Thomson, T. R. H., The Expedition to the River Niger (1848), 1, 500Google Scholar.

38 Buxton Memoirs; p. 373.

39 Lord Melbourne's Papers (edited by Sanders, L. C., 1890), Melbourne to Russell, 3 Sept. 1838, pp. 376–7Google Scholar.

40 F.O. 54/2, Palmerston to Glenelg, 24 Sept. 1838; printed, with some slips of transcription, in Jackson, M. V., European Powers and South-East Africa (1942), pp. 164–5Google Scholar; and partially quoted in Coupland, R., East Africa and its Invaders (1938), pp. 288–9Google Scholar.

41 F.O. 54/2, Buxton to Glenelg, 7 Sept. 1838.

42 F.O. 54/2, Glenelg to Palmerston, 10 Sept. 1838; Palmerston to Glenelg, 14 Oct. 1838.

43 The Remedy, pp. v–vi. There had been along and fruitless Anglo-Spanish negotiation over Fernando Po from 1825 until 1832. It can be followed in CO. 82/1, 4, 5, 6. Cf. F.O. 2/22, memorandum on Fernando Po, 3 Oct. 1857.

44 The Slave Trade was published early in 1839, whereas The Remedy did not appear until June 1840. The complete work, The African Slave Trade and its Remedy, was published in 1840 as a second edition, but this is not t he book which was so influential in 1839 as is sometimes asserted, for very few persons had then read The Remedy.

45 C.O. 2/22, Rendall to Glenelg, /Jan. 1839.

46 It will be recalled that Nicholas Biddle had recently tried to corner the cotton market.

47 C.O. 2/22, memorandum by M'Queen, 12 Jan. 1839.

48 C.O. 2/21, unsigned draft, i Feb. 1839. It is obviously by Bandinel, for he refers to his draft of that date in Bandinel to Stephen, 4 Jan. 1841 (ibid.).

49 C.O. 2/22, Bandinel to Stephen, 4 Jan. 1841.

50 C.O. 2/21, Buxton to Normanby, 20 April 1839 (enclosure).

51 On retiring from office, Glenelg left for his successor a memorandum on the African project, wherein he commends with characteristic benevolence and haziness the proposals of both Buxton and Bandinel (C.O. 2/22, memorandum by Glenelg, 18 Feb. 1839).

52 Manuscript Journal of Lord Macaulay, Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, 0.15.1, 7 May 1839. I am indebted to the Master of Trinity for his kind permission to inspect the journal.

53 The Greville Memoirs (1888), iv, 240, 15 Aug. 1839.

54 C.O. 2/21, Buxton to Normanby, 18 July 1839; same to same, 25 July 1839.

55 Ibid., Buxton and others to Normanby, 27 Aug. 1839.

56 Ibid., Buxton to Russell, 3 Sept. 1839.

57 C.O. 2/22, memorandum by Stephen, 21 Sept. 1839. Note that he thought that the expedition was going to the Congo, adding ‘I could hardly exaggerate my ignorance of this part of Africa.’

58 Ibid., memorandum by Vernon Smith, 21 Sept. 1839.

59 ‘The Wesleyans on our side and the Radicals exasperated against them.’ Sir James Graham to Charles Arbuthnot, 5 June 1839. Correspondence of Charles Arbuthnot (edited by A. Aspinall, Camden Society, third series, vol. lxv), p.204.

60 Coupland, R., Kirk on the Zambesi (1928), P.36Google Scholar.

61 C.O. 2/21, minute by Russell, 22 Oct. on Buxton to Russell, 10 Oct. 1839; C.O. 2/22 C.O. to Adm. 6 Nov. 1839.

62 C.O. 392/4 C.O. to Treasury, 26 Dec. 1839; T. to C.O. 30 Dec. 1839; Liverpool Mercury, 27 Dec. 1839.

63 C.O. 2/22 C.O. to Adm. 6 Nov. 1839; Adm. to C.O. 16 Nov. 1839. At Buxton's insistence the ships were built at Birkenhead by the brother of Macgregor Laird. C.O. 2/21, Capts. Trotter and Allen to Stephen, 28 Sept. 1839.

