Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T19:50:46.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Of Priestesses, Princes and Poor Relations: The Dead in the Royal Cemetery of Ur

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2008

Susan Pollock
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology SUNY-Binghamton Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, U.S.A.

Extract

Archaeological discoveries of dead individuals, usually in the form of burials, have frequently captured the imaginations of public and professional audiences alike. In addition to the allure of exotic artefacts and seemingly bizarre funeral rites, burials offer rich possibilities for investigating myriad aspects of past social, cultural and even individual life. This discussion focuses on one of the more renowned archaeological excavations of an ancient cemetery, the Royal Cemetery of Ur. Consideration of who was and who was not buried in the cemetery suggests that cemetery burial was the prerogative of those people who were closely attached to ‘public’ institutions. This leads to a number of observations on Sumerian treatment of the dead and attitudes toward death, as these can be approached from archaeological and textual sources.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alster, B., (ed) 1980. Death in Mesopotamia. Copenhagen: Akademisk ForlagGoogle Scholar
Delougaz, P., Hill, H. & Lloyd, S., 1967. Private Houses and Graves in the Diyala Region. Oriental Institute Publication 88. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar
Diakonoff, I.M., 1971. On the structure of Old Babylonian society, in Schriften zurGeschichte und Kultur des alten Orients I. ed. Klengel, H.. Beiträge zur Sozialen Struktur des alten Vorderasien. Berlin: Akademie Verlag Berlin, 1531Google Scholar
Ellison, R., Renfrew, J.M., Brothwell, D., & Seeley, N., 1978. Some food offerings from Ur, excavated by Sir Leonard Woolley, and previously unpublished. Journal of Archaeological Science 5, 167–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foxvog, D.A., 1980. Funerary furnishings in an early Sumerian text from Adab, in Death in Mesopotamia, ed. Alster, B.. Mesopotamia: Copenhagen Studies in Assyriology 8. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 6775Google Scholar
Gelb, I.J., 1979. Household and family in early Mesopotamia, in State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East, 1, ed. Lipinski, E.. Leuven: Katolieke Universiteit te LeuvenGoogle Scholar
Gelb, I.J., Steinkeller, P., AND Whiting, R.M., 1991. Earliest Land Tenure Systems in the Near East: Ancient Kudurrus. Text. Oriental Institute Publications 104. Chicago: University of Chicago PressGoogle Scholar
Kovacs, M., 1989. The Epic of Gilgamesh. Stanford: Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar
Kramer, S.N., 1947. ‘Gilgamesh and the land of the Living.’ Journal of Cuneiform Studies 1:346CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, S.N., 1950. ‘Inanna's Descent to the Nether World’, continued and revised, part I. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 4, 199211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, S.N., 1951. ‘Inanna's Descent to the Nether World’, continued and revised, part II. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5, 117Google Scholar
Kramer, S.N., 1969. Sumerian myths and epic tales, in Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, ed. Pritchard, J.B.. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 3759Google Scholar
Mackay, E., 1925. Report on the Excavation of the ‘A’ Cemetery at Kish, Mesopotamia. Part I. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropology Memoirs 1(1)Google Scholar
Martin, H., 1988. Fara: A Reconstruction of the Ancient Mesopotamian City of Shuruppak. Birmingham: Chris Martin & AssociatesGoogle Scholar
Martin, K., Moon, J., & Postgate, J.N., 1985. Abu Salabikh Excavations, II: Graves 1 to 99. London: British School of Archaeology in IraqGoogle Scholar
Matthews, R.J. & Postgate, J.N., 1987. Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1985–1986. Iraq 49, 91119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moorey, P.R.S., 1977. What do we know about the people buried in the Royal Cemetery of Ur? Expedition 20(1), 2440Google Scholar
Morris, I., 1987. Burial and Ancient Society: The Rise of the Greek City-State. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Nissen, H.J., 1966. Zur Datierung des Konigsfriedhofes von Ur. Bonn: Rudolf HabeltGoogle Scholar
Pollock, S., 1983. The Symbolism of Prestige: An Archaeological Example from the Royal Cemetery of Ur. PhD dissertation, University of MichiganGoogle Scholar
Pollock, S., 1991. Women in a men's world: images of Sumerian women, in Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, eds Gero, J. & Conkey, M.. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 366387Google Scholar
Postgate, J.N., 1980. Early Dynastic burial customs at Abu Salabikh. Sumer 36, 6582Google Scholar
Steele, C., 1990. Living With the Dead: House Burial at Abu Salabikh. PhD dissertation, SUNY-BinghamtonGoogle Scholar
Steible, H., 1982. Die Altsumerischen Bau- und Weihinschriften. Teil 1: Inschriften aus ‘Lagas’. Freiburger Altorientalische Studien. Wiesbaden: Franz SteinerGoogle Scholar
Steinkeller, P., 1980. Early dynastic burial offerings in the light of textual evidence. Unpublished paper read at the 190th meeting of the American Oriental Society, San Francisco, April 1980.Google Scholar
Steinkeller, P., 1990. Threshing implements in Ancient Mesopotamia: Cuneiform Sources. Iraq 52:1923CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winter, I., 1987. Women in public: the Disk of Enheduanna. The beginning of the office of enpriestess, and the weight of visual evidence, in La Femme dans le Proche-Orient Antique, ed. Durand, J-M.. Paris: Editions Recherches sur les Civilisations, 189201Google Scholar
Woolley, C.L., 1934. Ur Excavations, II: The Royal Cemetery. London: The British MuseumGoogle Scholar
Woolley, C.L., 1954. Excavations at Ur. London: Ernest BennGoogle Scholar
Wright, H.T., 1981. The southern margins of Sumer, in Heartland of Cities, ed. Adams, R.McC.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 295345Google Scholar
Zagarell, A., 1986. Trade, women, class, and society in ancient Western Asia. Current Anthropology 27, 415–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar