Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T20:45:10.483Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

KNOWLEDGE, SUFFERING AND THE PERFORMANCE OF WISDOM IN SOLON'S ELEGY TO THE MUSES AND THE BABYLONIAN POEM OF THE RIGHTEOUS SUFFERER

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2019

Alexandre Johnston*
Affiliation:
Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy

Abstract

This article offers a comparative reading of Solon's Elegy to the Muses (fragment 13 West) and the Babylonian Poem of the Righteous Sufferer, focusing on the interplay of literary form and theological content. It argues that in both poems, shifts in the identity and perspective of the poetic voice enable the speaker to act out, or perform, a particular vision of humanity and its relationship with the divine. The comparative analysis improves our understanding of both texts, showing for instance that Solon's elegy is a highly sophisticated attempt to articulate a coherent vision of divine justice and the human condition. It also sheds light on the particular modes in which ancient literature and theology interact in different contexts, and how this interaction could affect audiences.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This article is based on a paper presented at the Venice International University Advanced Seminar in the Humanities in 2016. It was completed with the support of the Leverhulme Trust, which I gratefully acknowledge. For their help and comments at various stages, I should like to thank Douglas Cairns, Antoine Cavigneaux, Yoram Cohen, Aino Hätinen, Johannes Haubold, Clare Loughlin, Felicity Loughlin, Christopher Metcalf, Andrea Rodighiero, Max Stocker and audiences in Venice and Pisa. I am also grateful to CCJ’s anonymous referees for their helpful comments.

