Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T22:01:00.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

I. The Composition of the Chapter of St Paul's, 1086–11631

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2011

C. N. L. Brooke
C. N. L. Brooke
Affiliation:
C. N. L. Brooke, Fellow of Gonville and Caius College
Get access

Extract

No secular institution of the English Church has left behind richer materials for the study of its history in the twelfth century than the cathedral chapter of St Paul's. There is a fine series of original charters, and two important cartularies; fragments of a twelfth-century survey, and a complete survey of the early thirteenth century from which a long stretch of agrarian history can be reconstructed. The letter collections of Gilbert Foliot, bishop from 1163 to 1187, Master David of London and Peter of Blois, and the splendid thirteenth-century inventories give an insight into the activities, characters and tastes of many of the canons. The chronicle and ordinances of Master Ralph de Diceto, the most distinguished of its deans; a sprinkling of hagiographical and theological writings; calendars and obit rolls; and a catalogue of the holders of the thirty prebends, purporting to start in the days of Bishop Maurice (1086–1107)—these and numerous other more incidental sources of information go to make up the tale of the evidence.

Type
Research Article
Information
Cambridge Historical Journal , Volume 10 , Issue 2 , 1951 , pp. 111 - 132
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1951

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

page 111 note 2 For detailed references, see below; for the MSS. in the chapter library, Maxwell Lyte's Report (below, n. 7); for a general bibliography, Miss Gibbs's Early Charters (below, n. 8), pp. xlv–xlviii. Gilbert Foliot's letters were edited by J. A. Giles (2 vols. London, 1846); a new edition is being prepared by Dom Adrian Morey and the present writer. On Master David, see Brooke, Z. N., ‘The Register of Master David of London and the part he played in the Becket Crisis’, in Essays in History presented to Reginald Lane Poole (Oxford, 1927), pp. 227–45Google Scholar; most of the letters were printed in Liverani, Spicilegium Liberianum (Florence, 1863). For the letters of Peter of Blois, see Petri Blesensis Opera, ed. Giles, J. A., i–ii (London, 1846–7)Google Scholar, and Southern, R. W. in E[nglish] H[istorical] R[eview], LIII (1938), pp. 412–24Google Scholar.

page 111 note 3 Dugdale, W., The History of St Paul's Cathedral in London (three editions, London, 1658, 1714–16, 1818)Google Scholar; Wharton, H., Historia de Episcopis et Decanis Londinensibus (London, 1695)Google Scholar; Newcourt, R., Repertorium ecclesiasticum parochiale Londinense (2 vols. London, 1708–10)Google Scholar.

page 111 note 4 2 vols. Rolls Series (1876): referred to hereafter as Diceto; the bulk of the introduction was reprinted in Stubbs's Historical Introductions to the Rolls Series, ed. Hassall, A. (London, 1902), pp. 35–88Google Scholar.

page 112 note 5 Hale, W. H., The Domesday of St Paul's (Camden Society, 1857–8)Google Scholar, containing the survey of 1222, a fragment of one of 1181, etc. I shall refer to it as ‘Hale’.

page 112 note 6 Simpson, W. Sparrow, Registrum statutorum et consuetudinum ecclesie cathedralis Sancti Pauli Londinensis (London, 1873)Google Scholar—referred to as Statutes; Documents illustrating the History of St Paul's Cathedral (Camden Society, 1880), including a fourteenth-century calendar and obit roll (there are two calendars of the thirteenth century in St Paul's, MS. W. D. 12, fols. 10r–16v, and Brit[ish] Mus[eum], Harleian MS. 6956, fols. 107r–110r); and other works, including ‘Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St Paul, London, dated respectively 1245 and 1402…’, in Archaeologia, L (1887), pp. 439–524.

page 112 note 7 Historical Manuscripts Commission, Appendix to the Ninth Report, 1, 1–72, referred to as Report.

page 112 note 8 Early Charters of the Cathedral Church of St Paul, London (Camden 3rd series, LVIII, 1939), referred to as ‘Gibbs’.

page 112 note 9 The first fruits of this study have appeared in ‘The Chronology of Labour Services’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th series, xx (1937), pp. 178–80.

page 112 note 10 An account will appear in her forthcoming book on English scholars in the twelfth century. I have to thank Dr Rathbone for a number of the references used in this article.

