Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:53:38.615Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Whither Arab-Byzantine numismatics? A review of fifty years’ research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2016

Extract

The coins struck or used in Syria during the seventh century are a potential source for historians relating to a geographical area that has left few contemporary sources relevant to the administration of the area in the years following the Persian conquest of AD 611. The coins should have the ability to shed light on fiscal administration and regional or local government, but they remain little known to historians and there has been no recent comprehensive synthesis of the coinage of this period. Two catalogues (Ilisch, 1993; Album and Goodwin, 2002) have laid many coins before the non-specialist, but they are restricted to the holdings of the particular museums and do not present a complete picture.

Type
Critical Study
Copyright
Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Album, S. (1988), ‘Seventh century-Part I: Islamic conquerors adapted local Byzantine coinage’, The Celator 2 (4), 1, 6, 15, 17.Google Scholar
Album, S., and Goodwin, T. (2002), Sylloge of Islamic coins in the Ashmolean Museum: Volume 1: the pre-reform coinage of the early Islamic period (Oxford).Google Scholar
Amitai-Preiss, N. (1990-91), ‘Some Arab-Byzantine and Umayyad coins from the Hebrew University collection’, Israel Numismatic journal 11, 94-99.Google Scholar
Amitai-Preiss, N. and Berman, A. (1997) ‘Muslim Coins’ in The Koman Bath of Hammat Gader Final Report, ed. Hirschfeld, Y. (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society) 301-18.Google Scholar
Amitai-Preiss, N., Berman, A. and Qedar, S. (1994-9), ‘The coinage of Scythopolis-Baysan and Gerasa-Jerash’, Israel Numismatic Journal 13, 133151.Google Scholar
Awad, H.A. (1972), ‘Seventh century Arab imitations of Alexandrian dodecanummia’, American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 18, 113117.Google Scholar
Balaguer Prunes, A.M. (1976a), Las emisiones transicionales árabe-musulmanas de Hispánia (Barcelona).Google Scholar
Balaguer, A.M. (1976b), ‘Nuevos datos sobre la moneda transisional árabe-musulmana de Hispánia y Africa’, Gaceta Numismática 42, 27-41.Google Scholar
Balaguer, A.M. (1976c), ‘Descripción y comentarios de doce monedas transicionales acuñadas en el norte de Africa e Hispánia’, Gaceta Numismática 43, 32-51.Google Scholar
Balaguer, A.M. (1979), ‘Early Islamic transitional gold issues of North-Africa and Spain’, American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 24, 225241.Google Scholar
Balaguer, A.M. (1988), ‘Las emisiones transicionales arabe-musulmanas de al-Andalus: nueva sintesis’, I Jarique de Estudios Numismaticos Hispano-Arabes (Zaragoza) 11-28.Google Scholar
Balty, J.C. (1970), ‘Un follis d’Antioche date de 623/24 et les campagnes syriennes d’Heraclius’, Schweizer Munzblatter 20, 4–12.Google Scholar
Bartczak, A. (1989), ‘Mennictwo kalifatu przed i w okresie wprowadzania reform ‘Abd al-Malika ibn Marwana (685–705r.)’, Wiadomoci numizmatyczne 33, 1-11.Google Scholar
Bates, G.E. (1970), ‘The Antioch mint under Heraclius’, American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 16, 80-82.Google Scholar
Bates, M.L. (1976), ‘The ‘Arab Byzantine’ bronze coin-age of Syria: an innovation by ‘Abd al-Malik’ in A Colloquium in Memory of George Carpenter Miles (1904-1975) (New York), 16-27.Google Scholar
Bates, M.L. (1986), ‘History, geography, and numismatics in the first century of Islamic coinage’, Revue suisse de numismatique 65, 231262.Google Scholar
Bates, M.L. (1987), ‘Coins of Umayyad Damascus’, World Coin News (6 October 1987), 14-18; (13 October 1987) 12-16; (20 October 1987) 14-16.Google Scholar
Bates, M.L. (1989), ‘The coinage of Syria under the Umayyads, 692-750 AD’ in The fourth international conference on the history of Bilad al-Sham during the Umayyad Period: proceedings of the third symposium, 24–29 October 1987, English Section, Vol. II (ed. Bakhit, M.A. and Schick, R.) (Amman) 195228. {Reprinted in Arabic translation by Nayef Goussous in Yarmouk Numismatics 2 (1) (1990) 15-51}.Google Scholar
Bates, M.L. (1992a), ‘Commentaire sur l’étude de Cécile Morrisson’, in La Syrie de Byzance à l’Islam, Vile—Ville siècles (Actes du Colloque international, Lyon Maison de l’Orient Méditerranéen, Paris Institut du Monde Arabe, 11-15 Septembre 1990) (ed.Canivet, P. and Rey-Coquais, J-P.) (Damascus) 319-21.Google Scholar
