Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:01:28.676Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Dancing and the Beginning of Art Scenes in the Early Village Communities of the Near East and Southeast Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2008

Yosef Garfinkel
Affiliation:
Institute of ArchaeologyThe Hebrew UniversityJerusalem 91905 Israel

Abstract

Dancing is depicted in the earliest art of the ancient Near East. It appears in many variations from the ninth to the sixth millennium BP over a vast geographical range. This article discusses the dancing performance, the social context of the dance and cognitive aspects of the dancing scenes. Ethnographic observations are used in order to gain a wider view of dancing and dancing scenes in pre-state societies. A correlation can be observed between art, symbolism, religion and social organization.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akkermans, P.M.M.G., 1989. Excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad. (British Archaeological Reports International Series 468.) Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Aldenderfer, M., 1993. Ritual, hierarchy, and change in foraging societies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 12, 140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amiet, P., 1961. La glyptique mesopotamienne archaique. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Amiet, P., 1972. Clyptique susienne. (Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique en Iran 43.) Paris: P. Geuthner.Google Scholar
Amiet, P., 1979. L'iconographie archaique de l'Iran, quelques documents nouveaux. Syria 56, 333–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amiran, R., 1962. Myths of the creation of Man and the Jericho statues. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 167, 23–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J., 1986. Ballet and Modern Dance: a Concise History. Princeton (NJ): Princeton Book Company.Google Scholar
Bader, N.O., 1993. The early agricultural settlement of Tell Sotto, in Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization, eds. Yoffee, N. & Clark, J.J.. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press, 4154.Google Scholar
Barnett, R.D., 1966. Homme masqué ou dieu-ibex? Syria 43, 259–76.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., 1982. Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites in southern Sinai. Biblical Archeologist 45(1), 912.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., 1991. The archaeology of the Natufian layer at Hayonim Cave, in Bar-Yosef & Valla (eds.), 8192.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Alon, D., 1988. Nalnl Hemar Cave. ('Atiqot 18 [English series].) Jerusalem: Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums.Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F. (eds.), 1991. The Natufian Culture in the Levant. (International Monographs in Prehistory, Archaeological Series 1.) Ann Arbor (MI): International Monographs.Google Scholar
Baumgartel, E.L., 1955. The Cultures of Prehistoric Egypt. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beck, P., 1995. Issues in the history of Early Bronze Age art in Eretz Israel. Cathedra 76, 333. (Hebrew.)Google Scholar
Belfer-Cohen, A., 1991. Art items from layer B, Hayonim Cave: a case study of art in a Natufian context, in Bar-Yosef, & Valla, (eds.), 569–88.Google Scholar
Bellugue, P., 1963. A propos d'art de forme et de mouvement. Paris: Librairie Maloine.Google Scholar
Ben-Tor, A., 1977. Cult scenes on Early Bronze Age seal impressions from Palestine. Levant 9, 90100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Tor, A., 1978. Cylinder Seals of Third Millennium Palestine. (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Supplement Series 22.) Cambridge (MA): American Schools of Oriental Research.Google Scholar
Bernbeck, R., 1989. Die neolithische Keramik aus Qale Rostam, Bakhtiyari-Gebiet (Iran): Klassifikation, Produktionsanalyse und Dalierungspotential. (Serie Altertumswissenschaften 9 & 10.) Rheinfelden: Schauble Verlag.Google Scholar
Betts, A.V.G., 1987. The hunter's perspective: 7th millennium bc rock carvings from eastern Jordan. World Archaeology 19, 214–25.Google Scholar
