Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:03:11.730Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ceremonial Centres from the Cayapas (Esmeraldas, Ecuador) to Chillicothe (Ohio, USA)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2008

Warren R. DeBoer
Warren R. DeBoer
Affiliation:
Department of AnthropologyQueen College, C.U.N.Y. Flushing, NY, 11367 USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Although they are some of the most impressive archaeological monuments in North America, the geometric earthworks of Ohio Hopewell remain poorly understood. By incorporating multiple lines of ethnographic and archaeological evidence an interpretation of the meanings congealed in these ancient earthworks can be offered.

Type
Articles
Information
Cambridge Archaeological Journal , Volume 7 , Issue 2 , October 1997 , pp. 225 - 253
Copyright
Copyright © The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barnes, R.H., 1984. Two Crows Denies It: a History of Controversy in Omaha Sociology. Lincoln (NB): University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Barrett, S.A., 1925. The Cayapa Indians of Ecuador. 2 vols. (Indian Notes and Monographs 40.) New York (NY): Museum of the American Indian-Heye Foundation.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R., 1993. Altering the Earth. (Monograph Series 8.) Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.Google Scholar
Braun, D.P. & Plog, S., 1982. Evolution of ‘tribal’ social networks: theory and prehistoric North American evidence. American Antiquity 47, 504–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bricker, V.R., 1983. Directional glyphs in Maya inscriptions and codices. American Antiquity 48, 346–53.Google Scholar
Brose, D.S. & Greber, N. (eds.), 1979. Hopewell Archaeology: the Chillicothe Conference. Kent (OH): The Kent State University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, J.A., 1979. Charnel houses and mortuary crypts: disposal of the dead in the Middle Woodland Period, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 211–19.Google Scholar
Brown, J.A., 1982. Mound City and the Vacant Ceremonial Center. Unpublished paper presented to the 47th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis, Minnesota.Google Scholar
Bushnell, D.I. Jr, 1919. Native Villages and Village Sites East of the Mississippi. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 69.)Google Scholar
Butler, B.M., 1979. Hopewellian contacts in southern middle Tennessee, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 150–56.Google Scholar
Byers, A.M., 1987. The Earthwork Enclosures of the Central Ohio Valley: a Temporal and Structural Analysis of Woodland Society and Culture. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, State University of New York at Albany (UMI #8710917).Google Scholar
Callender, C., 1978. Great Lakes-Riverine sociopolitical organization, in Handbook of North American Indians vol. 15. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution, 610–21.Google Scholar
Callender, C., 1979. Hopewell archaeology and American ethnology, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 254–7.Google Scholar
Carsten, J. & Hugh-Jones, S. (eds.), 1995. About the House: Levi-Strauss and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamberlain, Von Del, 1982. When Stars Came Down to Earth. Los Angeles (CA): Ballena Press.Google Scholar
Church, F., 1990. Archaeology under the Bigtop: One more Middle Woodland Habitation Site in Ohio. Paper presented at the Annual Spring Meeting of the Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar
Clay, R.B., 1986. Adena ritual spaces, in Early Woodland Archeology, eds. Farnsworth, K.B. & Emerson, T.E.. Kampsville (IL): Center for American Archeology Press, 581–95.Google Scholar
Coggins, C., 1980. The shape of time: some political implications of a four-part figure. American Antiquity 45, 727–39.Google Scholar
Connolly, R., 1995. The Built Environment of Middle Wood-land Period Hilltop Enclosures: an Analysis of Development, Construction and Function. (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.) Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.Google Scholar
Dancey, W., 1992. Village origins in central Ohio: the results and implications of recent Middle and Late Woodland research, in Cultural Variability in Context, ed. Seeman, M.F.. Kent (OH): Kent State University Press, 24–9.Google Scholar
Dancey, W. (ed.), 1997. Ohio Hopewell Community Organization. Kent (OH): The Kent State University Press.Google Scholar
DeBoer, W.R., 1995. Returning to Pueblo Viejo: history and archaeology of the Chachi (Ecuador), in Archaeology in the Lowland American Tropics ed. Stahl, P.W.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 243–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeBoer, W.R., 1996. Traces Behind the Esmeraldas Shore: Prehistory of the Santiago-Cayapas Region, Ecuador. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
DeBoer, W.R. & Blitz, J.H., 1991. Ceremonial centers of the Chachi. Expedition 33, 53–62.Google Scholar
Dillehay, T.D., 1990. Mapuche ceremonial landscape, social recruitment and resource rights. World Archaeology 22(2), 223–41.Google Scholar