64 C.O. 2/22, memorandum by Stephen, 12 Nov. 1839; C.O. 2/21, Stephen to Bandinel, 26 Dec. 1839; Stephen to Bandinel, 10 April 1840; Vernon Smith to Lushington, 16 April 1840.

65 C.O. 2/22, memorandum by Stephen, 12 Nov. 1839.

66 Their enemies accused the Tories of doing so to win favour from the Prince Consort.

67 Liverpool Mercury, 5 June 1840.

68 Thus at the inaugural meeting he suppressed a speech by O'Connell, so as not to irritate the Tories. Liverpool Mercury, 12 June 1840.

69 He became a baronet in 1840.

70 In 1838 he published A Letter to. … Lord John Russell, claiming that he had never favoured apprenticeship.

71 The preliminary meetings had begun in February. A./S. Papers, Minute Book.

72 He was on its committee, however, at its inception.

73 A./S. Papers, Minute Book, 1, 17, April 1839. It may be significant that there were ten proposed amendments to the constitution, mostly over this resolution. It had been changed already from the first form of 27 Feb. 1839.

74 Memoirs, p. 375; Hobhorse, S., Joseph Sturge (1919), p. 92Google Scholar.

75 A./S. Papers, Minute Book, 14 June 1839.

76 Liverpool Mercury, 17 April 1840; 6 Nov. 1840; Memoirs, p. 438.

77 Buxton was a member of the Anti-Slavery Society; he occasionally attended committee meetings; the society praised the first part of his book. Vide A./S. Papers, Minute Book, 1, 9 July 1839, 27 Sept. 1839, 1 Nov. 1839, 28 Feb. 1840, 30 April 1841, 28 Jan. 1842, 18 April 1842. Of course, on other aspects of anti-slavery he and they held much the same ground.

78 Proceedings of the General Anti-Slavery Convention. … June 12th to. … June 23rd 1840 (1841), p. 242. Cf. Greg, W. K., Past and Present Efforts for the Extinction of the African Slave Trade (1840)Google Scholar.

79 Ibid. p. 474. Cf. speech of Sturge, p. 240. ‘The word “pacific” prohibits us from either directly or indirectly sanctioning a resort to arms even against the slave-trader.’

80 The African Civilization Society (Prospectus), 14 Feb. 1840.

81 Beecham, J., Ashantee and the Gold Coast (1841), described Buxton's book as ‘spirit-stirring’Google Scholar.

82 Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine, July 1840, p. 588.

83 C.O. 2/22, Secretary, Baptist Missionary Society to Russell, 15 Aug. 1840.

84 Waddell, H. M., Twenty-Nine Years in the West Indies and Central Africa (1863), p. 206Google Scholar; McFarlan, D. M., Calabar: The Church of Scotland Mission (1946), pp. 6–7Google Scholar.

86 Reid, T. Wemyss, Life of … W. E. Forster (1888) 1, pp. 112–13Google Scholar. Forster tried hard to sail with the expedition.

86 Buxton Memoirs, pp. 438–9.

87 Abridgment of … the African Slave Trade and its Remedy (1840).

88 E.g. The Extinction of the Slave-Trade (1840), a reprint of Wesley an-Methodist Magazine, 1840, pp. 577–94.

89 The Friend of Africa (1841–2), continued as The Friend of the African (1843–6).

90 Clarkson to Buxton, 17 July 1839, printed in Abridgment, p. 56. Clarkson seems to have been bewildered by the complexity of anti-slavery politics. He endorsed Sturge's society, but then, after remonstration, wrote that he favoured Buxton's as well. A./S. Papers, Clarkson to E. N. Buxton, 27 May 1840. On the other hand, Buxton's very successful propaganda stimulated some adverse comment from business circles. Jameson, R., An Appeal. … against the proposed Niger Expedition (1840)Google Scholar; Read, P., Lord John Russell, Sir T. F. Buxton and the Niger Expedition (1840)Google Scholar; Edinburgh Review, January 1841, pp. 456–77; P.P. 1842, xi, Q. 5698 (Macgregor Laird); Westminster Review, June 1840, pp. 125–65 (Macgregor Laird).

91 Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade, n.d. [1840], p. 2.