page 112 note 11 The collection of material was started by my father, the late Professor Z. N. Brooke, shortly before his death, as a continuation of our work on the dignitaries of Hereford Cathedral (ante, viii (1944–6), pp. 1–21, 179–85).

page 112 note 12 Newcourt included the list for each prebend in his own catalogue of prebendaries without indicating his source; his text is not always accurate, but it has few omissions.

page 113 note 13 An account of the chapter from 1163 to 1187 will appear in the new edition of Gilbert Foliot's letters.

page 113 note 14 Ordinaire et coutumier … de Bayeux, ed. Chevalier, U. (Paris, 1902), p. 287Google Scholar. The matricula sounds like a kind of Liber Vitae, and the St Paul's lists may in origin have been the same. There are lists of the canons of Lincoln, c. 1135 and c. 1189, in the twelfth-century Lincoln bible (The Statutes of Lincoln Cathedral, ed. Bradshaw, H. and Wordsworth, C., in, 789–93)Google Scholar.

page 113 note 15 St Paul's MS. W. D. 2, fols. 10r–112 r; Brit. Mus. Harleian MS. 6956, fols. 91r–96r; there is a transcript of the St Paul's text in the Harl. MS. fols. 115v ff. I follow the Harleian text unless otherwise stated; and I shall refer to the lists by the names of the prebends (for detailed references, see Appendix I).

page 113 note 16 E.g. Alured for Wlured (Wildland; see below n.63); Ailebertus for Gilebertus (Harlesden and Consumpta per Mare).

page 113 note 17 In Bodleian Library, Rawlinson MSS. B 372, fols. 3–4.

page 113 note 18 Hutton noted the point in each list by inserting the words ‘hucusque in manu eadem et antiqua’ or some variant of them. This is not a very adequate critical test, and the exact date cannot be determined; but it was certainly between 1259 and 1273, and probably c. 1260–2. The lists in the St Paul's text are all in one hand.

page 113 note 19 This colophon is attached to both texts: the assessment was made’ eo scilicet tempore quo dominus papa Gregorius nonus omnia ecclesiastica beneficia in Anglia per Stephanum capellanum suum … appretiata decimavit’; for the date cf. Lunt, W. E., The Valuation of Nonvich (Oxford, 1926), p. 20 and n. 5Google Scholar.

page 114 note 20 Twenty or twenty-one canons witness one document in 1104 (Report, p. 61b): fourteen of the first generation and six of the second. Bermundus (Berbundus), of t he second generation, occurs in 1103 (ibid. p. 65 a). Algar, son of Dereman, first prebendary of Islington, seems to have become a canon shortly after 1086, Round, in Domesday Studies, ed. P. E. Dove, II (1891), 556, 558.

page 114 note 21 Robert, bishop of Hereford, if correctly placed, must be Robert of Lorraine (1079–95).

page 114 note 22 Anskitin or Ansketil, archdeacon of Canterbury (Eald St.), who had been succeeded in that office by 1089 (Monasticon, I, 175); Robert, bishop of Chester (Chamberlain Wood), who was appointed bishop on the same day as Maurice (Florence of Worcester, Chronicon exchronicis, ed. B. Thorpe, 11, 18); and Robert of Lorraine.

page 114 note 23 Durand (Twyford) holds two hides in Twyford (Domesday Book, I, 1276); Ralph, presumably Ralph, son of Algod (Rugmere), holds Rugmere (ibid.); Edmund, son of Algot (i.e. brother of Ralph: Chiswick), holds of the bishop in Stepney (ibid.).

page 114 note 24 Engelbric, Gueri (ibid.), Walter (ibid. I, 128a) and Sired (ibid. 1, 127a). Sired was dead; he may have been father of Ailward son of Sired, first prebendary of Stoke Newington.

page 115 note 25 Gibbs, pp. xviib f.

page 115 note 26 Cf. Appendix II, p. 130.

page 115 note 27 It is impossible to give a full statement of the results of my investigation here, but the Appendix (II–III) contains an example of the results in two prebends, Tottenham and Caddington Minor, for which the evidence is particularly full. For most of the prebends the check is less conclusive.

