Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T19:51:29.308Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Coins and Cosmologies in Iron Age Western Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 June 2018

Caroline Pudney*
Affiliation:
Department of History and Archaeology, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper offers a material culture-based approach to British Western Iron Age coins (i.e. those often attributed to the Dobunni). Through analysis of the materiality and imagery of these objects, the author explores the embodiment of later Iron Age cosmologies. In doing so, the cycles of day and night and of life and death are discussed. The ways in which these cosmologies could have been transposed onto the landscape through coin production and depositional contexts helps to demonstrate how Iron Age societies in Western Britain may have understood their world and confirmed their space within it.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldhouse-Green, M.J., 2000. Seeing the Wood for the Trees: The symbolism of trees and wood in ancient Gaul and Britain. Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru.Google Scholar
Aldhouse-Green, M.J., 2001. Cosmovision and metaphor: monsters and shamans in Gallo-British cult-expression. European Journal of Archaeology 4 (2), 203–32.Google Scholar
Aldhouse-Green, M.J., 2002. Any old iron! Symbolism and ironworking in Iron Age Europe, in Artefacts and Archaeology. Aspects of the Celtic and Roman world, eds. Aldhouse-Green, M. & Webster, P.. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 819.Google Scholar
Aldhouse-Green, M.J., 2004. An Archaeology of Images. Iconology and cosmology in Iron Age and Roman Europe. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Aldhouse-Green, M.J., 2006. Metaphors, meaning and money: contextualizing some symbols on Iron Age coins, in Celtic Coinage: New discoveries, new discussion, ed. de Jersey, P.. (BAR International series S1532.) Oxford: Archaeopress, 2940.Google Scholar
Aldhouse-Green, M.J., 2010. Caesar's Druids: Story of an ancient priesthood. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, D.F. 1958. Belgic coins as illustrations of life in the late pre-Roman Iron Age of Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 24, 4363.Google Scholar
Allen, D.F. 1961. A study of Dobunnic coinage, in Bagendon: A Belgic oppidum, ed. Clifford, E.M.. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.Google Scholar
Allen, D. 1970. The coins of the Iceni. Britannia 1, 133.Google Scholar
Allen, D.F. 1976. Wealth, coinage and money in Celtic society, in To Illustrate the Monuments. Essays on archaeology presented to Stuart Piggott on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday, ed. Megaw, J.V.S.. London: Thames & Hudson, 200208.Google Scholar
Allen, D.F., 1980. The Coins of the Ancient Celts. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Bevan, A., 2012. Spatial methods for analysing large-scale artefact inventories. Antiquity 86, 492506.Google Scholar
Bevan-Jones, R. 2016. The Ancient Yew: A history of Taxus baccata (3rd edition). Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Briggs, D.N., 2009. Reading the images on Iron Age coins: 2. Horses of the day and night. Chris Rudd Fixed Price List 106, 24. http://www.celticcoins.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/The-sun-horse.pdf (accessed 4 June 2018).Google Scholar
Briggs, D., Haselgrove, C. & King, C.E., 1992. The Iron Age and Roman coins from Hayling Island temple. British Numismatic Journal 62, 162.Google Scholar
Brittain, M. & Overton, N.J., 2013. The significance of others: a prehistory of rhythm and interspecies participation. Society and Animals 21, 134–49.Google Scholar
Brown, L.A. & Walker, W.H., 2008. Prologue: archaeology, animism and non-human agents. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 15 (4), 297–9.Google Scholar
Brück, J. 2011. Fire, earth, water, in The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion, ed. Insoll, T.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 387404.Google Scholar
Budd, P. & Taylor, T., 1995. The faerie smith meets the bronze industry: magic versus science in the interpretation of prehistoric metal-making. World Archaeology 27, 133–43.Google Scholar
Chapman, J., 2013. Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, places and broken objects in the prehistory of south eastern Europe. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Clifford, E.M. (ed.), 1961. Bagendon: a Belgic oppidum. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.Google Scholar