Bienert, H.D. & Fritz, U., 1989. Die alteste Schildkroten Darstellung: 9000 Jahre alt. Salamandra 25(2), 112–14.Google Scholar
Biesele, M., 1978. Religion and folklore, in The Bushmen: San Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa, ed. Tobias, P.V.. Cape Town & Pretoria: Human and Rousseau, 162–72.Google Scholar
Blacking, J., 1976. Dance, conceptual thought and production in the archaeological record, in Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology, eds. Sieveking, G. de G., Longworth, I.H. & Wilson, K.E.. London: Duckworth, 313.Google Scholar
Blacking, J. & Kealinohomoku, J.W. (eds.), 1979. The Performing Arts: Music and Dance. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.Google Scholar
Bland, A., 1976. A History of Ballet and Dance in the Western World. New York (NY): Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
Bloch, M., 1989. Ritual, History and Power: Selected Papers in Anthropology. (London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology 58). London: Athlone.Google Scholar
Bourguignon, E.. (ed.), 1973. Religion, Altered States of Consciousness, and Social Change. Columbus (OH): Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Braidwood, R.J. & Braidwood, L.S., 1953. The earliest village communities of southwestern Asia. Journal of World History 1(2), 278310.Google Scholar
Brandt, R.W., 1978. The Chalcolithic pottery, in Korucutepe, vol. 2, ed. Van Loon, M.N.. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 5760.Google Scholar
Braun, D.P., 1991. Why decorate a pot? Midwestern household pottery, 200 BC–AD 600. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 10, 360–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breniquet, C., 1992a. À propos du vase halafien de la Tombe G2 de Tell Arpachiyah. Iraq 54, 6978.Google Scholar
Breniquet, C., 1992b. Rapport sur deux campagnes de fouilles à Tell es-Sawwan, 1988–1989. Mesopotamia 27, 530.Google Scholar
Brooks, R.R.R. & Wakankar, V.S., 1976. Stone Age Painting in India. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, V.L., 1984. Why dance films do not look right: a study in the nature of the documentary movement as visual communication. Studies in Visual Communication 10(2), 4467.Google Scholar
Brunner-Traut, E. 1958. Der Tanz int Alten Ägypten. Nach bildlichen und inschriftlichenn Zeugnissen. (Ägyptologische Forschungen Heft 6.) Gluckstadt: Verlag J.J. Augustin.Google Scholar
Brunner-Traut, E., 1985. Tanz, in Lexikon der Ágyptologie, vol. VI, eds. Helck, W. & Westerndorf, W.. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 215–31.Google Scholar
Brunton, G., 1937. Mostagedda and the Tasian Culture. London: Bernard Quaritch.Google Scholar
Brunton, G. & Caton-Thompson, G., 1928. The Badarian Civilisation and Predynastic Remains near Badari. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt.Google Scholar
Byrd, B.F., 1994. Public and private, domestic and corporate: the emergence of the southwest Asian village. American Antiquity 59, 639–66.Google Scholar
Cauvin, J., 1994. Naissance des divinités: naissancc de l'agriculture: la révolution des symboles au Néolithique. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Chataigner, C., 1995. La Transcaucasie au Néolithique et au Chalcolithique. (BAR International Series 624.) Oxford: Tempvs Reparatvm.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, M. & Clement, C., 1981. The History of Dance. New York (NY): Crown Publishers.Google Scholar
Collon, D., 1987. First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Conkey, M. & Hastorf, C., 1988. The Uses of Style in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dani, A.H., 1988. Recent Archaeological Discoveries in Paki-stan. Paris: UNESCO, The Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies.Google Scholar
David, N., Sterner, J. & Gavua, K., 1988. Why pots are decorated? Current Anthropology 29, 365–89.Google Scholar
Dittmann, R., 1984. Einc Randebenc der Zagros in der Fruhzeit. (Berliner Beitrage zum Vorderen Orient 3.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar
Dollfus, G., 1971. Les fouilles á Djaffarabad de 1969 á1971. Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran 1, 17161.Google Scholar
Dollfus, G., 1975. Les fouilles á Djaffarabad de 1972 á1974: Djaffarabad periodes I et II. Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran 5, 11220.Google Scholar
