Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T20:10:19.910Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Architectural Assemblages: The Northwest Complex at Zincirli

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2018

David Kertai*
Affiliation:
Martin Buber Society of Fellows in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Room 352 Mandel Building, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem91905, Israel Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The Northwest Complex is one of several known Syro-Anatolian elite residences on the citadel of Zincirli. Syro-Anatolian elite residences such as the Northwest Complex are generally described with the anachronistic term Hilani. The related discourse has focussed on the architectural features that can define the Hilani type. More recently, discussions have focused anew on how these complexes functioned. This paper uses assemblage theory to move the discourse away from its focus on what architecture is to what it can do. It situates the Northwest Complex in an assemblage of Syro-Anatolian elite residences that partake in a shared culture of hospitality. It argues that the distinctive feature of these residences is their externalization of hospitality through the creation of elaborate in-between spaces in the form of external porticos.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, E., 2009. Europe as a civilizational community of practice, in Civilizations in World Politics: Plural and pluralist perspectives 1, ed. Katzenstein, P.. New York (NY): Routledge, 6790.Google Scholar
Akkermans, P.M.M.G. & Schwartz, G.M., 2003. The Archaeology of Syria: From complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aro, S., 2003. Art and architecture, in The Luwians, ed. Melchert, H.C.. (Handbuch der Orientalistik 68.) Leiden: Brill, 281337.Google Scholar
Becker, J. & Novák, M., 2012. Zur Siedlungsgeschichte am ‘Kopf der Quelle’: Synchronisation der Stratigraphie auf dem Tell Halaf und eine Periodisierung in der Region von Raʾs al-ʿAin, in Ausgrabungen auf dem Tell Halaf in Nordost-Syrien. Vorbericht über die dritte bis fünfte Grabungskampagne 2008–2010, eds. Baghdo, A.M.H., Martin, L., Novák, M. & Orthmann, W.. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 221–34.Google Scholar
Bennett, J., 2010. Vibrant Matter: A political ecology of things. Durham (NC): Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Bonatz, D., 2000. Das syro-hethitische Grabdenkmal: Untersuchungen zur Entstehung einer neuen Bildgattung in der Eisenzeit im nordsyrisch-südostanatolischen Raum. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Bossert, H.Th., 1933–4. Bît ḫilani — des Rätsels Lösung? Archiv für Orientforschung 9, 127.Google Scholar
Brown, B.A., 2008a. The Kilamuwa relief: ethnicity, class and power in Iron Age North Syria, in Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3–8 2006, eds. Córdoba, J.M., Molist, M., Pérez, M.C., Rubio, I. & Martínez, S.. (Actas del V Congreso Internacional de Arqueología del Oriente Próximo Antiguo.) Madrid: Ediciones Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 339–56.Google Scholar
Brown, B.A., 2008b. Monumentalizing Identities: North Syrian Urbanism, 1200–800 BCE. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Bryant, L., 2010. The ontic principle: outline of an object-oriented ontology, in The Speculative Turn: Continental materialism and realism, eds. Bryant, L., Srnicek, N. & Harman, G.. Melbourne: re.press, 261–78.Google Scholar
Bryce, T., 2003. History, in The Luwians, ed. Melchert, H.C.. (Handbuch der Orientalistik 68.) Leiden: Brill, 27127.Google Scholar
Bryce, T., 2012. The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A political and military history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R., 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
DeLanda, M., 2006. A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage theory and social complexity. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
DeLanda, M., 2010. Deleuze: History and science. New York (NY): Atropos.Google Scholar
DeLanda, M., 2016. Assemblage Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F., 1987 [1980].A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
du Plat Taylor, J., Seton-Williams, M.V. & Waechter, J., 1950. The excavations at Sakce Gözü. Iraq 12, 53138.Google Scholar