page 115 note 28 Alexander de Saccavilla, Caddington Major (Gibbs, no. 78); Alard of Burnham as archdeacon of London, Caddington Major (Gibbs, no. 105), as dean, Holborn (Statutes, p. 141); Paris, archdeacon of Rochester, Caddington Minor (Gibbs, no. 78); Richard fitzNeal, royal treasurer, Chiswickin Sutton ('scotlanda thesaurarii’, Hale, p. 151); Richard of Stortford, Harlesden (Gibbs, no. 103); Richard junior, Holborn (Gibbs, no. 313); Alan the chaplain, Moorfields (Grub Street, Gibbs, no. 249); William de Belmeis and John of St Laurence, St Pancras (Gibbs, nos. 160, 223 and 70); Ralph de Diceto as dean, Tottenham (Gibbs, nos. 223, 261); and the two cases in Domesday Book referred to above (n. 23). Master David (Brownswood in Willesden) and Master Nicholas (presumably Master Nicholas son of Clement, probably Chamberlain Wood in Willesden) held demesnes in Willesden in 1181 (Hale, p. 152).

page 116 note 29 Master Theodoric occurs in iii (Report, pp. 26a, 67b–68a), as brother of Hamo (Eald St.) in 1115 (Report, p. 61b) and possibly later (but other references may be to Hamo's successor Theodoric junior); Master Walter of Whitney occurs c. 1186–7 (Gibbs, no. 67; Report, p. 33a); and the doubtful John de Mareni, c. 1175 and 1181 (Harl. MS. 3697, fol. 38v; Hale, p. iii).

page 116 note 30 Caddington Major, Caddington Minor (see Appendix III) and Tottenham (Appendix II).

page 116 note 31 E.g. Hugh de Mareni and Ralph de Diceto must have held other prebends before each became dean and removed to Tottenham (cf. Appendix II).

page 116 note 32 Islington, where John of Greenford, who was elected bishop of Chichester in 1173, is followed by Richer de Andelys, and he by Robert Banaster, archdeacon of Essex from 1167 (he succeeded Richard Rufus I: cf. below, n. 76). But it is possible that the latter had held some other prebend before Islington.

page 116 note 33 ‘Willelmus filius Oconis (Otonis in the St Paul's MS.) archid” (Sneating), who is probably to be identified with William, archdeacon of Colchester (who occurs in 1162: Materials for the History of Archbishop Thomas Becket, ed. Robertson, J. C., Rolls Series, v, 22)Google Scholar; but the identification is far from certain. In the St Paul's MS. the names of David and Brand, successive prebendaries of Brownswood, appear in the wrong order. The order is correct in the Harl. MS.

page 116 note 34 Printed in Diceto, 11, pp. lxix–lxxiii. Mr H. G. Richardson has pointed out that Stubbs omitted William of Ely from the list of canons (E.H.R. LVII (1942), p. 132 n. 1).

It is not possible to give here the full grounds for my conclusion on this test: I hope to publish a detailed study of it elsewhere.

page 118 note 35 For the thirteenth century, it is sometimes possible to confirm the statements of the catalogue with a fair degree of precision from the notes and references supplied by Newcourt.

page 118 note 36 See Gibbs, p. xviii, n. i, and below, p. 120.

page 118 note 37 Cf. Edwards, K., The English Secular Cathedrals in the Middle Ages (Manchester, 1949), pp. 12–22Google Scholar. 1 hope to give elsewhere a detailed account of the grounds for this statement, and an explanation of t he ambiguous phrase ‘consuetudo’ or ‘ritus Rothomagensis’.

page 118 note 38 Edward, archdeacon of London, who does not appear in t he catalogue, became a monk at Christ Church, Canterbury, in t he time of Lanfranc (Memorials of St Dunstan, ed. Stubbs, Rolls Series, pp. 155–6, 241–5; cf. also The Monastic Constitutions of Lanfranc, ed. Knowles, D. (Nelson, 1951), p. 112)Google Scholar.

page 118 note 39 Since the first known dean, Wulman, was associated with Maurice in the institution of the psalter, it is possible that he had already been in office for some years: he does not seem to have long survived the institution (see below, Appendix II, p. 130). He is referred to as lying at the roots of the administration of the chapter manors in the survey of 1181 (Hale, pp. 110, 152); and his obit is recorded on 2 October in St Paul's MS. W. D. 12, fol. 15v. No earlier dean is mentioned outside the wholly unreliable list of deans in the Statuta Minora (cf. Statutes, p. 472; also copied in Harl. MS. 6956, fol. 5), which is the only authority for the strange alternative ‘Wulman or Ulstan’ which appears in most later lists of the deans.