Dollfus, G., 1983. Tepe Djowi: controle stratigraphique, 1975. Cahiers de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Iran 13, 17131.Google Scholar
Dolmetsch, M., 1949. Dance of England and France from 1450 to 1600. London: Routledge & K. Paul. (Second edition, New York: Da Capo Press, 1975.)Google Scholar
Dolmetsch, M., 1954. Dance of Spain and Italy from 1400 to 1600. London: Routledge & K. Paul.Google Scholar
Dothan, T., 1982. The Philistines and their Material Culture. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Dragomir, I.T., 1987. Un vase-support Cucutenien: ‘la ronde de Beresti’, in Petrescu-Dimbovita, (ed.), 289–99.Google Scholar
Dumitrescu, V., 1974. Aria Prehislorica în Românîa. Bucha-rest: Editura Meridiane.Google Scholar
Dunand, M., 1950. Fouilles de Byblos II, 1933–38. Paris: Maisonneuve.Google Scholar
Duru, R., 1988. Kuruçay Höyügü Kazilari 1986–87, Çalismalari raporu. Türk Tarih Kurumii Belletcn 203, 653–66.Google Scholar
Eshkol, N. & Wachmann, A., 1958. Movement Notation. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.Google Scholar
Esin, U., 1993. The relief decorations on the prehistoric pottery of Tulintepe in eastern Anatolia, in Frangipane et al. (eds.), 105–19.Google Scholar
Evans, A., 1930. The Palace of Minos, vol. III. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E.E., 1928. The dance. Africa 1, 446–62.Google Scholar
Flannery, K.V., 1972a. The origins of the village as a settlement type in Mesoamerica and the Near East, in Man, Settlement and Urbanism, eds. Ucko, P.J., Tringham, R. & Dimbleby, G.W.. London: Duckworth, 2353Google Scholar
Flannery, K.V., 1972b. The cultural evolution of civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systcmatics 3, 399426.Google Scholar
Frangipane, M., Hauptmann, H., Liverani, M., Matthiae, P., & Mellink, M. (eds.), 1993. Betivecn the Rivers and Over the Mountains. Rome: Universita di Roma.Google Scholar
Frisch, K. von, 1967. The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. Cambridge (MA): Belknap Press of Harvard University.Google Scholar
Fukai, S., Horiuchi, K. & Matsutani, T., 1974. Telul eth Thalalhat, vol. III: The excavation of Tell V. (The Tokyo University Iraq Iran Archaeological Expedition Report 15.) Tokyo: The Institute of Oriental Culture.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Y., 1987. Burnt lime products and social implications in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B villages of the Near East. Paleorient 13(1), 6875.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Y., 1993. The Yarmukian culture in Israel. Paleorient 19(1), 115–34.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Y., 1994. Ritual burial of cultic objects: the earliest evidence. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4 (2), 159–88.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Y., 1995. Human and Animal Figurines ofMunhata (Israel). (Les Cahiers des missions archeologiques Franchises en Israel 8.) Paris: Association Paleorient.Google Scholar
Garstang, J., Droop, J.P. & Crowfoot, J., 1935. Jericho: city and necropolis (fifth report). Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 22, 143–73.Google Scholar
Gautier, J.E. & Lampre, G., 1905. Fouilles de Moussian. Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique en Perse 8, 59148.Google Scholar
Georgive, G., 1965. The Azmak mound in southern Bulgaria. Antiquity 39, 68.Google Scholar
Ghirshman, R., 1938. Fouilles de Sialk, vol. I. (Musée du Louvre, Département des antiquites orientales, Série archéologique IV.) Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, M.A., 1982. The Goddesses and Gods of Old Eu-rope, 6500–3500 BC: Myths and Cult Images. Berkeley (CA): University of California.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, M.A., 1989. The Language of the Goddess. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Goodison, L., 1989. Death, Women and the Sun: Symbolism of Regeneration in Early Aegean Religion. (Bulletin Supplement 53.) London: University of London, Institute of Classical Studies.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, A.N. & Gopher, A., 1983. Nahal Issaron: a Neolithic settlement in the southern Negev. Israel Exploration Journal 33, 149–62.Google Scholar
