Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:09:37.979Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Exotica, Fashion and Immortality: The New Use of Gold in Han Dynasty China (206 bce–ce 220)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2021

Shengyu Wang Open the ORCID record for Shengyu Wang [Opens in a new window]
Shengyu Wang*
Affiliation:
Hong Kong Palace Museum West Kowloon Cultural District Kowloon Hong Kong Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article explores the use of gold in the elite tombs of Han dynasty China, the popular use of which originated outside the Chinese cultural milieu, and its integration into the Han portfolio of materials representing people's expectations for the afterlife, such as immortality and well-being. In contrast to jade, which had a long history of use in China, gold was in itself a ‘new’ element of Chinese culture. This article outlines the introduction of gold objects from Europe and Central Asia via the Eurasian Steppe and borderland of China from around the eighth century bce. The unprecedented use of gold in the Han-specific jade suits, and the process by which foreign types of zoomorphic motifs were adopted and connected with local motifs, are explored. In light of the political change from multiple competing states before the first unification in Chinese history in the third century bce, and the development in ideology and concept of an ideal and eternal afterlife, this article explains the reasons and meanings of the new use of gold in Han dynasty China and the composite system of motifs, materials and objects.

Type
Research Article
Information
Cambridge Archaeological Journal , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , August 2022 , pp. 345 - 360
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ancient texts cited:Google Scholar
Erya = Guan 2004.Google Scholar
Guanzi = Li & Liang 2004.Google Scholar
Hanshu = Ban 1962.Google Scholar
Hou hanshu = Fan & Sima 1965.Google Scholar
Liji = Ruan 1999.Google Scholar
Shanhaijing = Guo 2000.Google Scholar
Shiji = Sima 1997.Google Scholar
Yantie lun = Huan 1992.Google Scholar
Yiwen leiju = Ouyang 1965.Google Scholar
Zhanguo ce zhushi = He 1990.Google Scholar
Zhuangzi jie = Wang 2010.Google Scholar
Anthony, D.W., 2007. The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian Steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ban, G., 1962. Hanshu [Book of Han]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Birrell, A., 1988. Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
Brown, M., 2002. Did the early Chinese preserve corpses? A reconsideration of elite conceptions of death. Journal of East Asian Archaeology, 4(1–4), 201–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunker, E.C., 1993. Gold in the ancient Chinese world: a cultural puzzle. Artibus Asiae 53(1/2), 27–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X.J. & Wang, W.L., 2012. Liangdaicun li de muzang–yifen gonggong kaoguxue baogao [Tombs in Liangdai Village—A public archaeological report]. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google Scholar
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, 1959. Shangcunling Guoguo mudi [Tombs of State Guo in Shangcunling]. Beijing: Science Press.Google Scholar
Chuang, H.C., 2018. Xihan liuli zangju yu Haihunhou de liuli xi [The glass burial objects in the Western Han dynasty and the glass mat of the Marquis of Haihun]. Meishu kaogu yanjiu 2, 4–12.Google Scholar
Clark, G., 1986. Symbols of Excellence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Creel, H.G., 1937. The Birth of China. New York (NY): Frederick Ungar.Google Scholar
Di Cosmo, N., 2002. To Become a God: Cosmology, sacrifice, and self-divinization in early China. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dobres, M.A. & Robb, J.E., 2000. Agency in Archaeology. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Erickson, S., 2012. Ways of facing the dead in ancient China. Arts Asiatiques 67, 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, Y. & Sima, B. (comp.), 1965. Hou hanshu [Book of the Later Han]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Frachetti, M.D., 2012. Multiregional emergence of mobile pastoralism and nonuniform institutional complexity across Eurasia. Current Anthropology 53(1), 2–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ge, Z.G., 2014. Gudai Zhongguo wenhua jiangyi [Chinese intellectual history]. Shanghai: Fudan University Press.Google Scholar