Eisenman, P., 1987. Houses of Cards. New York (NY): Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Feldman, M.H., 2014. Religious, communal, and political feasting in the ancient Middle East, in In Remembrance of Me: Feasting with the dead in the ancient Middle East, eds. Herrmann, V.R. & Schloen, J.D.. (Oriental Institute Museum Publications 37.) Chicago (IL): Oriental Institute, 63–8.Google Scholar
Foucault, M., 1975 [1963].The Birth of the Clinic; An archaeology of medical perception. New York (NY): Random House.Google Scholar
Foucault, M., 1977 [1975].Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison. New York (NY): Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Frampton, K., 1995. Studies in Tectonic Culture: The poetics of construction in nineteenth and twentieth century architecture. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press.Google Scholar
Frankfort, H., 1952. The origin of the bît hilani. Iraq 14 (2), 120–31.Google Scholar
Friedrich, J., 1902. Die Ausgrabungen von Sendschirli und das bît ḫilani. Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft 4, 227–78.Google Scholar
Friedrich, J., 1927. Zu AO 252 (Aus dem hethitischen Schrifttum 2 Heft). Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 37, 177204.Google Scholar
Frieman, C. & Gillings, M., 2007. Seeing is perceiving? World Archaeology 39 (1), 416.Google Scholar
Gibson, J.J., 1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Gilibert, A., 2011. Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. (Berliner Studien der Alten Welt 2.) Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Gilibert, A., 2012. Archäologie der Menschenmenge: Platzanlagen, Bildwerke und Fest im syro-hethitischen Stadtgefüge, in Bild – Raum – Handlung: Perspektiven der Archäologie, eds. Dally, O., Moraw, S. & Ziemssen, H.. (Topoi. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 11.) Berlin: de Gruyter, 107–36.Google Scholar
Gilibert, A., 2013. Death, amusement and the city: civic spectacles and the theatre palace of Kapara, king of Guzana. Kaskal 10, 3568.Google Scholar
Haines, R.C., 1971. Excavations in the Plain of Antioch, II: Structural remains of the later phases. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Y., 2013. Archaeology and the Senses: Human experience, memory, and affect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Y., 2017. Sensorial assemblages: affect, memory and temporality in assemblage thinking. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27 (1), 169–82.Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Y. & Jones, A.M., 2017. Archaeology and assemblage. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27 (1), 7784.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M.W., 1998. The past as destiny: historical visions in Sam'al and Judah under Assyrian hegemony. The Harvard Theological Review 91 (3), 215–50.Google Scholar
Hanson, J., 1998. Decoding Homes and Houses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harmanşah, Ö., 2013. Cities and the Shaping of Memory in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, T.P., 2009. Neo-Hittites in the ‘Land of Palistin’. Near Eastern Archaeology 72, 174–89.Google Scholar
Harrison, T.P., 2017. Royal self-depiction and legitimation or authority in the Levantine monarchies of the Iron Age in light of newly excavated royal sculptures at Tell Tayinat, in Herrschafts Legitimation in Vorderorientalischen Reichen Der Eisenzeit, eds. Levin, C. & Müller, R.. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 277–99.Google Scholar
Hawkins, J.D., 2000. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Vol. 1, Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Herrmann, V.R., 2014. The Katumuwa stele in archaeological context, in In Remembrance of Me: Feasting with the dead in the ancient Middle East, eds. Herrmann, V.R. & Schloen, J.D.. (Oriental Institute Museum Publications 37.) Chicago (IL): Oriental Institute, 4956.Google Scholar
Herrmann, V.R., 2017. Appropriation and emulation in the earliest sculptures from Zincirli (Iron Age Samʾal). American Journal of Archaeology 121 (2), 237–74.Google Scholar
Herrmann, V.R., van den Hout, T. & Beyazlar, A., 2016. A new Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription from Pancarlı Höyük: language and power in early Samʾal-YʾDY. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 75 (1), 5370.Google Scholar