Collis, J.R., 1974. A functionalist approach to pre-Roman coinage, in Coins and the Archaeologist, eds. Casey, P.J. & Reece, R.. (BAR British series 4). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 111.Google Scholar
Cottam, E., de Jersey, P., Rudd, C. & Sills, J., 2010. Ancient British Coins. Aylsham: Chris Rudd.Google Scholar
Creighton, J., 1995. Visions of power: imagery and symbols in Late Iron Age Britain. Britannia 26, 285301.Google Scholar
Creighton, J., 2000. Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Curteis, M., 2006. Distribution and ritual deposition of Iron Age coins in the south Midlands, in Celtic Coinage: New discoveries, new discussion, ed. de Jersey, P.. (BAR International series 1532.) Oxford: Archaeopress, 6179.Google Scholar
de Jersey, P., 2001. Celtic Coinage in Britain. Princes Risborough: Shire.Google Scholar
de Jersey, P., 2014. Coin Hoards in Iron Age Britain. London: Spink & Son.Google Scholar
Fowler, C., 2005. The Archaeology of Personhood. An anthropological approach. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Garrow, D., Gosden, C. & Hill, J.D. (eds.), 2008. Rethinking Celtic Art. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Giles, M., 2007. Making metal and forging relations: ironworking in the British Iron Age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 26 (4), 395413.Google Scholar
Giles, M., 2008. Seeing red: the aesthetics of martial objects in the British and Irish Iron Age, in Rethinking Celtic Art, eds. Garrow, D., Gosden, C. & Hill, J.D.. Oxford: Oxbow, 5977.Google Scholar
Gosden, C., 2005. What do objects want? Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12 (3), 193211.Google Scholar
Gosden, C. & Marshall, Y., 1999. The cultural biography of objects. World Archaeology 31 (2), 169–78.Google Scholar
Green, M.J., 1992. The iconography of Celtic coins, in Celtic Coinage: Britain and beyond, ed. Mays, M.. (BAR British series 222.) Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 151–64.Google Scholar
Hambleton, E., 2013. The life of things long dead: a biography of Iron Age animal skulls from Battlesbury Bowl, Wilthsire. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 23 (3), 477–94.Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Y., 2017. Sensorial assemblages: affect, memory and temporality in assemblage thinking. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27 (1), 169–82.Google Scholar
Harries, J. 2016. A stone that feels right in the hand: tactile memory, the abduction of agency and presence of the past. Journal of Material Culture 22 (1), 110–30.Google Scholar
Harris, O.J. 2014. (Re)assembling communities. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 21 (1), 7697.Google Scholar
Harris, O.J.T. & Sørensen, T.F., 2010. Rethinking emotion and material culture. Archaeological Dialogues 17 (2), 145–63.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C. 1987. Iron Age Coinage in South-east England: The archaeological context. (BAR British series 174.) Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C. 1989. Iron Age coin deposition at Harlow Temple, Essex. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 8, 7388.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C. 1993. The development of British Iron Age coinage. The Numismatic Chronicle 153, 3163.Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C. & Wigg-Wolf, D. (eds.), 2005. Iron Age Coinage and Ritual Practices. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Hingley, R., 1997. Iron, ironworking and regeneration: a study of the symbolic meaning of metalworking in Iron Age Britain, in Reconstructing Iron Age Societies, eds. Gwilt, A. & Haselgrove, C.. Oxford: Oxbow, 915.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 2003. The ‘social’ in archaeological theory: an historical and contemporary perspective, in A Companion to Social Archaeology, eds. Meskell, L. & Preucel, R.. Malden (MA): Blackwell, 2342.Google Scholar
Hoskins, J., 2013. Agency, biography and objects, in Handbook of Material Culture, eds. Tilley, C., Keane, W. & Kuechler-Fogden, S.. London: Sage, 7484.Google Scholar
Hurst, D. & Leins, I., 2013. The Pershore hoards and votive deposition in the Iron Age. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79, 297325.Google Scholar
Ingold, T., 2007. Materials against materiality. Archaeological Dialogues 14, 116.Google Scholar