Golas, P.J., 1999. Part XIII: Mining, in Science and Civilisation in China Vol.5. Chemistry and chemical technology, ed. Needham, J.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gong, G.Q., 1997. Jianlun Shang Zhou wangguo jiqi zhoubian diqu de huangjin qishi [A brief discussion on gold objects and ornament of the Shang and Zhou states and neighbouring regions], in Kaogu qiuzhi ji [Anthology of the search for knowledge of archaeology], ed. Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 353–60.Google Scholar
Graham, A.C., 1986. Yin-Yang and the Nature of Correlative Thinking. Singapore: Institute of East Asian Philosophies, National University of Singapore.Google Scholar
Guan, X.H. (comp.), 2004. Erya. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Guangzhou City Cultural Relics Administrative Office, 1991. Xihan Nanyuewang mu [Mausoleum of the King of Nanyue of the Western Han dynasty]. 2 vols. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.Google Scholar
Gu, F., 1996. Tiandi zhiling: Zhongguo guyu mantan [The spirit of heaven and earth: a discussion on ancient Chinese jades]. Chengdu: Sichuan Education Press.Google Scholar
Guo, M.Q., 1979. Yuefu shixuan [Selection of ballad songs of the music bureau]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Guo, P. (comp.), 2000. Shanhaijing [Classic of mountains and seas]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Classics Publishing House.Google Scholar
Guo, W., 2020. Zuowei zhengzhi xinwu de hanjin ruishouwen daigou [The gold belt buckle with auspicious beast motif as a political token of the Han and Jin dynasties]. Palace Museum Journal 7, 1–18.Google Scholar
He, J.Z., 1990. Zhanguo ce zhushi [Annotated annals of the Warring States]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
He, Y.A., 2008. Zhongguo jinyinqi [Gold and silver objects in China]. Beijing: Central Compilation&Translation Press.Google Scholar
Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology & Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 1980. Mancheng hanmu fajue baogao [The excavation of the Han tombs in Mancheng]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.Google Scholar
Helms, M., 1988. Ulysses’ Sail: An ethnographic Odyssey of power, knowledge, and geographical distance. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huan, K., 1992. Yantie lun [Discussion on salt and iron]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Huang, S.Z., 1996. Lun Zhongguo zaoqi tongtie yiwai de jinshu gongyi [Technologies of metalwork apart from copper and iron in early China]. Kaogu xuebao 2, 143–64.Google Scholar
Hubei Provincial Museum (ed.), 1989. Zenghouyi mu [Tomb of the Marquis Yi of Zeng]. 2 vols. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.Google Scholar
Honeychurch, W., 2015. Inner Asia and the Spatial Politics of Empire: Archaeology, mobility and cultural contact. New York (NY): Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaderas, C., 1998. Die Leishu der imperialen Bibliothek des Kaisers Qianlong (reg. 1736–1796): Untersuchungen zur chinesischen Enzyklopädie [The Leishu in the Imperial Library of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1736–1796): investigations into the Chinese encyclopedia]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Katō, S., 2006. Tangsong shidai jinyinqi zhi yanjiu––yi jinyin zhi huobi jineng wei zhongxin [A study of gold and silver in the Tang and Song dynasties – focusing on gold and silver currency]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Keightley, D.N. (ed.), 1983. The Origins of Chinese Civilization. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keightley, D.N., 2012. Working for His Majesty: Research notes on labour mobilization in late Shang China (ca. 1200–1045 B.C.), as seen in the oracle-bone inscriptions, with particular attention to handicraft industries, agriculture, warfare, hunting, construction, and the Shang's legacies. Berkeley (CA): Institute of East Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Kern, M., 2008. Bronze inscriptions, the Shijing and the Shangshu: the evolution of the ancestral sacrifice during the Western Zhou, in Early Chinese Religion, Part One: Shang through Han (1250BC to 220AD), eds Lagerwey, J. & Kalinowski, M.. Leiden: Brill, 143–200.Google Scholar
Kirkova, Z., 2016. Roaming into the Beyond: Representations of Xian immortality in early medieval Chinese verse. Leiden/Boston: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knechtges, D.R., 1987. Wen Xuan, Or, Selections of Refined Literature: Rhapsodies on sacrifices, hunting, travel, sightseeing, palaces and halls, rivers and seas. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kost, C., 2014. The Practice of Imagery in the Northern Chinese Steppe (5th–1st centuries BCE). Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.Google Scholar
Laufer, B., 1962. Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty. Rutland (VT): Charles E. Tuttle.Google Scholar
Lawton, T., 1982. Chinese Art of the Warring States Period. Washington (DC): Freer Gallery of Art.Google Scholar
Li, F., 2006. Landscape and Power in Early China: The crisis and fall of the Western Zhou, 1045–771 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Li, J.W., 2011. Chengqi zhi dao––Zhongguo Xianqin zhi Handai dui huangjin de renshi yu gongyi jishu yanjiu [The way of manufacture of gold artefacts – study and discussion on gold crafts in pre-Han and Han periods]. Meishu xuebao 4, 1–52.Google Scholar
Li, X.F. & Liang, Y.H. (comp.), 2004. Guanzi jiaozhu [An annotated edition of Guanzi]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Li, X.Q., 1985. Eastern Zhou and Qin Civilizations (trans. G.Z. Zhang). New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Li, X.Q. & Nan, B.S., 2003. Gansu Qingshui xian Liuping jinnian faxian de beifangxi qingtongqi ji jinshipian [The northern bronzes and gold ornamental pieces discovered at Liuping in Qingshui County, Gansu Province in recent years]. Wenwu 7, 4–16.Google Scholar
Li, X.X., 2017. Dongzhou huaxiang yishu yanjiu [A study of pictorial arts in the Eastern Zhou dynasty]. PhD thesis, Chinese University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Li, Y.D., 2014. Archaeological finds of gold belt buckles with animal designs from the Han dynasty, in Life and Afterlife in Han China, ed. Lin, J.C.S.. Cambridge: Fitzwilliam Museum, 74–87.Google Scholar
Li, Z.B., 2012. Jiangsu Xuyi Dayunshan hanmu kaogu chengguo lunzhenghui jiyao [Summary of the discussion meeting on the archaeological achievements of the Han tombs at Dayunshan, Xuyi, Jiangsu Province]. Wenwu 3, 87–96.Google Scholar
Lin, J.C.S., 2003. Jade suits and iron armour. Asian Art Journal 1(2), 20–43.Google Scholar
Lin, J.C.S., 2009. The Immortal Stone: Chinese jades from the Neolithic period to the twentieth century. London: Scala.Google Scholar
Lin, J.C.S., 2012. The Search for Immortality: Tomb treasures of Han China. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lin, M.C., 2006. Sichouzhilu kaogu shiwujiang [Fifteen lectures on Silk Road archaeology]. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google Scholar
Lin, Y., 1986. A reexamination of the relationship between bronzes of the Shang culture and of the northern zone, in Studies of Shang Archaeology, ed. Zhang, G.Z.. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press, 237–73.Google Scholar
Lippiello, T., 2001. Auspicious Omens and Miracles in Ancient China: Han, three kingdoms and six dynasties. (Monumenta Serica 39.) Sankt Augustin: Monumenta Serica Institute.Google Scholar
Liu, Q.Z., 2013. Guanyu Jiangsu Xuyi Dayunshan han mu kaogu yanjiu de jige wenti [Several questions on the archaeological study of the Han tomb at Dayunshan, Xuyi, Jiangsu Province]. Dongnan wenhua 1, 81–6, 127–8 & 146.Google Scholar