Gruber, N.I., 1981. Ten dance-derived expressions in the Hebrew Bible. Biblica 62, 328–46.Google Scholar
Gulder, A., 19601962. Die urnenfelderzeitliche ‘Frauenkröte’ von Maissau in Niederösterreich und ihr geistesgeschichtlicher Hintergrund. Mitteilungen der prahistörischen Kommission der b'slerreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 10, 1162.Google Scholar
Hanna, J.L., 1979. Toward a cross-cultural conceptualization of dance and some correlate considerations, in Blacking, & Kealinohomoku, J.W. (eds.), 1745.Google Scholar
Hanna, J.L., 1987. Dance and religion, in Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 4, ed. Eliade, M.. New York (NY): MacMillan, 203–12.Google Scholar
Hassan, F.A., 1981. Demographic Archaeology. New York (NY): Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, H., 1976. Die Grabungen auf dem Norsuntepe 1972, in Keban Project 1972 Activities. (Keban Project Publications, Series 1, no. 5). Ankara: Middle East Technical University, 71108.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, H., 19911992. Nevali Cori – Eine Siedlung des akeramischen Neolithikums am mittleren Euphrat. Nurenberger Blätter zur Archäologie 8, 1533.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, H., 1993. Ein Kultgebaude in Nevali Çori, in Frangipane et al. (eds.), 3769.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, E., 1933. Aufsatze zur altorientischen Archäologie II. Stempchiegcl. Archaeologische Milteilungen aus Iran 5, 49124.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, E., 1941. Iran in the Ancient East. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 1990. The Domestication of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hole, F., Flannery, K.V. & Neely, J.A., 1969. Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Deh Luran Plain: an Early Village Sequence from Khuzistan, Iran. (Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology 1.) Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, A., 1954. Labanotation. New York (NY): New Directions Books.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, A., 1984. Dance Notation: the Process of Recording Movement on Paper. London: Dance Books.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, A., 1989. Choreo-Graphics: a Comparison of Dance Notation Systems from the Fifteenth Century to the Present. New York (NY): Gordon & Breach.Google Scholar
Iakovidis, S.P.E., 1966. A Mycenaean mourning custom. American Journal of Archaeology 70, 4350.Google Scholar
Ionescu, B., 1974. Obiecte de cult descoperite la Gumelnita. Studii si cercetari de islorie veche si arhcologie 25, 115–18.Google Scholar
Ippolitoni-Strika, F., 1990. A bowl from Arpachiyah and the tradition of portable shrines. Mesopotamia 25, 147–74.Google Scholar
Jastrow, M., 1903. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. (Re published 1950.) New York (NY): Pardes Publishing House.Google Scholar
Kaeppler, A.L., 1992. Dance, in Folklore, Cultural Performances, and Popular Entertainments, ed. Bauman, R.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 196203.Google Scholar
Kalicz, N., 1970. Clay Gods: the Neolithic and Copper Age in Hungary. Budapest: Corvina Press.Google Scholar
Kantor, H.J., 1976. The prehistoric cultures of Chogha Mish and Boneh Fazili, in The Memorial Volume to the Vlth International Congress of Iranian Art and Archaeology, ed. Kiani, M.Y.. Teheran: The Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research, 177–93.Google Scholar
Kaplan, j., 1969. 'Ein El-Jarba. Chalcolithic remains in the plain of Esdraelon. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 194, 239.Google Scholar
Katz, R., 1976. Education for transcendence: !Kia-healing with the Kalahari IKung, in Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers, eds. Lee, R.B. & Vore, I. De. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 281301.Google Scholar
Katz, R., 1982. Boiling Energy: Community Healing Among the Kalahari Kung. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kenyon, K.M., 1981. Excavations at Jericho, vol. III. London: The British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Kirkbride, D., 1968. Beidha 1967: an interim report. Pales tine Exploration Quarterly 100, 9096.Google Scholar
Kirkbride, D., 1973. Umm Dabaghiyah 1972: a second preliminary report. Iraq 35, 17.Google Scholar