page 119 note 40 Graham, Rose, in The Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 3rd series, x (1945–7), PP. 73–6Google Scholar.

page 119 note 41 The first clear reference (1106) is to the house of Master Durand outside the East wall of the cathedral (Gibbs, no. 198); under Richard de Belmeis, Dean William gave him lodgings, at the bishop's command, ‘in angulo turris.… inter Robertum de Auco et Odonem’ (both canons: Gibbs, no. 273).

page 119 note 42 Diceto, 1, 248.

page 119 note 43 For the treasurer, see Gibbs, pp. xxxv–xxxvi, and nos 47, 187–8, 192–3, 217, 231; for the chancellor and precentor, ibid. p. xxxiv and n. 3, nos. 49, 58. Levegar ‘cantor’ was first prebendary of Holywell (cf. Report, p. 61b).

page 119 note 44 Cf. in particular Gibbs, no. 59.

page 119 note 45 Statutes, pp. 181–2.

page 119 note 46 There are no liturgical remains from St Paul's of any significance before the late thirteenth century, when the Use of St Paul's, if it had ever had a separate existence, had already been swamped by the Use of Salisbury.

page 119 note 47 At least in theory, but I am doubtful of the extent to which the chapter was really independent of the bishop under Maurice and Richard de Belmeis I.

page 120 note 48 Cf. Dickinson, J. C., The Origins of the Austin Canons (London, 1950)Google Scholar; K. Edwards, op. cit. pp. 4 ff.

page 120 note 49 Statutes, pp. 38–43; cf. Gibbs, p. xviii, n. 1. It is included in all the MSS. of Ralph of Baldock's Statutes, and separately in two other MSS. besides.

page 120 note 50 Ed. Frere, W. H., Use of Sarum, 1 (Cambridge, 1898), p. 259Google Scholar.

page 120 note 51 For the dignitaries and archdeacons of York in the twelfth century, see Clay, C. T., in The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, vols. XXXIV–XXXVI (1938–47)Google Scholar.

page 120 note 52 For difficulties with non-resident canons, cf. Statutes, p. 176; Gibbs, nos. 224–5; Z. N. Brooke, art. cit. (above, n. 2), p. 237.

page 120 note 53 E.g. Report, p. 61b (1104); p. 67b (1132); p. 64b (c. 1140).

page 120 note 54 Twelve: Gibbs, no. 220, Report, pp. 5b–6a, 12a, 24a–b; thirteen: Gibbs, no. 72; fourteen: Report, pp. 11b–12a, 13b, 23b; fifteen: Gibbs, no. 164, Report, pp. 23b, 24b, 25b–26a. One document is witnessed by nineteen canons (Gibbs, no. 243).

page 120 note 55 Diceto, 1, pp. lxxii–lxxiii; Statutes, p. 183.

page 121 note 56 In some cases the evidence is doubtful, and in some we know a little of the father but not his name: this figure is therefore very approximate.

page 121 note 57 The only systematic study is that of t he Welsh bishops by Davies, J. Conway, Episcopal Acts relating to Welsh Dioceses, 1066–1272, 11 (Historical Society of the Church in Wales, 1948), pp. 491–569Google Scholar.

page 121 note 58 Humphrey Bigod (Appendix I I ); William de Ver, later bishop of Hereford (Neasden: cf. Rawlinson, R., The History and Antiquities.….of Hereford, (London, 1717), Appendix, p. 13)Google Scholar; Godfrey de Lucy (Eald St.); and possibly a small number more were sons of tenantsin-chief. The majority of t he Belmeis, the Foliots and their relatives were sons of sub-vassals.

page 121 note 59 A typical entry is ‘Thedbaldus, Odo filius eius’ from Caddington Minor (Appendix in); cf. also below, nn. 71–2, 75.

page 121 note 60 This analysis is, inevitably, very approximate: I owe it to the kind assistance of Prof. Bruce Dickins.

page 121 note 61 Prebendary of Maplebury; on him see Round, J. H., The Commune of London (Westminster, 1899), pp. 36–8Google Scholar.