Liu, R., 2016. Haihun hou Liu He muzhong duo huangjin de yuanyin tanxi [Causes for much gold excavated in the tomb of Liu He, Marquis of Haihun]. Tangdu xuekan 32(3), 5–9.Google Scholar
Liu, Y., 2017. Exotica as prestige technology: the production of luxury gold in Western Han society. Antiquity 91, 1588–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y., 2020. The Han Empire and the Hellenistic world: prestige gold and the exotic horse. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 20(3), 175–98.Google Scholar
Liu, Z.Z., 2011. Xihan zhuhouwangmu lianzang yuyi ji xiangguan wentu [The jade suits of the feudal princes in the Western Han dynasty and related questions]. Zhongyuan wenwu 4, 39–45.Google Scholar
Loewe, M., 1994. Divination, Mythology and Monarchy in Han China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lu, Z.Y., 1989. Zailun lianghan de yuyi [Re-discussion on the jade suits from the Han dynasty]. Wenwu Vol. 10, 60–67.Google Scholar
Miller, A., 2020. Kingly Splendor: Court art and materiality in Han China. New York (NY): Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Moorey, P.R.S., 1967. Some ancient metal belts: their antecedents and relatives. Iran 5, 83–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nanjing Museum, 2013. Changwu xiangwang—du Xuyi Dayunshan Jiangdu wangling [Forget Me Not—The mausoleum precinct of the Jiangdu Feudatory Kingdom at Dayun Hill in Xuyi County]. Nanjing: Yilin Press.Google Scholar
Ni, R.A., 1999. Lun lianghan siling de yuanliu [Discussion on the origin and development of the four mythical creatures in the Han dynasty]. Zhongyuan wenwu 1, 83–91.Google Scholar
Ogden, J., 1982. Jewellery of the Ancient World. London: Trefoil Books.Google Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary, 2017. Oxford: Oxford University Press,Google Scholar
Ouyang, X., 1965. Yiwen leiju [Classified collection based on the Classics and other Literature]. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.Google Scholar
Paludan, A., 1991. The Chinese Spirit Road: The classical tradition of stone tomb statuary. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Pan, P., 2019. Handai shenshou tuxiang yanjiu [The study of the image of mythical animals in the Han Dynasty]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.Google Scholar
Peking University, School of Archaeology and Museology, et al. , 1994. Tianma-Qucun yizhi Beizhao jinhou mudi di er ci fajue[The second excavation of the tomb of the Marquis Jin of Zhao in Beizhao at the Tianma Qucun site]. Wenwu 1, 4–28 & 97–8.Google Scholar
Peking University, School of Archaeology and Museology, et al. , 1995. Tianma-Qucun yizhi Beizhao jinhou mudi di wu ci fajue [The fifth excavation of the Tomb of the Marquis Jin of Zhao in Beizhao at the Tianma Qucun site]. Wenwu 7, 4–39 & 97–8.Google Scholar
Qi, D.F., 1999. Zhongguo zaoqi jinyinqi yanjiu [The study of gold and silver objects in early China]. Huaxia kaogu 4, 68–81.Google Scholar
Qi, D.F., 2006. Hantang jinyinqi yu shehui shenghuo [Gold and silver objects and social life in the Han and Tang dynasties]. Neimenggu wenwu yu kaogu 2, 71–4.Google Scholar
Qiao, L., 2004. Xinzhuangtou 30 hao mu de niandai ji qita [The date and other problems regarding tomb no. 30 at Xinzhuangtou site]. Huaxia kaogu 2, 58–67.Google Scholar
Ran, W.L., 2008. Hantang kaoguxue jianggao si [Lectures on Han and Tang archaeology, no. 4]. Xi'an: Sanqin Press.Google Scholar
Rawson, J., 1984. Chinese Ornament: The lotus and the dragon. London: British Museum.Google Scholar
Rawson, J., 1995. Chinese Jade: From the Neolithic to the Qing. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Rawson, J., 1999. Eternal palaces of the Western Han: a new view of the universe. Artibus Asiae 59(1/2), 5–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawson, J., 2000. Cosmological systems as sources of art, ornament and design. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 72, 133–89.Google Scholar