Jordan, P., 2003. Material Culture and Sacred Landscape. The anthropology of the Siberian Khanty. Walnut Creek (CA): AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Jordan, P., 2006. Analogy, in Mesolithic Britain and Ireland. New Approaches, eds. Cornellier, C. & Warren, G.. Stroud: Tempus, 83100.Google Scholar
Jordan, P., 2008. Northern landscape, northern mind: on the trail of an archaeology of hunter-gatherer belief, in Belief in the Past. Theoretical approaches to the archaeology of religion, eds. Whitley, D.S. & Hays-Gilpin, K.. Walnut Creek (CA): Left Coast Press, 227–46.Google Scholar
Joy, J., 2009. Reinvigorating object biography: reproducing the drama of object lives. World Archaeology, 41 (4), 540–56.Google Scholar
Joy, J., 2011. ‘Fancy objects’ in the British Iron Age: why decorate? Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 77, 205–29.Google Scholar
Joy, J., 2016. Hoards as collections: re-examining the Snettisham Iron Age hoards from the perspective of collecting practice. World Archaeology 48 (2), 239–53.Google Scholar
Kaul, F. 2005. Bronze Age tripartite cosmologies. Prähistorische Zeitschrift 80 (2), 135–48.Google Scholar
Kemmers, F. & Nanouschka, M., 2011. Rethinking numismatics. The archaeology of coins. Archaeological Dialogues 18 (1), 87108.Google Scholar
King, C. 2005. The Coins from Somerford Keynes, Neigh Bridge. (Oxford Archaeology Draft Report.) http://thehumanjourney.net/html_pages/microsites/cotswoldweb/text/sknbcoins.pdf (accessed 4 June 2018).Google Scholar
Knappett, C., 2005. Thinking Through Material Culture. An interdisciplinary perspective. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Knappett, C. & Malafouris, L. (eds.), 2008. Material Agency: Towards a non-anthropocentric approach. New York (NY): Springer.Google Scholar
Kopytoff, I., 1986. The cultural biography of things: commoditization as a process, in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in cultural perspective, ed. Appadurai, A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6491.Google Scholar
Lehoux, D., 2007. Astronomy, Weather, and Calendars in the Ancient World. Parapegmata and related texts in Classical and Near-Eastern societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Leins, I., 2007. Coins in context: coinage and votive deposition in Iron Age south-east Leicestershire. British Numismatic Journal 77, 2248.Google Scholar
Leins, I., 2012. Numismatic Data Reconsidered: Coin Distributions and Interpretation in Studies of Late Iron Age Britain. Unpublished PhD thesis, Newcastle University.Google Scholar
Madgwick, R., 2008. Patterns in the modification of animal and human bones in Iron Age Wessex: revisiting the excarnation debate, in Changing Perspectives on the First Millennium BC: Proceedings of the Iron Age Research Student Seminar 2006, eds. Davies, O.P., Sharples, N. & Waddington, K.E.. Oxford: Oxbow, 99118.Google Scholar
Madgwick, R. 2010. Bone modification and the conceptual relationship between humans and animals in Iron Age Wessex, in Integrating Social and Environmental Archaeologies: Reconsidering deposition, eds. Morris, J. & Maltby, M.. (BAR International series S2077.) Oxford: Archaeopress, 6682.Google Scholar
Miles, D., Palmer, S., Perpetua Jones, G. & Smith, A., 2007. Iron Age and Roman Settlement in the Upper Thames Valley: Excavations at Claydon Pike and other sites within the Cotswold Water Park. (Thames Valley Landscapes 26.) Oxford: Oxford University, School of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Moore, T., 2001. Hailey Wood Camp: a Roman Temple complex in the Cotswolds? Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 119, 8393.Google Scholar
Moore, T., 2007. Life on the edge? Exchange, settlement and identity in the later Iron Age of the Severn Cotswolds, in The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, eds. Haselgrove, C. & Moore, T.. Oxford: Oxbow, 4161.Google Scholar
Moore, T., 2012. Beyond the oppida: polyfocal complexes and Late Iron Age societies in southern Britain. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 31 (4), 391417.Google Scholar
Morton, R., 1997. Lower Mill Farm, Somerford Keynes, Gloucestershire: Archaeological Assessment. (CAT report 97510). Cirencester: Cotswold Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar
Norman, D., 2013. The Design of Everyday Things (revised and expanded edition). New York (NY): Basic Books.Google Scholar
Olmsted, G.S., 1992. The Gaulish Calendar: A reconstruction from the bronze fragments from Coligny, with an analysis of its function as a highly accurate lunar-solar predictor, as well as an explanation of its terminology and development. Bonn: R. Habelt.Google Scholar
