Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T19:26:27.168Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Aggregation, status competition and levelling mechanisms in prehistoric Chulmun, Korea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2021

Minkoo Kim Open the ORCID record for Minkoo Kim [Opens in a new window]
Minkoo Kim*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology Chonnam National University Yongbong-ro 77, Gwangju Republic of Korea Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article discusses the aggregation and dispersion of the Chulmun hunter-gatherers (c. 8000–1500 bce) in prehistoric Korea. The following observations are made from settlement datasets. First, large numbers of houses do not necessarily imply aggregation, as they can be palimpsests of dwelling structures from different phases. Second, aggregation settlements were segmented and contained multiple discrete subunits. Individual residential clusters typically had fewer than 60 inhabitants. Third, there are some indications of social hierarchy in nucleated settlements such as Unseo-dong. Fourth, despite some evidence of emergent elites and social differentiation, social complexity did not intensify over the long run. Levelling mechanisms (e.g. group fission) were in operation and they suppressed the institutionalization of social hierarchy.

Type
Research Article
Information
Cambridge Archaeological Journal , Volume 32 , Issue 2 , May 2022 , pp. 227 - 243
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, M.A., Van Pool, T. & Leonard, R.D., 1996. Ancestral Pueblo population aggregation and abandonment in the North American Southwest. Journal of World Prehistory 10(3), 375–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahn, S.-m., 2012. Sigmul-yuchero bon seonsa, godae gyeongwaryu iyong-ui byeonhwa: dotoli, chamnamuwa bam, bamnamureul jungsim-eulo [Exploitation patterns of nuts and nut-yielding trees from Neolithic to ancient periods in Korea based on plant remains]. Journal of the Honam Archaeological Society 40, 5–43.Google Scholar
Ahn, S.-m., Kim, J. & Hwang, J., 2015. Sedentism, settlements, and radiocarbon dates of Neolithic Korea. Asian Perspectives 54(1), 113–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alberti, G., 2014. Modeling group size and scalar stress by logistic regression from an archaeological perspective. PLoS ONE 9(3), 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ames, K.M., 2008. The archaeology of rank, in Handbook of Archaeological Theories, eds Bentley, R.A., Maschner, H.D.G. & Chippindale, C.. Lanham (MD): AltaMira, 487–513.Google Scholar
An, D., 2006. Dongwi wonso bunseog-eul tonghan sigsaenghwal bogwon yeongu: gonamri paechong-eul jungsim-eulo [Dietary reconstruction by stable isotopic analysis: the Konam-ri shell middens in Korea]. Journal of the Korean Ancient Historical Society 54, 5–20.Google Scholar
Angelbeck, B. & Grier, C., 2012. Anarchism and the archaeology of anarchic societies: resistance to centralization in the Coast Salish region of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Current Anthropology 53(5), 547–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arkush, E., 2017. Coalescence and defensive communities: insights from an Andean hillfort town. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 28(1), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bae, K. & Kim, G., 2018. Seoul Amsa-dong Site: The excavation of 2016–2017. Ansan: Institute of Cultural Properties, Hanyang University.Google Scholar
Bandy, M.S., 2004. Fissioning, scalar stress, and social evolution in early village societies. American Anthropologist 106(2), 322–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, G.L., 2015. Archaeology of East Asia: The rise of civilization in China, Korea and Japan. Philadelphia (PA): Oxbow.Google Scholar
Birch, J., 2012. Coalescent communities: settlement aggregation and social integration in Iroquoian Ontario. American Antiquity 77(4), 646–70.Google Scholar
Blanton, R.E., Feinman, G.M., Kowalewski, S.A. & Peregrine, P.N., 1996. A dual-processual theory for the evolution of Mesoamerican civilization. Current Anthropology 37(1), 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehm, C., 1993. Egalitarian behavior and reverse dominance hierarchy. Current Anthropology 34(3), 227–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, B.M., 1987. Population estimation from floor area: a restudy of ‘Naroll's constant’. Cross-Cultural Research 21(1–4), 1–49.Google Scholar