References

Works cited

Albertz, R. (2003) ‘Ludlul bēl nēmeqi – eine Lehrdichtung zur Ausbreitung und Vertiefung der persönlichen Mardukfrömmigkeit’, in Albertz, R., Geschichte und Theologie: Studien zur Exegese des Alten Testaments und zur Religionsgeschichte Israels, Berlin, 85105.Google Scholar
Allan, W. (2018) ‘Solon and the rhetoric of stasis’, in Allan, W. and Swift, L. (eds.), Moralizing strategies in early Greek poetry, Toronto (= Mouseion 15.1), 113–29.Google Scholar
Allen, A. W. (1949) ‘Solon's prayer to the Muses’, TAPhA 80, 5065.Google Scholar
Almeida, J. A. (2018) ‘Solon's reception of Hesiod's Works and days’, in Loney, A. C. and Scully, S. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of Hesiod, Oxford, 193206.Google Scholar
Annus, A. and Lenzi, A. (2010) Ludlul bēl nēmeqi: the Standard Babylonian poem of the righteous sufferer, Helsinki.Google Scholar
Beaulieu, P.-A. (2007) ‘The social and intellectual setting of Babylonian wisdom literature’, in Clifford, R. J. (ed.), Wisdom literature in Mesopotamia and Israel, Atlanta, 319.Google Scholar
Blaise, F. (2005) ‘Poésie, politique, religion: Solon entre les dieux et les hommes (l’“Eunomie” et l’“Élégie aux Muses”, 4 et 13 West)’, RPhA 23, 340.Google Scholar
Blok, J. H. and Krul, J. (2017) ‘Debt and its aftermath: the Near Eastern background to Solon's seisachtheia’, Hesperia 86, 607–43.Google Scholar
Blok, J. H. and Lardinois, A. P. M. H. (eds.) (2006) Solon of Athens: new historical and philological approaches, Leiden.Google Scholar
Budelmann, F. and Phillips, T. (eds.) (2018) Textual events: performance and the lyric in early Greece, Oxford.Google Scholar
Cairns, D. L. (2012) ‘Atê in the Homeric poems’, Papers of the Langford Latin Seminar 15, 152.Google Scholar
Cairns, D. L. (ed.) (2013a) Tragedy and archaic Greek thought, Swansea.Google Scholar
Cairns, D. L. (2013b) ‘Introduction: archaic Greek thought and tragic interpretation’, in Cairns (2013a) ixliv.Google Scholar
Cairns, D. L. (2014) ‘Exemplarity and narrative in the Greek tradition’, in Cairns and Scodel (2014) 103–36.Google Scholar
Cairns, D. L. (2016) ‘Metaphors for hope in early Greek poetry’, in Caston, R. R. and Kaster, R. A. (eds.), Hope, joy, and affection in the classical world, Oxford, 1344.Google Scholar
Cairns, D. L. and Scodel, R. (eds.) (2014) Defining Greek narrative, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Canevaro, L. G. (2014) ‘Hesiod and Hávamál: transitions and the transmission of wisdom’, Oral Tradition 29.1, 99126.Google Scholar
Cohen, Y. (2013) Wisdom literature of the late Bronze Age, Atlanta.Google Scholar
Currie, B. (2016) Homer's allusive art, Oxford.Google Scholar
Damrosch, D. (2009) How to read world literature, Malden, MA.Google Scholar
Denning-Bolle, S. J. (1987) ‘Wisdom and dialogue in the ancient Near East’, Numen 34, 214–34.Google Scholar
Domínguez, C., Saussy, H. and Villanueva, D. (2015) Introducing comparative literature, Abingdon and New York.Google Scholar
Eidinow, E. and Kindt, J. (eds.) (2015) The Oxford Handbook of ancient Greek religion, Oxford.Google Scholar
Eidinow, E., Kindt, J. and Osborne, R. (eds.) (2016) Theologies of ancient Greek religion, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Eidinow, E., Kindt, J., Osborne, R. and Tor, S. (2016) ‘Introduction: what might we mean by the theologies of ancient Greek religion?’, in Eidinow, Kindt and Osborne (2016) 111.Google Scholar
Fisher, N. R. E. (1992) Hybris: a study in the values of honour and shame in ancient Greece, Warminster.Google Scholar
Foster, B. R. (1983) ‘Self-reference of an Akkadian poet’, JAOS 103, 123–30.Google Scholar
Foster, B. R. (2005) Before the Muses: an anthology of Akkadian literature. Volume i, 3rd edn, Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Frame, G. (1995) Rulers of Babylonia: from the Second Dynasty of Isin to the end of Assyrian domination (1157–612 BC), Toronto, Buffalo and London.Google Scholar
Gagné, R. (2013) Ancestral fault in ancient Greece, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gagné, R. (2015) ‘Literary evidence: poetry’, in Eidinow and Kindt (2015) 8396.Google Scholar