page 121 note 62 Prebendary of Consumpta per Mare; on him see Stevenson, W. H., E.H.R. xxii (1907), pp. 72 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Haskins, C. H., Studies in the History of Medieval Science (Harvard, 1927), PP. 333–5Google Scholar.

page 121 note 63 Wluered, canon and priest, occurs once (Report, p. 61b); Geoffrey and Robert, sons of Wluered, frequently (e.g. Hale, p. 124; Report, p. 67 a; Gibbs, no. 218). Robert was prebendary of Port Pool; Geoffrey and Wluered must be identified with the corrupt entry ‘Alured filius Goldmanni, Galfridus filius eius’ under Wildland. A third son, Henry (a layman), occurs once (Report, p. 61 a).

page 121 note 64 P. 102.

page 123 note 65 Dereman, father of Algar, first prebendary of Islington, was a London citizen (cf. Report, p. 65 b; Round, in Domesday Studies, loc. cit.; W. Page, London, its Origin and Early Development (1923), pp. 248–9); Thomas Becket's father, as is well known, was a leading London citizen; Richard de Humfranville (Chamberlain Wood) was connected with the Blund family (Gibbs, nos. 295–6; cf. Page, op. cit. pp. 261 f.). Simon of Aldermanbury was the brother of two canons, Master Nicholas, nephew of the archdeacon, and Master John of London (Wildland and Ealdland); his mother was sister to two more canons, Nicholas, archdeacon of London and Master Richard (Oxgate and Sneating: cf. Gibbs, nos. 134, 138–9, 143); his grandfather was Nicholas Crocemannus, prebendary of Oxgate.

In addition to these, David of London (see above, nn. 2, 28), Hugh of London (Ealdland), and Henry de Civitate (Reculverland) were clearly local men. This list is not exhaustive.

page 123 note 66 Cf. the survey of c. 1127 printed by Davis, H. W. C. in Essays in Medieval History presented to Thomas Frederick Tout (Manchester, 1925), p. 59Google Scholar. He appears as a leading figure in the Cnihtengild in 1125 (Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, v (1881), p. 478) and 1137 (Round, Commune of London, p. 101), in the latter case followed by ‘Radulfo cancellario Sancti Pauli’—an impossible reading, for which I suggest canonicis. If this is correct, it makes reasonably certain the identification of the alderman with the prebendary of Rugmere, which is in any case highly probable. He occurs as a canon in 1104 (Report, p. 61b), 1132 (Report, p. 676), and after 1133 (Hale, p. 124). He is probably to be identified with the Ralph canon who held Rugmere in 1086 (see above, n. 23). The Liber Vitae of Durham (facsimile edition by A. H. Thompson, Surtees Society, 1923), fol. 42+ r, gives the following list of his family:’ Raulf filius Algoti et frater eius Eadmundus (prebendary of Chiswick; cf. Domesday Book, 1, 127b) et Mahald socia eius et Thomas filius eius et Willelmus (Ralph's successor as prebendary of Rugmere) et mater Raulfi Leoverun.’

page 123 note 67 Statutes, p. 126. This may not have formed part of the statute of 1192, but there seems no reason to doubt that it dates from the deanery of Ralph de Diceto.

page 123 note 68 Archaeologia, L (1887), p. 484.

page 123 note 69 William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum, ed. Hamilton, N. E. S. A. (Rolls Series), pp. 145–6Google Scholar; cf. Ordericus Vitalis, Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. A. Le Prevost, IV, 275; etc. For a summary of the evidence about Maurice, see H. W. C. Davis, Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, I, p. xvii.

page 124 note 70 For what follows, see below, Appendix II. Another remarkable figure in the chapter a little later than this was Hugh of Buckland, prebendary of Harlesden from c. 1106. He is probably to be identified with the Hugh of Buckland who was sheriff of eight counties under Henry I and died c. 1115, Morris, W. A., The Mediaeval English Sheriff, to 1300 (Manchester, 1927), pp. 77–9Google Scholar; C. H. Haskins, op. cit. pp. 328–9. The identification is not certain, but the fact that the sheriff never built up a lay honour (Stenton, F. M., The First Century of English Feudalism, Oxford, 1932, p. 85Google Scholar) suggests that he was a cleric, like his contemporaries Richard de Belmeis, steward and sheriff of Shropshire, and Osbern, sheriff of Lincolnshire (Morris, op. cit. pp. 77–8). No other Hugh of Buckland is known at this date. A few years later Roger, bishop of Salisbury granted to Geoffrey Constable (prebendary of Chamberlain Wood) land in London which had belonged to a Hugh of Buckland (Report, p. 25b; cf. also p. 62b): this charter seems to connect him both with the exchequer and with the chapter of St Paul's. But the identification cannot be proved.