Dorsey, G.A., 1906. The Pawnee: Mythology. (Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications 59.) Washington (DC): Carnegie Institution of Washington.Google Scholar
Farris, N., 1984. The Maya Under Colonial Rule. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Faulkner, C.H., 1977. The winter house: an early southeast tradition. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 2, 141–59.Google Scholar
Feest, C.F., 1978. Virginia Algonquians, in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution, 253–70.Google Scholar
Flannery, K.V. & Marcus, J., 1993. Cognitive archaeology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 3(2), 260–67.Google Scholar
Fletcher, A.C. & Flesche, F. La, 1911 [1972]. The Omaha Tribe. (27th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.) Washington (DC): Bureau of American Ethnology. (1972 edition - Lincoln (NE): University of Nebraska Press.)Google Scholar
Fletcher, R.V., Cameron, T.L., Lepper, B.T., Wymer, D.A. & Pickard, W., 1996. Serpent mound: a fort ancient icon? Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 21(1), 105–43.Google Scholar
Fox, R., 1967. Kinship and Marriage. Baltimore (MD): Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Freeman, J.E., 1969. The Millville site, a Middle Woodland village in Grant County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Archaeologist 50, 37–88.Google Scholar
Furst, P.T., 1972. Flesh of the Gods: the Ritual Use of Hallucinogens. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.Google Scholar
Galloway, P., 1995. Choctaw Genesis 1500–1700. Lincoln (NB): University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A., 1979. Central Problems in Social Theory. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, A., 1984. The Constitution of Society. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Greber, N., 1979a. Variations in social structure of Ohio Hopewell peoples. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 4, 35–78.Google Scholar
Greber, N., 1979b. A comparative study of site morphology and burial patterns at Edwin Harness mound and Seip mounds 1 and 2, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 27–38.Google Scholar
Greber, N., 1983. Recent excavations at the Edwin Harness Mound. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology Special Paper 5.Google Scholar
Greber, N., 1991. A study of continuity and contrast between central Scioto Adena and Hopewell sites. West Virginia Archeologist 43, 1–26.Google Scholar
Greber, N., 1996. A commentary on the contexts and contents of large to small Ohio Hopewell deposits, in Pacheco, (ed.), 150–73.Google Scholar
Greber, N., 1997. Two geometric enclosures in the Paint Creek Valley: an estimate of possible changes in community patterns through time, in Dancey, (ed.), 207–29.Google Scholar
Greber, N. & Ruhl, K.C., 1989. The Hopewell Site. Boulder (CO): Westview Press.Google Scholar
Griffin, J.B., 1964. The Northeast Woodlands area, in Pre-historic Man in the New World, eds. Jennings, J.D. & Norbeck, E.. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press, 223–58.Google Scholar
Hall, R.L., 1977. An anthropocentric perspective for eastern United States prehistory. American Antiquity 42, 499–518.Google Scholar
Hall, R.L., 1979. In search of the ideology of the AdenaHopewell climax, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 258–65.Google Scholar
Hall, R.L., 1997. An Archaeology of the Soul: North American Indian Belief and Ritual. Urbana-Champaign & Chicago (IL): University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Hatch, J.W., Michels, J.W., Stevenson, C.M., Scheetz, B.E. & Geidel, R.A., 1990. Hopewell obsidian studies: behavioral implications of recent sourcing and dating research. American Antiquity 55(3), 461–79.Google Scholar
Hawkes, C.F., 1954. Archeological theory and method: some suggestions from the Old World. American Anthropologist 56, 155–68.Google Scholar
Hayden, B., 1995. Pathways to power: principles for creating socioeconomic inequalities, in Foundations of Social Inequality, eds. Price, T.D. & Feinman, G.M.. New York (NY): Plenum, 15–86.Google Scholar
Hewitt, J.N.B., 1939. Notes on the Creek Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 123.Google Scholar
Hively, R. & Horn, R., 1982. Geometry and astronomy in prehistoric Ohio. The Journal of the History of Astronomy Supplement 13(4), 1–20.Google Scholar
Hively, R. & Horn, R., 1984. Hopewellian geometry and astronomy at High Bank. Archaeoastronomy 7, S85–S100.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 1984. Burials, houses, women and men in the European Neolithic, in Ideology, Power and Prehistory, eds. Miller, D. & Tilley, C.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 51–68.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 1990. The Domestication of Europe. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Howard, J., 1965. The Ponca tribe. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 195.Google Scholar