Rawson, J., 2002. Strange beasts in Han and post-Han imagery, in Nomads, Traders and Holy Men along China's Silk Road: Papers presented at a symposium held at the Asia Society in New York, November 9–10, 2001, eds Juliano, A.L. & Lerner, J.A.. Turnhout: Brepols, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawson, J., 2006. The Chinese hill censer, boshan lu: a note on origins, influences and meanings. Arts Asiatiques 61, 75–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawson, J., 2007. The agency of, and the agency for, the Wanli Emperor. Art's Agency and Art History 12, 95–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawson, J., 2012. The Han Empire and its Northern neighbours: the fascination of the exotic, in The Search for Immortality: Tomb Treasures of Han China, ed. Lin, J.C.S.. New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 23–36.Google Scholar
Rawson, J., 2017. China and the steppe: reception and resistance. Antiquity 91, 375–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawson, J. & Bunker, E.C., 1990. Ancient Chinese and Ordos Bronzes. Hong Kong: Oriental Ceramic Society.Google Scholar
Renn, J., 2012. The Globalization of Knowledge in History: Based on the 97th Dahlem Workshop. Berlin: Edition Open Access.Google Scholar
Rickett, A.W., 1985. Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China: A study and translation by W. Allyn Rickett. 2 vols. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ruan, Y. (comp.), 1999. Liji [Book of Rites]. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google Scholar
Sage, S.F., 1992. Ancient Sichuan and the Unification of China. Albany (NY): SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Seidel, A., 1987. Post-mortem immortality or the Daoist resurrection of the body, in Gilgul Essays on Transformation, Revolution and Permanence in the History of Religions, Dedicated to R.J. Zwi Werblowsky, eds. Shaked, S., Shulman, D. & Stroumsa, G.G.. Leiden/New York: Brill, 223–37.Google Scholar
Shao, X.L., 2016. Zailun boshanlu de qiyuan ji qita xiangguan wenti [Re-discussion on boshan incense burners: origins and other issues]. Zhongguo guojia bowuguan guankan 154(5), 52–61.Google Scholar
Shi, W., 1972. Guanyu jinlvyuyi ziliao jianjie [A brief introduction to the sources of the jade suits with gold thread]. Kaogu 2, 48–50.Google Scholar
Shizishan Mausoleum of Chu Excavation Team, 1998. Xuzhou Shizishan xihan Chu wangling fajue jianbao [Brief archaeological report of the mausoleum of the kings of Chu at Shizishan in Xuzhou,Western Han dynasty]. Wenwu 8, 4–33.Google Scholar
Sima, Q., 1997. Shiji [Records of the Grand Historian]. Xi'an: Sanqin Press.Google Scholar
So, J.F., Bunker, E.C. & Sackler Gallery, Arthur M. (eds), 1995. Traders and Raiders on China's Northern Frontier. Seattle/ London: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Smithsonian Institution/University of Washington Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, J., 2014. Zhongguo gudai wuzhi wenhua [Material Culture in Ancient China]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Tian, R.X. & Lei, X.S., 1993. Baoji shi Yimen cun er hao chunqiu mu fajue jianbao [Brief archaeological report of tomb no. 2 in Yimen village, Baoji]. Wenwu 10, 1–14.Google Scholar
Tu, S.T., 1980. Anhui sheng Shouxian chutu yidapi Chu jinbi [Chu gold coins excavated from Shouxian, Anhui Province]. Wenwu 10, 67–71.Google Scholar
Wang, F.Z., 2010. Zhuangzi jie [Explanation of Zhuangzi]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Wang, J., 2008. Handai yuyi yanjiu [Study of the jade suits in the Han dynasty]. Master's thesis, Hebei Normal University.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., 2017. Handai xiangyu qiguan ji xiangguan wenti taolun [Discussion on the jade-inlaid lacquered coffins in the Han dynasty and related issues]. Kaogu 11, 88–9.Google Scholar
Watson, B., 1971. Records of the Grand Historian of China translated from the ‘Shih chi’ of Ssu-ma Ch'ien. 2 vols. New York (NY): Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Wei, Z., 2017. Mati jin, qizhi jin yu handai shenxian Xinyang [The mati and linzhi gold, and the Han Chinese‘s belief for immortality]. Nanfang wenwu 1, 105–11.Google Scholar