page 124 note 71 ‘Angerus pater Turstini archiepiscopi, Audoenus frater archiepiscopi’ (Kentish Town): cf. Bouquet, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, xxin, 46; Round, Calendar of Documents preserved in France, no. 297; etc. For Audoen, see Ordericus Vitalis, IV, 301; v, 118–19. Thurstan is described as a canon of St Paul's by Hugh the Chanter (Historians of the Church of York, ed. J. Raine, Rolls Series, ii, 129), and appears in the list for Consumpta per Mare; Orderic (iv, 373) calls him Baiocensis. For Anger's wife Popelina, see Historians of the Church of York, n, 261. Anger is probably to be identified with the Ansker, canon and priest, who occurs in 1104 (Report, p. 61 b) and the Ansker who held land of the chapter at about the same time (Essays … presented to Thomas Frederick Tout, p. 57). An Ansger occurs as royal chaplain in 1091 (Davis, op. cit. no. 315).

page 126 note 72 Maplebury, ‘Albertus Lotaringus, Hugo filius eius’; Caddington Major, ‘Rogerus archidiaconus filius Roberti archidiaconi’; Caddington Minor, see Appendix III; Ealdland, ‘Quintelianus archidiaconus, Cyprianus filius eius’; Hoxton,’ Osbernus Masculus, Gaufridus filius eius’; St Pancras, ‘Osbernus de Auco, Robertus filius eius’.

page 125 note 73 The total number of canons certainly married in the years 1086–1107 is ten, with two others for whom there is slight evidence.

page 125 note 74 The only clear case is Wluered (see above, p. 122 and n. 63).

page 125 note 75 Seven cases are cited above (nn. 66, 71, 72). The others are Wenlock's Barn, ‘Willelmus de Wintonia, Ricardus filius eius’ (?c. 1127); Hoxton, ‘Hugo archidiaconus, Henricus filius eius’ (c. 1140); Oxgate, ‘Nicholaus Crocemannus, Nicolaus filius eius archidiaconus London’ (c. 1150). These dates are very approximate.

page 125 note 76 Richard Rufus I died in 1167 (H. G. Richardson, E.H.R. LVII (1942), p. 128); he was succeeded as prebendary of Holborn by Richard junior, younger brother of Richard Rufus II (Twyford, cf. Report, pp. 12a, 51a, etc.). This succession; the coincidence of names; the fact that Richard Rufus II, like Richard Rufus I, had a brother called Richard; and that he seems to have succeeded Richard Rufus I as firmarius of four chapter manors (Barling, Hale, pp. 65, iii, 126; the Sokens, Hale, pp. iii, 129; Beauchamp, ibid, and pp. 138–9, 148; and Runwell, Hale, pp.70, iii, 125, 150)combine to suggest that Richard Rufus II and Richard junior were sons of Richard Rufus I.

page 125 note 77 Diceto, I, 249: he does not specify that they were the focarie of the canons of St Paul's, but it is natural to suppose that they were—the account would be entirely inconsequential if the canons of another church were involved. It is in any case probable that the tower referred to was the Tower of London.

page 126 note 78 On the Belmeis family, see Stubbs, introduction to Diceto, I, pp. xxi ff., xxvi–xxix. His account is by no means exhaustive.

page 126 note 79 Gilbert the Universal, 1128–34; Robert de Sigillo, 1141–50 (not 1151, as usually stated); Richard de Belmeis II, 1152–62.

page 126 note 80 On the election of 1136–8, see Diceto, I, 248–52. The dispute between the Belmeis faction and the party of the Immaculate Conception has been often described (e.g. by Edmund Bishop in Liturgica Historica, p. 245; by J. Armitage Robinson and E. W. Williamson in The Letters of Osbert de Clare, pp. 14, 198–9; and by Smalley, B., in ‘Gilbertus Universalis’, Recherches de Théologie ancienne et médiévale, vii (Louvain, 1935), pp. 240–2)Google Scholar.