92 C.O. 2/21, Buxton and Lushington to Russell, 7 Aug. 1840.

93 Ibid., Russell to Buxton and Lushington, 20 Aug. 1840.

94 C.O. 2/22, minute by Stephen, 28 Feb., on Colonial Agent to Stephen, 27 Feb. 1840; Minute by Stephen, 11 June, on Board of Trade to CO. 10 June 1840.

95 C.O. 2/21, minute by Russell, 26 June, on Buxton to Russell, 25 June 1840.

96 C.O. 2/22, minute by Stephen, 4 Feb. on Adm. to C.O. 3 Feb. 1841.

97 Friend of Africa, 15 Jan. 1841, p. 27.

98 Friend of Africa, 1 Jan. 1841, p. 11.

99 Friend of Africa, 1 Jan. 1841, p. 13.

100 McWilliam, J., Medical History of the Niger Expedition (1843), pp. 3, 16–23, 161–5, 252–61Google Scholar; Nautical Magazine, 1840, pp. 265–71.

101 C.O. 2/31, Buxton to Russell, 29 Jan. 1841.

102 C.O. 2/21, Trotter to Stephen, 17 April, and minute by Stephen, 19 April 1841.

103 Ibbotson, H., Madagascar and East Africa Benevolent Society (May 1841)Google Scholar.

104 The Albert and Wilberforce left on 12 May; the much smaller Soudan had gone on 17 April. Allen and Thomson, op. cit. 1, 39, 41.

105 C.O. 2/21, Buxton to Normanby, 20 April 1839.

106 C.O. 267/154, minute by Stephen 18 Dec. on Doherty to Normanby, no. 60.

107 C.O. 267/154, Russell to Doherty, no. 64, 23 July 1840; Russell to Huntley, no. 32, 31 July 1840.

108 C.O. 267/163, Russell to Doherty, no. 81, 30 Sept. 1840; Russell to Huntley, no. 45, 30 Sept. 1840.

109 C.O. 267/163, Jeremie to Russell, no. 28, 4 March 1841.

110 C.O. 267/164, protest enclosed in Carr to Russell, no. 8, 12 May 1841; C.O. 267/163, Russell to Acting-Governor, Sierra Leone, no. 66, 8 July 1841.

111 Sierra Leone Gazette Official, no. 2, 20 March 1841.

112 C.O. 267/163, Jeremie to Russell, no. 24, 4 March 1841.

113 Ibid., minute by Russell, 19 May 1841, on the above.

114 C.O. 267/162, Maclean to Russell, 27 Jan. 1840.

115 C.O. 267/162, minute by Stephen, 2 April; minutes by Russell, 3 and 4 April 1840, on above.

116 C.O. 267/161, minute by Russell, 29 April, on Adm. to C.O. 23 April 1840.

117 C.O. 267/161, minute by Russell, 26 June, on T. to C.O., 24 June 1840.

118 E.g. C.O. 267/168, minute by Stephen, 10 June 1841, on Gold Coast Committee to Vernon Smith, 7 June 1841.

119 C.O. 267/171, 172, 173, printed as P.P. 1842, xii.

120 It is implied in Cambridge History of the British Empire (1939), 11, 665, that Stephen condemned the Madden Report. It is true that he did so in October after it had been demolished by expert criticism, but his minutes of August and September in C.O. 267/170 show that at first he accepted it.

121 C.O. 267/170, memorandum by Russell, 26 Aug. 1841; C.O. to T., Aug. 1841 (unsent draft).

122 2 and 3 Viet. cap. 73; cf. Bandinel, op. cit. pp. 224–5.

123 Soulsby, op. cit. pp. 41, 56.

124 Bandinel, op. cit. pp. 256–62.

126 E.g. C.O. 267/161, Adm. to C.O. 25 March 1840—twenty vessels, ‘including a War Steamer’, to be kept on the Coast.

126 C.O. 267/160, Doherty to Russell, no. 67, 7 Dec. 1840; C.O. 267/163, enclosure in Jeremie to Russell, no. 2, 4 Jan. 1841.

127 C.O. 267/163, Seagram to Doherty, 14 Dec. 1840, encl. in Jeremie to Russell, no. 2, 4 Jan. 1841.

128 C.O. 267/167, F.O. to C.O. 27 March 1841; Adm. to C.O. 8 April 1841.

128 Orders to this effect were never explicitly given, but the practice was permissive. Denman, J., The Slave Trade, the African Squadron and Mr Hutt's Committee, n.d. (1848), pp. 34, 40Google Scholar.