Kirkbride, D., 1975. Umm Dabaghiyah 1974: a fourth preliminary report. Iraq 37, 310.Google Scholar
Korek, J., 1987. Szegvár-Tüzko ves: a settlement of the Tisza culture, in The Late Neolithic of the Tisza Region, ed. Raczky, P.. Budapest: Szolnok, 4760.Google Scholar
Kraus, R., 1969. History of the Dance in Art and Education. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Laban, R., 1971. The Mastery of Movement. (3rd edition.) Boston (MA): Plays.Google Scholar
Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C. & Beale, T.W., 1986. Excavations at Tepc Yahya, Iran, 1967–1975: the Early Periods. (American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 38.) Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Lange, R., 1976. The Nature of Dance: an Anthropological Perspective. New York (NY): International Publications Service.Google Scholar
Langsdorff, A. & McCown, D.E., 1942. Tall-I-Bakun A: Season of 1932. (Oriental Institute Publications 59.) Chicago (IL): The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lapp, N.L., 1989. Cylinder seals and impressions of the third millennium BC from the Dead Sea Plain. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 273, 115.Google Scholar
Larsen, M.T. (ed.), 1979. Power and Propaganda: a Symposium on Ancient Empires. (Mesopotamia 7.) Copen-hagen: Akademisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Lawler, L.B., 1964. The Dance in Ancient Greece. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Le Blanc, A.S. & Watson, P.J., 1973. A comparative statistical analysis of painted pottery from seven Halafian sites. Paléorient 1(1), 117–33.Google Scholar
Legrain, L., 1936. Ur Excavations, vol. III: Archaic Seal Impressions. Joint Expedition of the British Museum and the University Museum. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J.D., 1981. Believing and Seeing: Symbolic Meanings in Southern San Rock Paintings. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J.D. & Dowson, T., 1989. Images of Power, Understanding Bushman Rock Art. Johannesburg: Southern Book Publishers.Google Scholar
Lewis-Williams, J.D. & Dowson, T., 1993. On vision and power in the Neolithic: evidence from the decorated monuments. Current Anthropology 34, 5565.Google Scholar
Loewenstamm, S., 1965. Hag, in Encyclopaedia Biblica, vol. 3, eds. Mazar, B., Sinai, N.H. Tur & Yeivin, S.. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 21–3. (Hebrew.)Google Scholar
Longstreet, S., 1968. The Dance in Art. Alhambra (CA): Borden Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Ludwig, A.M., 1969. Altered states of consciousness, in Altered States of Consciousness, ed. Tart, C.T.. New York (NY): Wiley, 922.Google Scholar
McNeill, W.H., 1995. Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Malaiya, S., 1992. Hand-in-hand dancing in Indian rock art and its continuities, in Rock Art and Ethnography eds. Morwood, M.J. & Hobbs, D.R.. (Occasional AURA Publication 5.) Melbourne: Australian Rock Art Research Association, 61–6.Google Scholar
Mandelkern, S., 1896. Veteris Testamenti Concordantiae Atque Chaldaicae. Leipzig: Veit et Comp.Google Scholar
Mantu, C.M., 1992. Reprezentari antropomorfe pe ceramica asezarii Cucuteni A3 de la Scinteia. Studii si cercctari de istorie veche si arheologie 43, 307–15.Google Scholar
Mantu, C.M., 1993. Anthropomorphic representations from the Precucuteni and Cucuteni cultures. Anatolica 19, 129–41.Google Scholar
Marcus, J. & Flannery, K.V., 1994. Ancient Zapotec ritual and religion: an application of the direct historical approach, in Renfrew, & Zubrow, (eds.), 5574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margalit, B., 1983. The ‘Neolithic connexion’ of the Ugarit poem of Aqht. Paléorient 9(2), 93–8.Google Scholar
Marinescu-Bilcu, S., 1974a. ‘Dansul ritual’ in repezentarile plastice neo-eneolitice din Moldova. Studii si cercetari de istorie veche si arhcologie 25, 167–79.Google Scholar
Marinescu-Bilcu, S., 1974b. Cultura Precucuteni pe Teritoroul Rômaniei. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republivcii Socialiste Romania.Google Scholar
Marshall, L., 1969. The medicine dance of the !Kung bushmen. Africa 39, 347–81.Google Scholar
Masson, V.M., Merpert, N.I., Munchaev, R.M. & Cernych, E.K., 1982. Eneolit SSSR. Moscow: Nauka. (Russian.)Google Scholar