Hillier, B., 1996. Space Is the Machine: A configurational theory of architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hillier, B. & Hanson, J., 1984. The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Howes, D., 2003. Sensual Relations: Engaging the senses in culture and social theory. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Ingold, T., 2011. Being Alive: Essays on movement, knowledge and description. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ingold, T., 2015. The Life of Lines. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Insoll, T., 2004. Archaeology, Ritual, Religion. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jacoby, G., 1911. Die Architektur der Grabung 1902, in Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli. IV, ed. von Luschan, F.. (Königliche Museen zu Berlin. Mittheilungen aus der orientalischen Sammlungen 14.) Berlin: Reimer, 267324.Google Scholar
Jay, M., 2011. In the realm of the senses: an introduction, The American Historical Review 116 (2), 307–15.Google Scholar
Kaern, M., 1994. Georg Simmel's The Bridge and the Door. Qualitative Sociology 17 (4), 397413.Google Scholar
Kertai, D., 2015. The Architecture of Late Assyrian Royal Palaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kertai, D., 2017. Embellishing the interior spaces of Assyria's royal palaces: the bēt ḫilāni reconsidered. Iraq 79, 85104.Google Scholar
Kertai, D., 2018. The Assyrian influence on the architecture of hospitality in the Southern Levant, in The Southern Levant Under Assyrian Domination, eds. Faust, A. & Alster, S.Z.. Winona Lake (IN): Eisenbrauns, 139–61.Google Scholar
Koldewey, R., 1898. Die Architektur von Sendschirli, in Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli. II Ausgrabungsbericht und Architektur, ed. von Luschan, F. (Königliche Museen zu Berlin. Mittheilungen aus der orientalischen Sammlungen 12.) Berlin: W. Spemann, 103–99.Google Scholar
Konya, A., 1980. Design Primer for Hot Climates. London: Architectural Press.Google Scholar
Koolhaas, R. & Mau, B., 1995. S, M, L, XL. New York (NY): Monacelli Press.Google Scholar
Lacan, J., 1977. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Lang, R., 1985. The dwelling door: towards a phenomenology of transition, in Dwelling, Place and Environment, eds. Seamon, D. & Mugerauer, R.. Berlin: Springer, 201–13.Google Scholar
Corbusier, Le, 1946. Towards a New Architecture. London: Architectural Press.Google Scholar
Lehmann, G., 1994. Zu den Zerstörungen in Zincirli während des frühen 7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 126, 105–22.Google Scholar
Lehmann, G. & Killebrew, A.E., 2010. Palace 6000 at Megiddo in context: Iron Age central hall tetra-partite residencies and the bīt-hilāni building tradition in the Levant. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 359, 1333.Google Scholar
Lucas, G., 2012. Understanding the Archaeological Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Margueron, J.-C., 1979. Un ‘hilani’ à Emar, in Archaeological Reports from the Tabqa Dam Project-Euphrates Valley, Syria, ed. Freedman, D.N. (Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 44.) Cambridge (MA): American Schools of Oriental Research, 153–76.Google Scholar
Mazzoni, S., 1994. Aramaean and Luwian new foundations, in Nuove fondazioni nel Vicino Oriente antico: Realtà e ideologia, ed. Mazzoni, S.. Pisa: Università degli studi di Pisa, Giardini, 319–40.Google Scholar
Mazzoni, S., 2000. Syria and the periodization of the Iron Age: a cross-cultural perspective, in Essays on Syria in the Iron Age, ed. Bunnens, G.. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies Suppl. 7.) Louvain: Peeters, 3160.Google Scholar
McMahon, A., 2013. Space, sound, and light: toward a sensory experience of ancient monumental architecture. American Journal of Archaeology 117 (2), 163–79.Google Scholar
Melchert, H.C. (ed.), 2003. The Luwians. (Handbuch der Orientalistik 68.) Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Müller, V.K., 1917. Die monumentale Architektur der Chatti von Boghaz-köi. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung 42, 99170.Google Scholar
Nail, T., 2017. What is an assemblage? SubStance 46 (1), 2137.Google Scholar
Naumann, R., 1955. Architektur Kleinasiens: von ihren Anfängen bis zum Ende der Hethitischen Zeit. Tübingen: Ernst Wasmuth.Google Scholar
Necipoğlu, G., 2015. The scrutinizing gaze in the aesthetics of Islamic visual cultures: sight, insight, and desire. Muqarnas 32 (1), 2361.Google Scholar
Niehr, H. (ed.), 2014. The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. (Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 1, Ancient Near East 106.) Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Normark, J., 2010. Involutions of materiality: operationalizing a neo-materialist perspective through the causeways at Ichmul and Yo'okop. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 17 (2), 132–73.Google Scholar