130 C.O. 267/163, Jeremie to Russell, no. 24, 4 March 1843.

131 In 1840 there was another striking case of the power of the Buxton group over the Home Office. A party of liberated Africans had left Freetown for their homes in Yorubaland. Buxton and Lushington were asked if they approved, and if this movement could help the Niger Expedition (C.O. 267/154, C.O. to Lushington, 21 March 1840).

132 Sources for the Expedition: C.O. 2/23, 24; P.P. 1843, XLVIII (a partial publication of C.O. 2/24 with some suppressions from Cook's report); Adm. 13/180, 181, 182, 183 (administrative details); P.P. 1843, xxxi (mortality); Allen and Thomson, op. cit.; McWilliam, J. O., Medical History of the Expedition to the Niger (1843)Google Scholar; Journals of the Rev. James Frederick Schön and Mr Samuel Crowther, 1842; Simpson, W., A Private Journal kept during the Niger Expedition (1843)Google Scholar; Bentley's Miscellany, June 1843 (narrative of John Duncan).

138 The others were Capt. W. Allen, Capt. Bird Allen and William Cook.

134 Allen and Thomson, op. cit. i, 253–60.

135 Schön and Crowther, op. cit. 260.

136 Allen and Thomson, op. cit. i, 314–315.

137 The Amelia was left unmanned here to supply the settlement where there were two whites and a half-caste superintendent, Allen and Thomson, op. cit. pp. 126–7.

138 Allen and Thomson, op. cit. 1, 342; C.O. 2/23, Commissioners to Russell, no. 11, 16 Sept. 1841.

139 Schön and Crowther, op. cit. p. 301.

140 Allen and Thomson, op. cit. I, 360–7.

141 The Ethiope, Capt. Beecroft. The Liverpool West African interest rubbed in this lesson against state intervention for a long time—e.g. ‘doubtless had the Ethiope been in similar distress, and been so relieved by any of Her Majesty's vessels, a claim for salvage would have been made’. F.O. 2/12, African Association of Liverpool to Clarendon, 12 Dec. 1854.

142 McWilliam, op. cit. p. 128.

143 C.O. 2/23, Trotter to Russell, [Stanley] separate, 25 Oct. 1841; Allen to Stanley, no. 8, 5 Aug. 1842. C.O. 2/24, Cook to Stanley, 11 March 1843; C.O. 392/4, C.O. to Adm. 5 April 1843. The Amelia was reached by Lt. Webb at the end of 1842. C.O. 2/23, Adm. to C.O. 11 Jan. 1843 enclosing his report.

144 C.O. 2/23, Allen to Stanley, unnumbered, 10 Nov. 1842.

145 C.O. 267/165, minute by Stanley, 25 Sept. 1841 on Carr to Sec. of State, no. 27, 5 Aug. 1841; note by Stanley, 25 Oct. 1841.

146 C.O. 267/165, Stanley to Carr, no. 14, 8 Nov. 1841.

147 C.O. 392/4, Stanley to Commissioners, no. 1, 11 Nov. 1841.

148 C.O. 2/25, minute by Stephen, 21 Dec. 1841, on Adm. to C.O. 20 Dec. 1841; minute by Stanley, 11 Jan. 1842, on Adm. to C.O. 6 Jan. 1842; minute by Stanley, 2 Feb. 1842, on F.O. to C.O. 31 Jan. 1842; B.O.T. to C.O. 12 April 1842.

149 Buxton Memoirs, p. 467.

150 C.O. 2/25, Buxton and others to Stanley, 4 March 1842.

151 C.O. 2/25, Buxton to Stanley, 30 March 1842; Edward Buxton to Stanley, 4 April 1842; memorandum by Stephen, 13 April 1842.

152 C.O. 2/23, minute by Stanley, n.d: (7 April), on Trotter to Stanley, 1 April 1842.

153 Illustrated London News, 25 June 1842, p. 105 (report and picture of a meeting of the Society, 21 June 1842.

154 C.O. 2/23, Adm. to C.O. 11 Jan 1843 (enclosure).

155 Buxton Memoirs, p. 473.