Matousova, M., 1970. Quelques remarques sur la danse en Mesopotamie. Archiv Orientalni 58, 140–47.Google Scholar
Matousova, M., 1993. Religion, magie und tanz, in Actes du Xlle Congres International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques, Bratislava, 1991, ed. Pavuk, J.. Bratislava: Institut Archéologique de l'Academie Slovaque des Sciences, 364–9.Google Scholar
Maxim-Alaiba, R., 1987. Le complexe de culte de la phase Cucuteni A3 de Dumesti (dep. de Vaslui), in Petrescu-Dimbovita, (ed.), 269–86.Google Scholar
Mecquenem, R., 1928. Notes sur la ceramique peinte archaique en Perse Mémoires de la mission archéologique de Perse 20, 99132.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J., 1963. Excavations at Çatalhöyiik, 1962: second preliminary report. Anatolian Studies 13, 43103.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J., 1967. Çalalhöyük: a Neolithic Town in Anatolia. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J., 1975. The Neolithic of the Near East London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Menil, F. de, 1980. Histoire de la danse: á travers les âges.Geneva: Editions Elatkine.Google Scholar
Mesnil, du Buisson R. de, 1948. Baghouz, l'ancicnne Corsote. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Meyerhof, E. & Mozel, I., 1981. A new interpretation of the applied figurines on the Jar from Ein el-Jarba, near Tell Abu Zureiq, Israel. Bollettino del Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici 8, 114–16.Google Scholar
Miller, D. & Tilley, C., 1984. Ideology, Power and Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, J.G., 1979. Music and dance as expressions of religious worship in Jamaica, in Blacking, & Kealinohomoku, (eds.), 293308.Google Scholar
Morphy, H., 1994. The interpretation of ritual: reflections from film on anthropological practice. Man 29, 117–46.Google Scholar
Mulder, M.J., 1992. raqad (dance), in Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament, Band VII, eds. Fabry, H-J. & Ringgren, H.. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 665–8.Google Scholar
Müller-Karpe, H., 1968. Handbuch der Vorgeschichte Jungsteinzeit Munich: C.H. Beck.Google Scholar
Negahban, E.O., 1976. Preliminary report of the excavations of Sagzabad, in VIth International Congress of Iranian Art and Archaeology, Oxford 1972, ed. Kiani, M.Y.. Teheran: The Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research, 247–71.Google Scholar
Nissen, H.J., 1988. The Early History of the Ancient Near East 9000–2000 BC. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nissen, H.J., Muheisen, M. & Gebel, H.G., 1987. Report on the first two seasons of excavations at Basta (1986–1987). Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 31, 79119, 548–54.Google Scholar
Nitu, A., 1970. Reprezentarile feminine dorsale pe ceramica Neo Eneolitica Carpato-Balcanica. Memoria Anti-quitatis 2, 7599.Google Scholar
Noy, T., 1989. Gilgal I — a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site, Israel: the 1985–1987 seasons. Paléorient 15(1), 1118.Google Scholar
Oates, J., 1969. Choga Mami, 1967–68: a preliminary report. Iraq 31, 115–52.Google Scholar
Oates, J., 1978. Religion and ritual in sixth-millennium BC Mesopotamia. World Archaeology 10, 117–24.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, M.F. von, 1943. Tell Halaf I: Die prähistorischen Funde. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter and Co.Google Scholar
Osten-Sacken, E. von der, 1992. Der Ziegen: ‘Damon’. (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 230.) NeukirchenVluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.Google Scholar
Ozbeck, M., 1988. Culte des crânes humains á Cayönü. Anatolica 15, 127–38.Google Scholar
Parrot, A., 1960. Sumer. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Perrot, J., 1966. Le gisement natoufien de Mallaha (Eynan), Israël. L'anthropologie 70, 437–84.Google Scholar
Perrot, J., 1979. Syria-Palestine I. (Archaeologia Mundi.) Geneva: Nagel.Google Scholar
Peschlow-Bindokat, A., 1995. Ziegenjagd und Kulttanz.Die altesten prahistorischen Felsmalereien in Westkleinasien. Antikc Welt 26(2), 114–17.Google Scholar
Petrescu-Dimbovita, M., 1963. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der archäologischen Ausgrabungen in der neolithischen Siedlung von Truşeşti (Moldau). Prähislorische Zeitschrift 41, 172–86.Google Scholar