Wen, Y.D., 1956. Shenhua yu shi [Myths and poems]. Beijing: Ancient Book Publishing House.Google Scholar
Wong, W.W., 2019. Steppe and Local Identities on the Frontier of the State and Empire of Qin during the 7th to 3rd centuries BC. PhD thesis, University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Wu, H., 1984. A Sanpan Shan Chariot ornament and the xiangrui design in Western Han art. Archives of Asian Art 37, 38–59.Google Scholar
Wu, H., 1989. The Wu Liang Shrine: The ideology of early Chinese pictorial art. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wu, H., 1997. The prince of jade revisited: the material symbolism of jade as observed in Mancheng tombs, in Chinese Jades: Colloquies on art and archaeology in Asia, No. 18, ed. Scott, R.E.. London: Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, 147–70.Google Scholar
Wu, H., 2010. The Art of the Yellow Springs: Understanding Chinese tombs. London: Reaktion.Google Scholar
Xia, N., 1983. Handai yuqi [Jade objects in the Han dynasty]. Kaogu xuebao 2, 125–45.Google Scholar
Xi'an Northwest University, School of Cultural Heritage, et al. , 2016. Xinjiang Hami Balikun xigou yizhi 1 hao mu fajue jianbao [The excavation of tomb M1 at Xigou site in Bark l Kazakh Autonomous County, Hami Prefecture, Xinjiang]. Wenwu 5, 15–31.Google Scholar
Xiong, V.C.R. & Laing, E.J., 1991. Foreign jewellery in ancient China. Bulletin of the Asia Institute n.s. 5, 163–73.Google Scholar
Xu, Z.S., 1935. Gudai shoulie tuxiangkao [A study of ancient hunting images], in Qingzhu Cai Yuanpei xiansheng liushiwu sui lunwenji [Studies presented to Ts'ai Yuan P'ei on his sixty-fifth birthday], Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica. Peiping: Academia Sinica, 569–618.Google Scholar
Museum, Xuzhou, 2011. Gupeng yizhen—Xuzhou bowuguan guancang wenwu jingxuan [The Treasure of Ancient Peng – A Selection of the Collection from Xuzhou Museum]. Beijing: National Library Press.Google Scholar
Yang, J., 2018. Zhanguo Qin Han jinbing huobi leixing kaolue [Study of the types of cake-shaped gold ingots from the Warring States period to the Han dynasty]. Zhongguo guojia bowuguan guankan 184(11), 46–61.Google Scholar
Yang, J. & Xu, C.Q., 2016. Nanjing Shi Xihan Haihunhou mu [The tomb of the Marquis of Haihun in Nanjing]. Kaogu 7, 45–62.Google Scholar
Yang, Z.S., 2004. Liangsong xianglu yuanliu [The origin of the incense burners in the Northern and Southern Song dynasties]. Zhongguo dianji yu wenhua 1, 46–68.Google Scholar
Yao, Q., 1982. Jiangsu Xuyi Nanyaozhuang chuhan wenwu jiaocang [Hoard of Chu and Han relics at Nanyaozhuang, Xuyi, Jiangsu Province]. Wenwu 11, 5–12 & 98–9.Google Scholar
Yü, Y.S., 1964–65. Life and immortality in the mind of Han China. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 25, 80–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yü, Y.S., 2009. Donghan shengsiguan [Views of Life and Death in Later Han China]. Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House.Google Scholar
Zhang, D.N., 2018. Zhongguo zhexue shi shiliao xue–Zhang Dainian quan ji (zengding ban) [Study of the Historical Archive of the History of Chinese Philosophy –– Full collection of Zhang Dainian's work (revised and expanded edition)]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Zhao, D.Z., 2004. Sanxingdui kaogu yanjiu [Study of the Archaeology of Sanxingdui]. Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Press.Google Scholar
Zhu, H., 1984. Guqian xintan [New Exploration on Ancient Coins]. Jinan: Qilu Press.Google Scholar
Zou, H.B. & Wei, Z., 1998. Xuzhou Shizishan Xihan mu de jin kouyaodai [Gold belt buckles from the Western Han tombs at Shizishan, Xuzhou]. Wenwu 8, 37–43.Google Scholar
Zuo, J., 2020. Duiyang yu jindang—lun zhanguo zhi xihan yangwen jinshipian de laiyuan yu qiyong [Coupled sheep and gold dang: on the origins and uses of the gold headwear ornaments with sheep motifs of the Warring States and the Western Han dynasty]. Palace Museum Journal 11, 56–74.Google Scholar