Howard, J., 1981. Shawnee! Athens (OH): Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Hudson, C., 1976. The Southeastern Indians. Knoxville (TN): University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Hultkrantz, Å., 1983. The Study of American Indian Religions. Chico (CA): Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Kinietz, W.V., 1940. The Indians of the Western Great Lakes. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Knight, V.J. Jr, 1989. Symbolism of Mississippian mounds, in Wood, et al. (eds.), 279–91.Google Scholar
Lafferty, R.H., III, 1994. Prehistoric exchange in the Lower Mississippi Valley, in Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, eds. Baugh, T.G. & Ericson, J.E.. New York (NY): Plenum Press, 177–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, R. & Lane, B., 1959. On the development of Dakota-Iroquois and Crow-Omaha kinship terminologies. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 15(3), 254–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, D.L. & Low, S.M., 1990. The built environment and spatial form. Annual Review of Anthropology 19, 453–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepper, B.T., 1995. Tracking Ohio's great Hopewell road. Archaeology 11–12, 52–6.Google Scholar
Lepper, B.T., 1996. The Newark earthworks and the geometric enclosures of the Scioto valley: connections and conjectures, in Pacheco, (ed.), 224–41.Google Scholar
Levi-Strauss, C., 1967. Structural Anthropology. Garden City (NY): Doubleday.Google Scholar
Lipp, F.J., 1991. The Mixe of Oaxaca: Religion, Ritual, and Healing. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
McAnany, P., 1992. Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. Austin (TX): University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Mallory, J.P., 1989. In Search of the Indo-Europeans. New York (NY): Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Marshall, J.A., 1996. Toward a definition of the Ohio Hopewell core and periphery utilizing the geometric earthworks, in Pacheco, (ed.), 210–23.Google Scholar
Mauss, M., 1909–1912. Review of The Omaha Tribe. L'Annee sociologique 12, 104–11.Google Scholar
Mills, W.C., 1909. Explorations of the Seip mound. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 18, 268–321.Google Scholar
Mills, W.C., 1916. Exploration of the Tremper mound in Scioto County, Ohio, in Holmes Anniversary Volume: Anthropological Essays Presented to William Henry Holmes by his Friends and Co-laborers. Washington (DC): privately published, 334–58.Google Scholar
Monaghan, J., 1996. The Mesoamerican community as a ‘great house’. Ethnology 35(3), 181–94.Google Scholar
Moore, J.H., 1987. The Cheyenne Nation. Lincoln (NB): University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Moorehead, W.K., 1892. Primitive Man in Ohio. New York (NY): G.P. Putnam's Sons.Google Scholar
Murdock, G.P., 1949. Social Structure. New York (NY): Macmillan.Google Scholar
Nabokov, P. & Easton, R., 1989. Native American Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ortiz, A., 1969. The Tewa World. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pacheco, P.J., 1988–1989. Ohio Middle Woodland settlement variability in the upper Licking River drainage. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society 18(1–2), 87–117.Google Scholar
Pacheco, P.J. (ed.), 1996. A View from the Core: a Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archaeology. Columbus (OH): Ohio Archaeological Council.Google Scholar
Penney, D.W., 1985. Continuities of imagery and symbolism in the art of the Woodlands, in Ancient Art of the American Woodland Indians, by Brose, D.S., Brown, J.A. & Penney, D.W.. New York (NY): Henry N. Abrams, Inc., 147–98.Google Scholar
Pennick, N., 1979. The Ancient Science of Geomancy: Living in Harmony with the Earth. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Pickard, W.H. & Pahdopony, L.A.G., 1995. Paradise regained and lost again: the Anderson earthwork, Ross County, Ohio (33RO551). Hopewell Archaeology: the Newsletter of Hopewell Archaeology in the Ohio River Valley 1(2), 3–6.Google Scholar
Prufer, O.H., 1964. The Hopewell complex of Ohio, in Hopewellian Studies, eds. Caldwell, J.R. & Hall, R.L.. (Scientific Papers XII.) Springfield (IL): Illinois State Museum, 35–84.Google Scholar
Prufer, O.H., 1968. Ohio Hopewell Ceramics. (Anthropological Papers 33.) Ann Arbor (MI): Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Radin, P., 1916. The Winnebago Tribe. (37th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.) Washington (DC): Bureau of American Ethnology.Google Scholar
Richards, C., 1996. Monuments as landscape: creating the centre of the world in Neolithic Orkney. World Archaeology 28, 190–208.Google Scholar
Riordan, R.V., 1995. A construction sequence for a middle woodland hilltop enclosure. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 20(1), 62–104.Google Scholar
Romain, W.F., 1994. Hopewell geometric enclosures: symbols of an ancient world view. Ohio Archaeologist 44(2), 37–43.Google Scholar
Romain, W.F., 1996. Hopewellian geometry: forms at the interface of time and eternity, in Pacheco, (ed.), 194–209.Google Scholar
Rountree, H., 1989. The Powhatan Indians of Virginia. Norman (OK): University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Salwen, B., 1978. Indians of southern New England and Long Island: early period, in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution, 160–76.Google Scholar