George, A. R. (2012) ‘The mayfly on the river: individual and collective destiny in the Epic of Gilgamesh’, Kaskal 9, 227–42.Google Scholar
George, A. R. and Al Rawi, F. N. H. (1998) ‘Tablets from the Sippar library vii: three wisdom texts’, Iraq 60, 187206.Google Scholar
Gerber, D. E. (1999) Greek elegiac poetry, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Gerhards, M. (2011) Der undefinierbare Gott: theologische Annäherungen an alttestamentliche und altorientalische Texte, Berlin.Google Scholar
Graziosi, B. (2013) ‘The poet in the Iliad’, in Marmodoro, A. and Hill, J. (eds.), The author's voice in classical and late antiquity, Oxford, 938.Google Scholar
Harrison, T. (2007) ‘Greek religion and literature’, in Ogden, D. (ed.), A companion to Greek religion, Malden, MA, 373–84.Google Scholar
Harrison, T. (2015) ‘Belief vs. practice’, in Eidinow and Kindt (2015) 21–8.Google Scholar
Haubold, J. (2013) Greece and Mesopotamia: dialogues in literature, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Haubold, J. (2014) ‘Beyond Auerbach: Homeric narrative and the Epic of Gilgamesh’, in Cairns and Scodel (2014) 1328.Google Scholar
Haubold, J. (forthcoming) ‘Embodied teaching: Ludlul bēl nēmeqi and the Babylonian didactic tradition’, in Canevaro, L. G. and O'Rourke, D. (eds.), Didactic poetry: knowledge, power, tradition, Swansea.Google Scholar
Irwin, E. (2005) Solon and early Greek poetry: the politics of exhortation, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Jaques, M. (2015) Mon dieu qu'ai-je fait? Les diĝir-šà-dab(5)-ba et la piété privée en Mésopotamie, Fribourg and Göttingen.Google Scholar
Johnston, S. I. (2015) ‘Narrating myths: story and belief in ancient Greece’, Arethusa 48, 173218.Google Scholar
Kindt, J. (2015) ‘Personal religion: a productive category for the study of ancient Greek religion?’, JHS 135, 3550.Google Scholar
Kindt, J. (2016) ‘The story of theology and the theology of the story’, in Eidinow, , Kindt, and Osborne, (2016) 1234.Google Scholar
Klein, J. (2006) ‘Man and his God: a wisdom poem or a cultic lament?’, in Michalowski, P. and Veldhuis, N. (eds.), Approaches to Sumerian literature: studies in honour of Stip (H. L. J. Vanstiphout), Leiden, 123–43.Google Scholar
Koning, H. H. (2010) Hesiod: the other poet, Leiden.Google Scholar
Lambert, W. G. (1960) Babylonian wisdom literature, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lardinois, A. P. M. H. (2017) ‘Eastern myths for Western lies: allusions to Near Eastern mythology in Homer's Iliad, Mnemosyne 70, 125.Google Scholar
Lenzi, A. (ed.) (2011) Reading Akkadian prayers and hymns: an introduction, Atlanta.Google Scholar
Lenzi, A. (2012) ‘The curious case of failed revelation in Ludlul bēl nēmeqi: a new suggestion for the poem's scholarly purpose’, in Crouch, C. L., Stökl, J. and Zernecke, A. E. (eds.), Mediating between heaven and earth: communication with the divine in the ancient Near East, London, 3666.Google Scholar
Lenzi, A. (2015a) ‘Scribal hermeneutics and the twelve gates of Ludlul bēl nēmeqi’, JAOS 135.4, 733–49.Google Scholar
Lenzi, A. (2015b) ‘The language of Akkadian prayers in Ludlul bēl nēmeqi and its significance within and beyond Mesopotamia’, in Rollinger, R. and van Dongen, E. (eds.), Mesopotamia in the ancient world: impact, continuities, parallels, Münster, 67108.Google Scholar
Lenzi, A. (2017) Review of Oshima (2014), JNES 76, 180–7.Google Scholar
Loeffler, A. (1993) ‘La valeur argumentative de la perspective énonciative dans Solon fr. 1 G.-P.2’, QUCC 45, 2336.Google Scholar
Ludwig, M.-C. and Metcalf, C. (2017) ‘The Song of Innana and Išme-Dagan: an edition of BM 23820 + 23831’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 107, 121.Google Scholar
Manuwald, B. (1989) ‘Zu Solons Gedankenwelt (frr. 3 u. 1 G.-P.2 = 4 u 13 W.2)’, RhM 132, 125.Google Scholar
Metcalf, C. (2015) The gods rich in praise: early Greek and Mesopotamian religious poetry, Oxford.Google Scholar
Moran, W. L. (1983) ‘Notes on the hymn to Marduk in Ludlul bēl nēmeqi’, JAOS 103, 255–60.Google Scholar