Cameron, C.M., 2013. How people moved among ancient societies: broadening the view. American Anthropologist 115(2), 218–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carballo, D.M., Roscoe, P. & Feinman, G.M., 2014. Cooperation and collective action in the cultural evolution of complex societies. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 21(1), 98–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspari, G. & Jendryke, M., 2017. Archsphere – a cluster algorithm for archaeological applications. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 14, 181–8.Google Scholar
Casselberry, S.E., 1974. Further refinement of formulae for determining population from floor area. World Archaeology 6(1), 117–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Chang, K.-C., 1958. Study of the Neolithic social grouping: examples from the New World. American Anthropologist 60(2), 298–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, D., 2010. Incheon unseodong I yujeog chultotogie daehan jayeongwahagjeog bunseog [Scientific analysis of clay vessels from the Unseo-dong site I, Incheon], in Incheon Unseo-dong site I, ed. Jungang Cultural Heritage Research Centre. Seoul: Jungang Cultural Heritage Research Centre, 473–88.Google Scholar
Cho, M., Eunha, C., Shin, Y., Seo, M., Obata, H. & Lee, G.-A., 2015. Jungbu donghaeanjiyeog sinseoggisidae sigmuljawon iyong yeongu [Neolithic use of plant resource along the central east coast, Korea: grain impression analysis on pottery from the Munamri, Osanri C, and Songjeonri sites in Gangwondo]. Journal of the Korean Neolithic Research Society 28, 93–113.Google Scholar
Choe, C.P. & Bale, M.T., 2002. Current perspectives on settlement, subsistence, and cultivation in prehistoric Korea. Arctic Anthropology 39(1–2), 95–121.Google Scholar
Choi, J., 2015. Sinseoggi sidae nambu naeryugjiyeog chwilag yeongu [Research on the settlements of the southern inland regions during the Neolithic period]. Journal of the Korean Archaeological Society 97, 4–27.Google Scholar
Choi, K.-R., 1998. The post-glacial vegetation history of the lowland in the Korean peninsula. Korean Journal of Ecology 21(2), 169–74.Google Scholar
Choy, K., An, D. & Richards, M.P., 2012. Stable isotopic analysis of human and faunal remains from the Incipient Chulmun (Neolithic) shell midden site of Ando Island, Korea. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 2091–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choy, K. & Richards, M.P., 2010. Isotopic evidence for diet in the Middle Chulmun period: a case study from the Tongsamdong shell midden, Korea. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2, 1–10.Google Scholar
Conkey, M.W., 1980. The identification of prehistoric hunter-gatherer aggregation sites: the case of Altamira. Current Anthropology 21(5), 609–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, G.W. & Lee, G.-A., 2003. Agricultural origins in the Korean Peninsula. Antiquity 77, 87–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crema, E.R., 2013. Cycles of change in Jomon settlement: a case study from eastern Tokyo Bay. Antiquity 87, 1169–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, D.R., 2013. The emergence of concentrated villages in medieval western Europe: explanatory frameworks in the historiography. Canadian Journal of History 48(2), 223–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeMarrais, E. & Earle, T., 2017. Collective action theory and the dynamics of complex societies. Annual Review of Anthropology 46(1), 183–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dohm, K., 1990. Effect of population nucleation on house size for pueblos in the American Southwest. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9(3), 201–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drennan, R.D., 1988. Household location and compact versus dispersed settlement in prehispanic Mesoamerica, in Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, eds Wilk, R.R. & Ashmore, W.. Albuquerque (NM): University of New Mexico Press, 273–93.Google Scholar