Robert de Sigillo was appointed by the Empress at Westminster in June 1141 (Florence of Worcester, ed. Thorpe, 11, 131).

page 126 note 81 W. Holtzmann, Papsturkunden in England, 1, ii, no. 50; John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis, ed. R. L. Poole, pp. 90–1; Gilbert Foliot, epp. 95, 140 (for his election); Diceto, 1, 295 (his consecration); pp. xxix–xxx and Foliot, epp. 94, 130, 133, 137 (troubles after his consecration); Diceto, I, 304 and Foliot, ep. 120 (his final sickness).

page 126 note 82 Gilbert Foliot, ep. 27.

page 126 note 83 The following were of the Belmeis family: Richard Rufus I and II (above, n. 76), Walter de Belmeis (Stoke Newington), William de Belmeis (St Pancras), and probably Hugh de Mareni (see Appendix II, p. 129, n. 13); Laurence ‘Belesmeius’ (Brondesbury) may have been a Belmeis, and Stubbs suggested that Ralph de Diceto was also related to them. Henry, son of Bishop Robert (de Sigillo) occurs as prebendary of Moorfields. Henry (Hoxton) was the son of Hugh, archdeacon of Middlesex; Nicholas, archdeacon of London, was the son of Nicholas Crocemannus (above, n. 75); William, son of Ralph, son of Algot, was apparently still alive (for him, cf. above, n. 66); Richard fitzNeal's father, Nigel, bishop of Ely, had at one time been prebendary of Chiswick, as was his son. Robert, son of Generan (Holywell) and Hugh, son of Generan (Willesden Green) were brothers, and both survivors of the second generation of canons. It is not certain that quite all the above were still alive in 1163.

page 127 note 84 John aux Bellesmains, or John of Canterbury, held the prebend of St Pancras. For his early career, see Clay, C. T. in The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, xxxv (1940–3), pp. 11–19Google Scholar; for his later career, Pouzet, P., l'Anglais Jean dit Bellesmains …(Lyon, 1927)Google Scholar.

page 129 note 1 Psalms 1–5 were assigned to the prebendary of Tottenham. It was assessed at 16 marks in 1229 and 1254 (for the assessment of the prebends in 1254, see Lunt, W. E., The Valuation of Norwich (Oxford, 1926), pp. 494–6)Google Scholar.

page 129 note 2 The tradition was broken when dean Alard transferred from the prebend of Tottenham to Holborn (cf. Statutes, p. 141).

page 129 note 3 See above, p. 118, n. 39; and below, n. 16.

page 129 note 4 Gibbs, no. 59.

page 129 note 5 He first occurs in iiii (Report, pp. 26a, 67b–68a), and from then frequently until his death on 29 April 1138 (St Paul's MS. W.D.12, fol. 12v; Diceto, 1, 252).

page 129 note 6 He occurs frequently between 1138 and 1150 (Report, pp. 28a, 62a, 63a, etc.), for the last time in or after 1154 (John of Salisbury, ep. 7 (ed. Giles)); Hugh de Mareni was still archdeacon of Colchester in 1156 (Gibbs, no. 253).

page 129 note 7 He first occurs c. 1160 (Archaeologia, LVI, 1899, p. 227), and 1162 (Gibbs, nos. 192, 217); and last on 2 December 1178 (Ancient Charters, ed. Round, Pipe Roll Society, 1888, no. 46). He died on 27 June (St Paul's MS. W.D.12, fol. 13v) in 1179 or 1180.

page 129 note 8 Stubbs, introduction to Diceto, 1, pp. lvii, lxxxi–lxxxiii.

page 129 note 9 Ibid. Annals of Dunstable (ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series), sub anno. He died on 8 September (St Paul's MS. W.D.12, fol. 15r).

page 129 note 10 He had previously held the prebend of Caddington Major.

page 129 note 11 The prebends held by Hugh de Mareni and Ralph de Diceto before each became dean are quite uncertain.

page 129 note 12 ‘Radulfus de Lang’’ was third prebendary of Brownswood.

page 129 note 13 Diceto, 1, 251. There is evidence of a connexion between the Marenis and the bishops of London perhaps dating back to the time of Richard de Belmeis I. In 1166 Roger de Mareni was holding two knights fees of the bishop (Red Book of the Exchequer, ed. H. Hall, Rolls Series, I, 186).