Moran, W. L. (2002) ‘The Babylonian Job’, in Moran, W. L. and Hendel, R. S. (eds.), The most magic word: essays on Babylonian and biblical literature, Washington, DC, 182200.Google Scholar
Mülke, C. (2002) Solons politische Elegien und Iamben (fr. 1–123; 32–37 West), Munich and Leipzig.Google Scholar
Nagy, G. and Noussia-Fantuzzi, M. (eds.) (2015) Solon in the making: the early reception in the fifth and fourth centuries, Trends in Classics 7.1, Berlin.Google Scholar
Nesselrath, H.-G. (1992) ‘Göttliche Gerechtigkeit und das Schicksal des Menschen in Solons Musenelegie’, MH 49, 91104.Google Scholar
Neumann-Hartmann, A. (2005) ‘Wenn Pindar “wir” sagt: Überlegungen zur 1. Person Plural bei Pindar’, Aevum antiquum 5, 145–62.Google Scholar
North, R. and Worthington, M. (2012) ‘Gilgamesh and Beowulf: foundations of a comparison’, Kaskal 9, 177217.Google Scholar
Noussia-Fantuzzi, M. (2010) Solon the Athenian: the poetic fragments, Leiden.Google Scholar
Oshima, T. (2011) Babylonian prayers to Marduk, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Oshima, T. (2014) Babylonian poems of pious sufferers, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Oshima, T. (2017) ‘Morality and the minds of gods: divine knowledge and human ignorance in Mesopotamian prayers and didactic literature’, Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 6, 386430.Google Scholar
Piccin, M. and Worthington, M. (2015) ‘Schizophrenia and the problem of suffering in the Ludlul hymn to Marduk’, Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 109, 113–24.Google Scholar
Pongratz-Leisten, B. (2010) ‘From ritual to text to intertext: a new look on the dreams in Ludlul bēl nēmeqi’, in Alexander, P. S., Lange, A. and Pillinger, R. J. (eds.), In the second degree: paratextual literature in ancient Near Eastern and ancient Mediterranean culture and its reflection in medieval literature, Leiden, 139–57.Google Scholar
Richardson, S. (2015) ‘Introduction: scholarship and inquiry in the ancient Near East’, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 2.2, 91107.Google Scholar
Rollinger, R. (2017) ‘Assyria and the far West: the Aegean world’, in Frahm, E. (ed.), A companion to Assyria, Malden, MA, 275–85.Google Scholar
Semenzato, C. (2017) À l’écoute des Muses en Grèce archaïque, Berlin.Google Scholar
Sitzler, D. (1995) Vorwurf gegen Gott: ein religiöses Motiv im alten Orient, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Sommerstein, A. H. (2013) Atē in Aeschylus’, in Cairns (2013a) 115.Google Scholar
Spieckermann, H. (1998) ‘Ludlul bēl nēmeqi und die Frage nach der Gerechtigkeit Gottes’, in Maul, S. M. (ed.), Festschrift für Rykle Borger zu seinem 65 Geburtstag am 24 Mai 1994, Groningen, 329–41.Google Scholar
Stocker, M. (2017) ‘Identity and the protagonist in Greek and Egyptian narrative poetry: the construction of cultural identity in Homer's Odyssey and the Tale of Sinuhe’, in Chyla, J. M., Dębowska-Ludwin, J., Rosińska-Balik, K. and Walsh, C. (eds.), Current research in Egyptology 2016: proceedings of the seventeenth annual symposium, Oxford and Philadelphia, 159–72.Google Scholar
Stoddard, K. (2002) ‘Turning the tables on the audience: didactic technique in Solon 13W’, AJPh 123, 149–68.Google Scholar
Theunissen, M. (2002) Pindar: Menschenlos und Wende der Zeit, 2nd edn, Munich.Google Scholar
van der Toorn, K. (2003) ‘Theodicy in Akkadian literature’, in Laato, A. and de Moor, J. C. (eds.), Theodicy in the world of the Bible, Leiden, 5789.Google Scholar
Tor, S. (2017) Mortal and divine in early Greek epistemology, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Versnel, H. S. (2011) Coping with the gods: wayward readings in Greek theology, Leiden.Google Scholar
West, M. L. (1997) The east face of Helicon: west Asiatic elements in Greek poetry and myth, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ziegler, N. (2015) ‘Le juste souffrant victime de la colère divine: un thème de la littérature mésopotamienne’, in Durand, J.-M., Marti, L. and Römer, T. (eds), Colères et repentirs divins: actes du colloque organisé par le Collège de France, Fribourg and Göttingen, 215–41.Google Scholar