Duffy, P.R., 2015. Site size hierarchy in middle-range societies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 37, 85–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunbar, R.I.M., 2003. The social brain hypothesis and its implications for social evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 32, 163–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J. & Xu, X., 1996. A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise, in Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD-96), 226–31.Google Scholar
Feinman, G. & Neitzel, J., 1984. Too many types: an overview of sedentary prestate societies in the Americas. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 7, 39–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, R., 1995. The Limits of Settlement Growth: A theoretical outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Frachetti, M.D., Spengler, R.N., Fritz, G.J. & Mar'yashev, A.N., 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84, 993–1010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginn, V., 2011. The fusion of settlement and identity in dispersed and nucleated settlements in Bronze Age Ireland. Journal of Irish Archaeology 20, 27–44.Google Scholar
Glowacki, L. & von Rueden, C., 2015. Leadership solves collective action problems in small-scale societies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370(1683), 20150010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gyeonggi Ceramic Museum, 2017. Paju Daeneung-ri Site. Gwangju: Gyeonggi Ceramic Museum.Google Scholar
Gyeonggi Institute of Cultural Property, 2010. Siheung Neunggok-dong Site. Seoul: Gyeonggi Institute of Cultural Property.Google Scholar
Ha, I., 2009. Namhaean jiyeog junggi jeulmuntogi sahoeui donghyang [The development of middle Neolithic societies in the southern coast of South Korea]. Journal of the Korean Ancient Historical Society 66, 27–44.Google Scholar
Ha, I., 2019. Jeulmuntogi sahoeui isig-e gwanhan siron [Introduction to earrings of the Chulmun pottery community]. Journal of the Jungang Cultural Property Research Centre 28, 1–32.Google Scholar
Habu, J., 1996. Jomon sedentism and intersite variability: collectors of the Early Jomon Moroiso phase in Japan. Arctic Anthropology 33(2), 38–49.Google Scholar
Habu, J., 2004. Ancient Jomon of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Habu, J., 2008. Growth and decline in complex hunter-gatherer societies: a case study from the Jomon period Sannai Maruyama site, Japan. Antiquity 82, 571–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahsler, M., Piekenbrock, M. & Doran, D., 2019. dbscan: Fast Density-Based Clustering with R. Journal of Statistical Software 1(1), 1–30.Google Scholar
Hangang Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2012. Incheon Jungsan-dong Site. Seoul: Hangang Institute of Cultural Heritage.Google Scholar
Im, H., 2003. Namhaean sinseoggi sidaeui maejang yugu [Neolithic burials of southern coast of Korea]. Seonsa wa godae 18, 25–56.Google Scholar
Im, H. & Lee, J., 2010. Sinseoggi sidae dotori jeojanggong-e daehan geomto [Acorn storage pits of the Neolithic period: the case of Changyeong Bibong-ri]. Journal of the Yeongnam Archaeological Society 52, 5–34.Google Scholar
Johnson, G.A., 1982. Organizational structure and scalar stress, in Theory and Explanation in Archaeology, eds Renfrew, C., Rowlands, M.J. & Segraves, B.A.. New York (NY): Academic Press, 389–421.Google Scholar
Ju, G., 2006. Sin-i naelin hwanggeum geumul dolsal [Fish weir: golden net from god]. Seoul: Deulnyeok.Google Scholar
Jungang Cultural Heritage Research Centre, 2010. Incheon Unseo-dong site I. Seoul: Jungang Cultural Heritage Research Centre.Google Scholar
Jungbu Institute for Archaeology, 2013. Hwaseong Cheongwon-ri and Seoggyo-ri sites, Seoul: Jungbu Institute for Archaeology.Google Scholar
Katz, Y. & Grossman, D., 1993. The dominance of nucleation: the Jewish experience in the early phase of Jewish settlement. GeoJournal 31(4), 401–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, R.L., 2013. The Lifeways of Hunter-gatherers: The foraging spectrum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, G. & Kim, S., 2012. Sinseoggi sidae mangchihyeong seoggiui gineung yeongu [A functional study on the hammerstone tools in the Neolithic age]. Journal of Central Institute of Cultural Heritage 11, 1–39.Google Scholar
