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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2013
If any branch of linguistic analysis has in recent times been expansive and successful, it is pragmatics. This sector of the study of meaning concerns itself with what utterances achieve in interactive communication; that is, with how speaker works on hearer in real exchanges. The objects of this research are signs and their users (not signs-plus-designata, which is semantics, or expressions-plus-relations, which is part of semantics and all of syntax). It emerged as a riposte to both logical positivism and Carnapian formalism, out of the observations of John Austin, as elaborated by John Searle, and the maxims of Paul Grice. Many have since contributed and the discipline has its own chefs d'oeuvre and its own journal and several series. To put in a nutshell what is conveyed in volumes, this approach has been by five avenues, as follows.