It is possible that the unidentified Hugh, nephew of the dean (William or Ralph-who were cousins) who occurs between c. 1138 and c. 1150 (Gibbs, no. 154; Report, pp. 62a, 65a, 66a 67a; Hale, p. 125) may be Hugh de Mareni, which is coherent with the view that Willia bore the same surname.

page 130 note 14 Our information is particularly full for the years 1130–8.

page 130 note 15 Ada Sanctorum, October, iii, 754; Gibbs, no. 178 (1102); Report, pp. 65a (1103), 61b (1104); Gibbs, no. 198 (1106).

page 130 note 16 His association with Maurice in the institution of the psalter must date from well before 1102; and there is clear evidence of a dean some years before 1103, H.G. Richardson in E.H.R. LVII (1942), p. 126, citing Report, p. 65a.

page 130 note 17 Round, Commune of London, pp. 109, 110, 114–16. It appears from the charter of the Empress quoted on p. 116 that Roger's predecessor was a certain Fulcher, who may be identified with Flambard's brother (see below).

page 130 note 18 For Flambard's career, see Southern, R. W., ‘Ranulf Flambard and Early Anglo-Norman Administration’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th series, xvi (1933), pp. 95–128CrossRefGoogle Scholar. His brother Fulcher was prebendary of Eald St., and his sons Elias and possibly Ralph (‘Radulfus frater Elie’: for Flambard's son Ralph, a clerk, cf. Liber Vitae ecclesiae Dunelmensis, ed. Raine, J., Surtees Society, 1841, p. 141Google Scholar) were prebendaries of Sneating. Osbern the royal chaplain, prebendary of Consumpta, may also have been a brother of Ranulph Flambard (cf. Chron, Monasterii de Abingdon, ed. Stevenson, J., Rolls Series, 11, 23Google Scholar).

page 130 note 19 Ed. T. Arnold, Rolls Series, 1, 135.

page 130 note 20 Since it appears that when Flambard started his career as a subordinate of Maurice, he was already in the king's service.

page 131 note 21 The only other deaneries in the diocese c. 11 oo of which we have evidence were Waltham and St Martin-le-Grand. The Waltham chronicle (edited by Stubbs in The Foundation of Waltham Abbey: cf. also his list of deans on pp. xxi ff.) gives an account of the period without mentioning Ranulph; and it appears that Fulcher and not Ranulph was dean of St Martin's at this time (above, n. 17). There is no evidence to connect Ranulph with either; and Maurice would not have been able to depose Ranulph from their deaneries on his own authority.

page 131 note 22 Ed. H. Wharton, Anglia Sacra, 1, 614.

page 131 note 23 The author of the Liber Eliensis (11, 148; ed. Stewart, D. J., London, 1848, p. 298)Google Scholar merely says ‘per clericos Lundonie’.

page 131 note 24 Liber Eliensis, n, 137, 140 (pp. 280, 284).

page 131 note 25 The only reference known to me to a Humphrey Bigod at this time is in the Liber Vitae of Durham, fol. 42 + r (perhaps also on fol. 43r:’ Rodgerus Bigod … Unfrid’ ‘). He is described in the prebendal list as son of Roger Bigod, who died in 1107 (Complete Peerage, revised edition, IX, 578): this is chronologically possible.

page 131 note 26 Report, pp. 65a, 61b, 26a, 67b–68a.

page 131 note 27 Essays … presented to Thomas Frederick Tout, p. 55.

page 131 note 28 Gibbs, no. 273.

page 131 note 29 Ibid. no. 154.

page 131 note 30 W. Holtzmann, Papsturkunden in England, 11, ii, no. 46.

page 132 note 31 Pipe Roll, 2 Richard I, p. 142; Registrum Hamonis Hethe, ed. Johnson, C. (Canterbury and York Society), p. 46Google Scholar.

page 132 note 32 Cart. Monasterii … de Colecestria, ed. S. A. Moore, 1,170 (1145–50); Cart, of Clerkenwell, ed. W. O. Hassall, no. 319 (c. 1180); Gibbs, no. 72 (1183).

page 132 note 33 Richardson, H. G., ‘William of Ely, the King's Treasurer’, in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th series, XV (1932), pp. 45–90, especially pp. 47, 56–8, 60–1CrossRefGoogle Scholar; E.H.R., LVII (1942), pp. 131–2 and 132, n. 1.