Kim, H., 2015a. Sinseoggi sidae chulto dongmul-yuche-ui yeongu seonggwa [Research on the remains of animals dating to the Neolithic age and the future direction of research]. Archaeology Journal 21, 67–103.Google Scholar
Kim, J., 2003. Land-use conflict and the rate of the transition to agricultural economy: a comparative study of southern Scandinavia and central-western Korea. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 10(3), 277–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J., 2010. Opportunistic versus target mode: prey choice changes in central-western Korean prehistory. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29(1), 80–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J., 2017. Jungbu seohaeanjiyeog sinseoggi sidae jugeowa chwilaggujoui byeonhwa [Changes in the dwellings and settlements of the Neolithic age in the central-western coastal zone of South Korea: examination of Yeongjong-do area]. Journal of the Korean Neolithic Research Society 33, 53–99.Google Scholar
Kim, J. & Park, J., 2020. Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context. Evolutionary Human Sciences 2(e12).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, M., Shin, H.-N., Kim, S., et al. , 2015. Population and social aggregation in the Neolithic Chulmun villages of Korea. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 40, 160–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, M., Yi, G., Kim, J., Kim, S., Chung, H., Kim, J. & Kim, H., 2019. The tethering landscape: dispersion and nucleation in early agricultural communities in southwestern Korea. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 53, 174–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, S.-O., 2015b. Recent developments and debates in Korean prehistoric archaeology. Asian Perspectives 54(1), 11–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Y.-H. & Kim, J.-W., 2017. Distributional uniqueness of deciduous oaks (Quercus L.) in the Korean peninsula. Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 20(2), 37–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolb, C.C., 1985. Demographic estimates in archaeology: contributions from ethnoarchaeology on Mesoamerican peasants. Current Anthropology 26(5), 581–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korea Institute of Heritage, 2009. Ansan Singil-dong II site. Seoul: Korea Institute of Heritage.Google Scholar
Korea Meteorological Administration, 2020. Domestic Climate Data. https://www.weather.go.kr/weather/climate/average_regional.jspGoogle Scholar
Kramer, C., 1982. Village Ethnoarchaeology: Rural Iran in archaeological perspective. New York (NY): Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ku, J., 2011. Sinseoggi sidae jugeowa chwilag yeongu [Neolithic pithouses and settlements]. Seoul: Seogyeong Munhwasa.Google Scholar
Ku, J., 2013. Jungseobu jiyeog sinseoggi sidae jibjariwa maeul-ui unyong bangsig yeongu [The research of Neolithic age pit house located in the central-western operating system]. Journal of the Korean Neolithic Research Society 26, 1–23.Google Scholar
Ku, J. & Bae, S., 2009. Hangugui sinseoggi sidae jibjari [Neolithic dwelling sites in Korea]. Seoul: Society for Korean Neolithic Research/Hangang Institute of Cultural Heritage.Google Scholar
Kuijt, I., 2000. People and space in early agricultural villages: exploring daily lives, community size, and architecture in the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19(1), 75–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwak, S., Obata, H. & Lee, G.-A., 2020. Broad-spectrum foodways in southern coastal Korea in the Holocene: isotopic and archaeobotanical signatures in Neolithic shell middens. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2020.1776427Google Scholar
Kwon, S., Kim, J., Lee, E.-H. & Jung, C.-Y., 2016. Geography of Korea. Seongnam: Academy of Korean Studies.Google Scholar
LeBlanc, S., 1971. An addition to Naroll's suggested floor area and settlement population relationship. American Antiquity 36(2), 210–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, G.-A., 2011. The transition from foraging to farming in prehistoric Korea. Current Anthropology 52(S4), S307–S29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, G.-A., 2017. The Chulmun period of Korea: current findings and discourse on Korean Neolithic culture, in Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology, eds Habu, J., Lape, P.V. & Olsen, J.W.. New York (NY): Springer, 451–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, H.-w., 2012. Jungbujiyeog sinseoggi~cheongdonggi sidae chwilag-ui gonggan gujowa geu uimi [Settlement structure and its significance in the central region during the Neolithic to Bronze Age]. Archaeology 11(2), 33–73.Google Scholar