Petrescu-Dimbovita, M. (ed.), 1987. La civilisation de Cucuteni en contexte Européen. Session scientifique IasiPiatra Neamt 1984. Iasi: Université ‘Al. I. Cuza’.Google Scholar
Petrie, W.M.F., 1921. Prehistoric Egypt vol. II. (Republished in 1974.) Warminster: Aris&Phillips.Google Scholar
Pollock, S., 1983. Style and information: an analysis of Susiana ceramics. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2, 354–90.Google Scholar
Porada, E., 1965. Ancient Iran: the Art of Pre-lslamic Times London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Porada, E., 1986. The uses of art to convey political meanings in the ancient Near East, in Artistic Strategy and the Rhetoric of Power: Political Uses of Art from Antiquity to the Present, ed. Castriota, D.. Carbondale (IL) & Edwardsville (IL): Southern Illinois University Press, 1524.Google Scholar
Prudhommeau, G., 1965. La dance grecque antique. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Radcliffe-Brown, A., 1922. The Andaman Islanders. (Reprinted with additions in 1948.) Glencoe (IL): The Free Press.Google Scholar
Rappaport, R.A., 1971. The sacred in human evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Syslematics 2, 2344.Google Scholar
Redman, C.L., 1978. The Rise of Civilization: From Early Farmers to Urban Society in the Ancient Near East. San Francisco (CA): W.H.Freeman.Google Scholar
Porada, E., 1965. Ancient Iran: the Art of Pre-Islamic Times. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Porada, E., 1986. The uses of art to convey political meanings in the ancient Near East, in Artistic Strategy and the Rhetoric of Power: Political Uses of Art from Antiquity to the Present, ed. Castriota, D.. Carbondale (IL) & Edwardsville (IL): Southern Illinois University Press, 1524.Google Scholar
Prudhommeau, G., 1965. La dance grecque antique. Paris: CNRS.Google Scholar
Radcliffe-Brown, A., 1922. The Andaman Islanders. (Reprinted with additions in 1948.) Glencoe (IL): The Free Press.Google Scholar
Rappaport, R.A., 1971. The sacred in human evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2, 2344.Google Scholar
Redman, C.L., 1978. The Rise of Civilization: From Early Farmers to Urban Society in the Ancient Near East. San Francisco (CA): W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. & Bahn, P., 1991. Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. & Zubrow, E.B.W., 1994. The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C., Peebles, C., Hodder, I., Bender, B., Flannery, K.V. & Marcus, J., 1993. What is cognitive archaeology? Cambridge Archaeological Journal 3 (2), 247–70.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G.O., 1983. Ritual and ceremony at Neolithic 'Ain Ghazal (Jordan). Paléorient 9 (2), 2938.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G.O., 1986. Neolithic' Ain Ghazal (Jordan): ritual and ceremony, II. Paléorient 12 (1), 4552.Google Scholar
Royce, A.P., 1977. The Anthropology of Dance. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Rust, F., 1969. Dance in Society. London: Routledge & K. Paul.Google Scholar
Sachs, C., 1952. World History of the Dance. New York (NY): Seven Arts.Google Scholar
Samzun, A. & Sellier, P., 1983. Decouverte d'une nécropole chalcolithique à Mehrgarh, Pakistan. Paléorient 9 (2), 6979.Google Scholar
Schmidt, E.F., 1933. Tepe Hissar excavations 1931. The Museum Journal 23, 323483.Google Scholar
Schmidt, E.F., van Loom, M. & Curvers, H.H., 1989. The Holmes Expeditions to Luristan. (Oriental Institute Publication 108.) Chicago (IL): Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Service, E.R., 1962. Primitive Social Organization. New York (NY): Random House.Google Scholar
Shanks, M. & Tilley, C., 1987. Social Theory and Archaeology. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Silistreli, U., 1989. Köşk Höyük'te Bulunan Kabartma Insan ve Hayvan Figurleriyle Bezeli Vazolar. Türk Tarih Kurttmu Belleten 206, 361–74.Google Scholar
Spencer, P., 1985. Introduction: interpretations of the dance in anthropology, in Society and the Dance: the Social Anthropology of Process and Performance, ed. Spencer, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 146.Google Scholar