Seeman, M.F., 1979a. Feasting with the dead: Ohio Hopewell charnel house ritual as a context for redistribution, in Brose, & Greber, (eds.), 39–46.Google Scholar
Seeman, M.F., 1979b. The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: the Evidence for Interregional Trade and Structural Complexity. (Prehistory Research Series 5(2).) Indianapolis (IN): Indiana Historical Society.Google Scholar
Smith, B.D., 1992. Rivers of Change. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Smith, B.D., 1995. The analysis of single-household Mississippian settlements, in Mississippian Communities and Households, eds. Rogers, J.D. & Smith, B.D.. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama Press, 224–50.Google Scholar
Snow, D.R., 1978. Eastern Abenaki, in Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution, 137–47.Google Scholar
Sollas, W.J., 1911. Ancient Hunters. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Speck, F.G., 1909. Ethnology of the Yuchi Indians. (University of Pennsylvania Anthropological Publications of the University Museum 1.) Philadelphia (PA): The University Museum.Google Scholar
Squier, E.G. & Davis, E.H., 1848. Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 1.) Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar
Sullivan, L.E., 1989. lanchu's Drum. New York (NY): Free Press.Google Scholar
Sullivan, L.P., 1989. Household, community, and society: an analysis of Mouse Creek settlements, in House-holds and Communities, eds. MacEachern, S., Archer, D. & Garvin, R.. (Proceedings of the 21st Annual Chacmool Conference, University of Calgary.) Calgary: University of Calgary, 317–27.Google Scholar
Sutton, D.G., 1990. Organization and ontology: the origins of the northern Maori chiefdom, New Zealand. Man 25(4), 667–92.Google Scholar
Swanton, J.R., 1928. The interpretation of aboriginal mounds by means of Creek Indian customs. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1927, 495–506.Google Scholar
Swanton, J.R., 1931. Modern Square Grounds of the Creek Indians. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 85(8).) Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar
Thomas, N. & Humphrey, C. (eds.), 1994. Shamanism, History and the State. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
von Gernet, A.D., 1992a. Hallucinogens and the origins of the Iroquoian pipe/tobacco/smoking complex, in Proceedings of the 1989 Smoking Pipe Conference, eds. Hayes, C.F., Bodner, C.C. & Sempowski, M.L.. (Research Records 22.) Rochester (NY): Rochester Museum and Science Center, 171–85.Google Scholar
von Gernet, A.D., 1992b. New directions in the construction of prehistoric Amerindian belief systems, in Ancient Images, Ancient Thought: the Archaeology of Ideology, eds. Goldsmith, A.S., Garvie, S., Selin, D. & Smith, J.. Calgary: University of Calgary Archaeological Association, 133–9.Google Scholar
von Gernet, A.D., 1995. Nicotian dreams: the prehistory and early history of tobacco in eastern North America, in Consuming Habits, eds. Goodman, J., Lovejoy, P.E. & Sherratt, A.. London: Routledge, 67–87.Google Scholar
von Gernet, A.D. & Timmins, P., 1987. Pipes and parakeets: constructing meaning in an early Iroquoian context, in Archaeology as Long-term History, ed. I Hodder, . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 31–42.Google Scholar
Waselkov, G.A., 1989. Indian maps of the colonial south-east, in Wood, et al. (eds.), 292–343.Google Scholar
Waterman, D., 1997. Excavations at Navan Fort, 1961–71. Belfast: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Watson, P.J. & Kennedy, M., 1991. The development of horticulture in the eastern woodlands of North America: women's role, in Engendering Archaeology, eds. Gero, J.M. & Conkey, M.W.. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 255–75.Google Scholar
Webb, W.S. & Snow, C.E., 1945. The Adena People. (Publications of the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology 6.) Lexington (KY): University of Kentucky.Google Scholar
White, L.A., 1939. A problem in kinship terminology. American Anthropologist 41, 566–73.Google Scholar
Willoughby, C.C., 1922. The Turner Group of Earthworks, Hamilton County, Ohio. (Papers of the Peabody Museum 8(3).) Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Wilson, P.J., 1988. The Domestication of the Human Species. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Witthoft, J., 1967. The American Indian as Hunter. Harrisburg (PA): Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.Google Scholar
Wood, P., Waselkov, G. & Hatley, M.T. (eds.), 1989. Powhatan's Mantle. Lincoln (NB): University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Wylie, A., 1985. The reaction against analogy. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 8, 63–111.Google Scholar
Wymer, D.A., 1993. Cultural change and subsistence: the Middle and Late Woodland transition in the Mid-Ohio Valley, in Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, ed. Scarry, C.M.. Gainesville (FL): University of Florida Press, 138–56.Google Scholar