Lee, M. & Kim, T., 2012. Coastal topography, in Hangug-ui jayeonjiri [Physical geography of Korea], eds Kim, J., Lee, M., Kong, W. & Kim, T.. Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 59–76.Google Scholar
Lee, R., 1990. Primitive communism and the origin of social inequality, in The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in small-scale sedentary societies, ed. Upham, S.. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press, 225–46.Google Scholar
Lee, R.J. & Bale, M.T., 2016. Social change and household geography in Mumun period South Korea. Journal of Anthropological Research 72(2), 178–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S., 2000. Hanbando sinseoggiin-ui myojewa sahusegyegwan [Burial practices and perception of death in the Korean Neolithic period]. Gomunhwa 56, 3–27.Google Scholar
Li, B. & Kim, M., 2020. Construction wood selection of prehistoric hunter-gatherers/incipient agriculturalists: an examination of carbonised wood from Chulmun-period sites in Korea. Journal of Humanities 77(1), 127–65.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, E., Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, G., O'Connell, T.C., et al. , 2015. How ‘pastoral’ is pastoralism? Dietary diversity in Bronze age communities in the central Kazakhstan steppes. Archaeometry 57(S1), 232–49.Google Scholar
Lim, S.T., 2010. Sinseoggisidae seohaejungbujiyeog sangdaepyeonnyeongwa chwilaggujoui teugjing [Reconsidering chronological sequence and settlement pattern in the western coast of Korean peninsula during the Neolithic period]. Journal of the Korean Ancient Historical Society 70, 21–40.Google Scholar
Lim, S.K., 2012. Hanbando chulto gyeolsang isig sogo [A study on the slit jade earring excavated in the Korean peninsula]. Korean Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies 45(4), 4–21.Google Scholar
Marcus, J., 2008. The archaeological evidence for social evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 37, 251–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, N., Habu, J. & Matsui, A., 2017. Subsistence, sedentism, and social complexity among Jomon hunter-gatherers of the Japanese archipelago, in Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology, eds Habu, J., Lape, P.V. & Olsen, J.W.. New York (NY): Springer, 437–50.Google Scholar
McGuire, R.H. & Saitta, D.J., 1996. Although they have petty captains, they obey them badly: the dialectics of prehispanic Western Pueblo social organization. American Antiquity 61(2), 197–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizoguchi, K., 2016. The household as a node of communal collaboration between settlements and tension within settlements: a case study from the Yayoi period in northern Kyushu (Japan). Journal of Anthropological Research 72(2), 158–77.Google Scholar
Naroll, R., 1962. Floor area and settlement population. American Antiquity 27(4), 587–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Folk Museum of Korea, 1996. Eochon minsogji [The ethnography of Korean fishing villages] Seoul: National Folk Museum of Korea.Google Scholar
National Museum of Korea, 1994. Amsa-dong I. Seoul: National Museum of Korea.Google Scholar
National Museum of Korea, 1999. Amsa-dong II. Seoul: National Museum of Korea.Google Scholar
National Museum of Korea, 2006. Amsa-dong III. Seoul: National Museum of Korea.Google Scholar
National Museum of Korea, 2007. Amsa-dong IV. Seoul: National Museum of Korea.Google Scholar
Nelson, S.M., 1993. The Archaeology of Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Obata, H., 2013. Descriptions on the diagnostic characteristics for identification of millet impressions from Dongsamdong shell midden and Bibongri site. Journal of the Korean Neolithic Research Society 25, 105–55.Google Scholar