Stein, A., 1936. An archaeological tour in the ancient Persis. Iraq 3, 111225.Google Scholar
Temizer, R., 1981. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Ankara: Donmez.Google Scholar
Tobler, A.J., 1950. Excavations at Tepe Gawra, vol. II. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Todd, I.A., 1976. Çatalhöyük in Perspective. Menlo Park: Cummings Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Todd, I.A., 1987. Excavations at Kalavasos-Tenta, vol. I. (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology LXXI, 6.) Gotherborg: Paul Astroms Forlag.Google Scholar
Tringham, R., 1971. Hunters, Fishers and Farmers of Eastern Europe, 6000–3000 BC. London: Hutchinson University Library.Google Scholar
Turner, V.W., 1984. Liminality and the performative genres, in Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle, Rehearsals toward a Theory of Cultural Performance, ed. MacAloon, J.J.. Philadelphia (PA): Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1941.Google Scholar
Uzunoglu, E., 1993. Women in Anatolia from prehistoric ages to the Iron Age, in Woman in Anatolia: 9000 Years of the Anatolian Woman, ed. Renda, G.. Istanbul: Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture, 1624.Google Scholar
VandenBerghe, L. Berghe, L., 1966. Archéologie de I'Iran Ancien. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
VandenBerghe, L. Berghe, L., 1968. The rich naturalistic influence in Iranian painted pottery. Archaeologia Viva 1, 2022.Google Scholar
Vinnicombe, P., 1976. People of the Eland: Rock Paintings of the Drakensberg Bushmen as a Reflection of their Life and Thought. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.Google Scholar
Waterbolk, H.T., 1987. Working with radiocarbon dates in southwestern Asia, in Chronologies in the Near East: Relative Chronologies and Absolute Chronology 16,000–4000 BP, eds. Aurenche, O., Evin, J. & Hours, F.. (British Archaeological Reports International Series 379.) Oxford: BAR, 3959.Google Scholar
Wensinck, A.J., 1986. HADJDJ, in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. III eds. Lewis, B., M'enage, V.L., Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J.. (New edition.) Leiden: Brill, 31–3.Google Scholar
Wickede, A. von, 1986. Die Ornamentik der Tell Halaf-Keramik. Ein Beitrag zu ihrer Typologie. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica 18, 732.Google Scholar
Wickede, A. von, 1990. Prähistorische Stempelglyptik in Vorderasien. (Münchener Vorderasiatische Studien 6.) Munich: Profil Verlag.Google Scholar
Wild, H., 1963. Danse sacrées de L'Égypte ancienne, in Les Danses Sacrées, Sources Orientates, vol. 6. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 33118.Google Scholar
Wilson, E.O., 1975. Sociobiology: the New Synthesis. Cambridge (MA): Belknap Press of Harvard University.Google Scholar
Wilson, P.J., 1988. The Domestication of the Human Species. New Haven (CT) & London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Winter, I.J., 1987. Legitimation of authority through image and legend: seals belonging to officials in the administrative bureaucracy of the Ur III state, in The Organization of Power: Aspects of Bureaucracy in the Ancient Near East, eds. Gibson, M. & Biggs, R.D.. (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 46.) Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press, 69116.Google Scholar
Wobst, H.M., 1977. Stylistic behavior and information exchange, in For the Director: Research Essays in Honor of J.B. Griffin, ed. Clealand, C.E.. (Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers 61.) Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 317–42.Google Scholar
Wood, M., 1964. Historical Dances (Twelfth to Nineteenth Century): their Manner of Performance and their Place in the Social Life of the Time. London: The Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing.Google Scholar
Yakar, J., 1991. Prehistoric Anatolia: the Neolithic Transformation and the Early Chalcolithic Period. (Monograph Series 9.) Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Yarker, J., 1994. Prehistoric Anatolia: the Neolithic Transformation and the Early Chalcolithic Period. (Monograph Series 9a. Supplement no.1) Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Zubrow, E.B.W., 1994. Elements of Cognitive archaeology, in Renfrew, & Zubrow, (eds.), 187–90.Google Scholar