Novák, M., 2004. Hilanu und Lustgarten. Ein ‘Palast des Hethiter-Landes’ und ein ‘Garten nach dem Abbild des Amanus’ in Assyrien, in Die Außenwirkung des späthethitischen Kulturraumes. Akten der zweiten Forschungstagung des Graduiertenkollegs ‘Anatolien und Seine Nachbarn’ der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen (20. bis 22. November 2003), eds. Novák, M., Prayon, F. & Wittke, A.-M.. (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 323.) Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 335–71.Google Scholar
Novák, M., 2005. Aramaeans and Luwians: processes of an acculturation, in Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia: Papers read at the 48th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Leiden, 1–4 July 2002, ed. van Soldt. Leiden, W.: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 252–66.Google Scholar
Novák, M., 2013. Between the Mušku and the Aramaeans: the early history of Guzana/Tell Halaf, in Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age relations between Syria and Anatolia, ed. Yener, K.A.. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supp. 42.) Leuven: Peeters, 293309.Google Scholar
Novák, M., Prayon, F. & Wittke, A.-M. (eds.), 2004. Die Außenwirkung des späthethitischen Kulturraumes. Akten der zweiten Forschungstagung des Graduiertenkollegs ‘Anatolien und Seine Nachbarn’ der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen (20. bis 22. November 2003). (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 323.) Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Oelmann, F., 1921. Zur Baugeschichte von Sendschirli. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 36, 8598.Google Scholar
Oppert, J. 1859. Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie 2. Paris: Imprimerie impériale.Google Scholar
Orthmann, W., 2008. Sakçagözü, in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 11, ed. Streck, P.. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 557–9.Google Scholar
Osborne, J.F., 2012. Communicating power in the bīt-ḫilāni palace. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 368, 2966.Google Scholar
Osborne, J.F., 2013. Sovereignty and territoriality in the city–state: a case study from the Amuq Valley, Turkey. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32, 774–90.Google Scholar
Osborne, J.F., 2014. Settlement planning and urban symbology in Syro-Anatolian cities. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24 (2), 195214.Google Scholar
Osborne, J.F., 2017. Exploring the lower settlements of Iron Age capitals in Anatolia and Syria. Antiquity 91, 90107.Google Scholar
Perry, R.L., 1985. The front porch as stage and symbol in the Deep South. Journal of American Culture 8 (2), 1318.Google Scholar
Petit, T., 2004. Späthethitische Einflüsse auf die zyprische Baukunst der Eisenzeit, in Die Außenwirkung des späthethitischen Kulturraumes. Akten der zweiten Forschungstagung des Graduiertenkollegs ‘Anatolien und Seine Nachbarn’ der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen (20. bis 22. November 2003), eds. Novák, M., Prayon, F. & Wittke, A.-M.. (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 323.) Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 177204.Google Scholar
Philips, J., 2006. Agencement/assemblage. Theory, Culture & Society 23, 108–9.Google Scholar
Pucci, M., 2006. Enclosing open spaces: the organisation of external areas in Syro-Hittite architecture, in Constructing Power: Architecture, ideology and social practice, eds. Maran, J., Juwig, C., Schwengel, H. & Thaler, U.. Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 169–84.Google Scholar
Pucci, M., 2008a. Functional Analysis of Space in Syro-Hittite Architecture. (BAR International series S1738). Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Pucci, M., 2008b. Visual communication of architecture: the Syro-Hittite town of Zincirli, in Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 29 March–3 April, Freie Universität Berlin. Vol. 1, eds. H. Kühne, R.M. Czichon & F.J. Kreppner. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 545–55.Google Scholar
Pucci, M., 2017. Searching for the Hittites in south eastern Anatolia: Zincirli and the Hittite material culture, in The Discovery of an Anatolian Empire. A colloquium to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the decipherment of the Hittite Language, eds. Doğan-Alparslan, M., Schachner, A. & Alparslan, M.. Istanbul: Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 239–48.Google Scholar