Oh, Y., Conte, M., Kang, S., Kim, J. & Hwang, J., 2017. Population fluctuation and the adoption of food production in prehistoric Korea: using radiocarbon dates as a proxy for population change. Radiocarbon 59(6), 1761–70.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. & Gardner, R., 1993. Coping with asymmetries in the commons: self-governing irrigation systems can work. Journal of Economic Perspectives 7(4), 93–112.Google Scholar
Overstreet, S., Choi, S., Park, C.-R., Lee, D. & Gradziel, T., 2015. Acorn production and utilization in the Republic of Korea, in General Technical Report (GTR) PSW-GTR-251. Berkeley (CA): US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 265–71.Google Scholar
Peterson, C.E. & Shelach, G., 2012. Jiangzhai: social and economic organization of a Middle Neolithic Chinese village. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(3), 265–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porčić, M., 2012. Effects of residential mobility on the ratio of average house floor area to average household size: implications for demographic reconstructions in archaeology. Cross-Cultural Research 46(1), 72–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappaport, R.A., 1968. Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the ecology of a New Guinea people. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rautman, A.E., 2000. Population aggregation, community organization, and plaza-oriented pueblos in the American Southwest. Journal of Field Archaeology 27(3), 271–83.Google Scholar
Shin, S.-C., Rhee, S.-N. & Aikens, C.M., 2012. Chulmun Neolithic intensification, complexity, and emerging agriculture in Korea. Asian Perspectives 51(1), 68–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoda, S., Lucquin, A., Ahn, J.-h., Hwang, C.-j. & Craig, O.E., 2017. Pottery use by early Holocene hunter-gatherers of the Korean peninsula closely linked with the exploitation of marine resources. Quaternary Science Reviews 170, 164–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoda, S., Lucquin, A., Sou, C.I., et al. , 2018. Molecular and isotopic evidence for the processing of starchy plants in Early Neolithic pottery from China. Scientific Reports 8(1), 17044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shott, M., 2004. Hunter-gatherer aggregation in theory and evidence: the North American paleoindian case, in Hunters and Gatherers in Theory and Archaeology, ed. Crothers, G.M.. Carbondale (IL): Southern Illinois University Press, 68–102.Google Scholar
So, S., 2012. Sinseoggisidae jungseobu haean mich doseojiyeog eoromunhwa yeongu [A study on fishing culture in central-western coastal and insular areas during the Neolithic age]. Journal of the Korean Neolithic Research Society 23, 75–99.Google Scholar
So, S., 2013. Hanbando jungseobu jibang sinseoggi sidae saenggye jugeo chegye yeongu [A study of subsistence-settlement system in Neolithic central-western Korea]. Doctoral dissertation, Hanyang University.Google Scholar
Trigger, B.G., 2003. Understanding Early Civilizations: A comparative study. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, T.R., 2002. Leadership and cooperation in groups. American Behavioral Scientist 45(5), 769–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogels, O., Fäder, E. & Lenssen-Erz, T., 2020. A matter of diversity? Identifying past hunter-gatherer aggregation camps through data driven analyses of rock art sites. Quaternary International 572, 151–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Rueden, C., Gurven, M., Kaplan, H. & Stieglitz, J., 2014. Leadership in an egalitarian society. Human Nature 25(4), 538–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, S.A. & Fuller, D.Q, 2008. Millets and their role in early agriculture. Pragdhara 18, 69–90.Google Scholar
Weber, S.A., Lehman, H., Barela, T., Hawks, S. & Harriman, D., 2010. Rice or millets: early farming strategies in prehistoric central Thailand. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2(2), 79–88.Google Scholar
Wiessner, P., 1974. A functional estimator of population from floor area. American Antiquity 39(2), 343–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zorn, J.R., 2000. Estimating the population size of ancient settlements: methods, problems, solutions, and a case study. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 295, 31–48.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Kim supplementary material

Table S1

Download Kim supplementary material(File)
File 24.4 KB