Oswald, A., 1997. A doorway on the past: practical and mystic concerns in the orientation of roundhouse doorways, in Reconstructing Iron Age Societies, eds. Gwilt, A. & Haselgrove, C.. Oxbow: Oxford, 8795.Google Scholar
Overton, N.J. & Hamilakis, Y., 2013. A manifesto for a social zooarchaeology. Swans and other beings in the Mesolithic. Archaeological Dialogues 20 (2), 111– 36.Google Scholar
Parker-Pearson, M., 1996. Food, fertility and front doors in the first millennium BC, in The Iron Age in Britain and Ireland: Recent trends, eds. Champion, T.C. & Collis, J.R.. Sheffield: J.R. Collis Publications, 117–32.Google Scholar
Pollard, J., 2017. The Uffington White Horse geoglyph as sun-horse. Antiquity 91, 406–20.Google Scholar
Pope, R., 2007. Ritual and the roundhouse. A critique of recent ideas on the use of domestic space in later British prehistory, in The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent, eds. Haselgrove, C. & Pope, R.. Oxford: Oxbow, 204–28.Google Scholar
Pudney, C., 2018. Socio-semiotics and the symbiosis of humans, horses, and objects in later Iron Age Britain. Archaeological Journal. DOI: 10.1080/00665983.2018.1441105Google Scholar
Rodwell, W.J., 1976. Coinage, oppida and the rise of Belgic power in south eastern Britain, in Oppida: The beginnings of urbanisation in barbarian Europe, eds. Cunliffe, B. & Rowley, R.. BAR International series S11.) Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 184367.Google Scholar
Rudd, C. 2003. Ash and Dobunnic tree. Chris Rudd List 72. http://www.celticcoins.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/list72.pdf (accessed 4 June 2018).Google Scholar
Thomas, A. & Collard, M., 2000. Lower Mill Farm, Somerford Keynes, Gloucestershire. Archaeological Evaluation. (CAT report 001240.) Cirencester: Cotswold Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar
Tilley, C., 2001. Ethnography and material culture, in Handbook of Ethnography, eds. Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. & Lofland, L.. London: Sage, 258– 72.Google Scholar
Timby, J., 1998. Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire. Cirencester: Cotswold Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar
Trow, S.D., 1988. Excavations at Ditches hillfort, North Cerney, Gloucestershire, 1982–3. Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 106, 1985.Google Scholar
Trow, S.D., James, S. & Moore, T., 2009. Becoming Roman, Being Gallic, Staying British: Research and excavations at Ditches ‘hillfort’ and villa 1984–2006. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Van Arsdell, R.D., 1989. Celtic Coinage of Britain. London: Spink.Google Scholar
Van Arsdell, R.D., 1992. Money, supply and credit in Iron Age Britain, in Celtic Coinage: Britain and beyond, ed. Mays, M.. (BAR British series 222.) Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 139–50.Google Scholar
Van Arsdell, R.D., 1994. The Coinage of the Dobunni. Money supply and coin circulation in Dobunnic territory. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology.Google Scholar
Watts, L. & Leach, P., 1996. Henley Wood, Temples and Cemetery. Excavations 1962–1969 by the late Ernest Green and others. (CBA Research Report 99.) York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Wedlake, W., 1982. The Excavations of the Shrine of Apollo at Nettleton, Wiltshire, 1956–1971. (Report of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 40.) London: Society of Antiquaries of London.Google Scholar
Wellington, I. 2006. The role of Iron Age coinage in archaeological contexts, in Celtic Coinage: New discoveries, new discussion, ed. de Jersey, P.. (BAR International series 1532.) Oxford: Archaeopress, 8196.Google Scholar
Willerslev, R., 2007. Soul Hunters: Hunting, animism, and personhood among the Siberian Yukaghirs. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Williams, M. & Creighton, J., 2006. Shamanic practices and trance imagery in the Iron Age, in Celtic Coinage: New discoveries, new discussion, ed. de Jersey, P.. (BAR International series 1532.) Oxford: Archaeopress, 4959.Google Scholar
Woodward, A. & Hughes, G., 2007. Deposits and doorways: patterns within the Iron Age settlement at Crick Covert Farm, Northamptonshire, in The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent, eds. Haselgrove, C. & Pope, R.. Oxford: Oxbow, 185203.Google Scholar
Woodward, A. & Leach, E., 1993. The Uley Shrines. Excavation of a ritual complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire: 1977—9. London: English Heritage.Google Scholar