Puchstein, O., 1892. Die Säule in der assyrischen Architektur. Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 7, 124.Google Scholar
Reade, J.E., 2008. Real and imagined ‘Hittite palaces’ at Khorsabad and elsewhere. Iraq 70, 1340.Google Scholar
Rendell, J., 2006. Art and Architecture: A place between. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Sader, H., 2014. History, in The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria, ed. Niehr, H.. (Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 1, Ancient Near East 106.) Leiden: Brill, 1136.Google Scholar
Schloen, D., 2014. The city of Katumuwa: the Iron Age kingdom of Samʾal and the excavation of Zincirli, in In Remembrance of Me: Feasting with the dead in the ancient Middle East, eds. Herrmann, V.R. & Schloen, J.D. (Oriental Institute Museum Publications 37.) Chicago (IL): Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2738.Google Scholar
Schloen, J.D. & Fink, A.S., 2009a. New excavations at Zincirli Höyük in Turkey (ancient Sam'al) and the discovery of an inscribed mortuary stele. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 356, 113.Google Scholar
Schloen, J.D. & Fink, A.S., 2009b. Searching for ancient Samʾal: new excavations at Zincirli in Turkey. Near Eastern Archaeology 72 (4), 203–19.Google Scholar
Shalem, A., 2015. Amazement: the suspended moment of the gaze. Muqarnas 32 (1), 312.Google Scholar
Shepperson, M., 2017. Sunlight and Shade in the First Cities: A sensory archaeology of early Iraq. (Mundus Orientis. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Cultures 1.) Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Singer, I., 1975. Hittite ḫilammar and Hieroglyphic Luwian *ḫilana. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 65 (1), 69103.Google Scholar
Swidler, A., 1986. Culture in action: symbols and strategies. American Sociological Review 51, 273–86.Google Scholar
Thomason, A., 2016. The sense-scapes of Neo-Assyrian capital cities: royal authority and bodily experience. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26 (2), 243–64.Google Scholar
Thuesen, I., 2002. The neo-Hittite city–state, in A Comparative Study of Six City–State Cultures: An investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre, ed. Hansen, M.H.. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 4355.Google Scholar
Tropper, J., 1993. Die Inschriften von Zincirli: Neue Edition und vergleichende Grammatik des Phoenizischen, Sam'alischen und Aramaeischen Textkorpus. (Abhandlungen zur Literatur Alt-Syrien-Palästinas 6.) Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Tuan, Y.-F., 2011. Space and Place: The perspective of experience. Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
van Gennep, A., 1960. The Rites of Passage. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
von Luschan, F. (ed.), 1898. Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli. II Ausgrabungsbericht und Architektur. (Königliche Museen zu Berlin. Mittheilungen aus der orientalischen Sammlungen 12.) Berlin: W. Spemann.Google Scholar
von Luschan, F. (ed.), 1911. Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli. IV. (Königliche Museen zu Berlin. Mittheilungen aus der orientalischen Sammlungen 14.) Berlin: Reimer.Google Scholar
Wartke, R.-B., 2005. Sam'al. Ein aramäischer Stadtstaat des 10. bis 8. Jhs. v. Chr. und die Geschichte seiner Erforschung. Mainz: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.Google Scholar
Weidhaas, H., 1939. Der bīt ḫilāni. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 45, 108–68.Google Scholar
Winter, I.J., 1982. Art as evidence for interaction: relations between the Assyrian Empire and North Syria, in Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn: politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im alten Vorderasien vom 4.–1. Jahrtausend v. Chr.; XXV. Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Berlin, 3.–7. Juli 1978, eds. Nissen, H.J. & Renger, J.. (Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 1.) Berlin: Reimer, 355–82.Google Scholar
Woolley, L., 1955. Alalakh: An account of the excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937–1949. Oxford: Society of Antiquaries.Google Scholar
Younger, K.L., 2016. A Political History of the Arameans: From their origins to the end of their polities. Atlanta: SBL Press.Google Scholar
Zournatzi, A., forthcoming. The palace of Vouni (Cyprus): an Achaemenid perspective, in Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Ancient Cultural Relations between Iran and West Asia (Tehran 16–18 Aug. 2003).Google Scholar