Bates, M.L. (1992b), ‘The coinage of Spain under the Umayyad Caliphs of the East, 711-750’ in Actas III Jarique de Numismatica Hispano-arabe (Madrid) 271289.Google Scholar
Bates, M. (1994), ‘Byzantine coinage and its imitations, Arab coinage and its imitations: Arab-Byzantine coinage’, Aram 6, 381403.Google Scholar
Bates, M.L, and Kovacs, F.L. (1996), ‘A hoard of large Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine coppers’, Numismatic Chronicle 156, 165–174.Google Scholar
Bates, M.L. (1996), ‘Roman and early Muslim coinage in North Africa’, Yarmouk Numismatics 8, 9-17.Google Scholar
Bendali, S. (1987), ‘Four Byzantine notes’, Numismatic Circular 95 (1), 3-4.Google Scholar
Berman, A. (1976), Islamic Coins (Jerusalem).Google Scholar
Bone, H. (2000), ‘The administration of Umayyad Syria: the evidence of copper coins, PhD Thesis, Princeton University.Google Scholar
De Navascues, J.M. (1959), ‘Estudios sobre numismática musulmana occidental’, Numarto Hispanico, 8, 5-66.Google Scholar
de Roever, W.P. (1991), ‘A Nea(polis) follis of Heraclius’ 26th regnal year, Numismatic Circular 99 (5), 146.Google Scholar
Domaszewicz, L. and Bates, M.L. (2002), ‘The Copper Coinage of Egypt in the Seventh Century’ in Fustat Finds: Beads, Coins, Medical Instruments, Textiles and Other Artifacts from the Awad Collection, ed. Bacharach, J.L., American University in Cairo Press (Cairo and New York) 88-107.Google Scholar
Donald, P.J. (1986), ‘The Neapolis coins of Heraclius’, Numismatic Circular 94 (4), 116.Google Scholar
Donald, P.J. (1987), ‘Neapolis under Heraclius — a further find’, Numismatic Circular 95 (5), 151.Google Scholar
Evans, J. DeRose (1993–94), ‘Heraclian countermarks on coins found at Caesarea’, American journal of Numismatics 5-6, 97-104.Google Scholar
Foss, C. (1997), ‘Syria in transition, AD 550-750: an archeological approach’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51, 189269.Google Scholar
Foss, C. (1994–99), ‘The coinage of Syria in the seventh century: the evidence of excavations’, Israel Numismatic Journal 13, 119132.Google Scholar
Foss, C. (2001), ‘Anomalous Arab-Byzantine coins: some problems and suggestions’, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No.166, 5–12.Google Scholar
Foss, C. (2002), ‘A Syrian coinage of Mu’awiya?’, Revue Numismatique 158, 353365.Google Scholar
Foss, C. (2003a), ‘Arab-Byzantine coins and history: some problems and suggestions’, paper delivered at the 10th Seventh Century Near East Numismatic Round Table held in Oxford, November 2003.Google Scholar
Foss, C. (2003b), ‘The Coinage of the First century of Islam’ [being a review of Album and Goodwin, 2002], Journal of Roman Archaeology 20, 748760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foss, C. (2003c), ‘The two-caliph bronze of ‘Abd al-Malik, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 177, 4-5.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1990), ‘An interesting Arab Byzantine fulus of Damascus’, Numismatic Circular 98 (4), 123.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1991), ‘A neglected branch of early Islamic art — the Arab Byzantine copper coinage’, Coin News 28 (8), 25-26.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1993a), ‘Imitations of the folks of Constans II’, ONS Occasional Paper, no. 28.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1993b), ‘Imitative 7th century Byzantine folles with a single figure in military dress’, Numismatic Circular 101 (4), 112-13.Google Scholar
Goodwin, A. (1993c), ‘Miniature punchmarks on the Arab-Byzantine coins of HIMS’, Numismatic Circular 101 (4), 114.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1994), ‘A Hoard of imitative Byzantine folles’, Numismatic Circular 102 (8),357-59.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1995), ‘7th century Arab imitations of Byzantine folles’, Numismatic Circular 103 (9), 336-37.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1996a), ‘A puzzling Arab-Byzantine coin’, Numismatic Circular 104 (10),442.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1996b), ‘Coin Hoards: Near East No.173, unknown provenance, probably Syria, 1995 or earlier’, Numismatic Chronicle 156, 325326.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1997a), ‘A remarkable standing caliph fals’, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 151, 5.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1998a), ‘The ‘standing caliph’ coinage’, The Celator 12, 22-25.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (1998b), ‘Walker’s ‘full weight dirhams’ — new light on an enigmatic Arab-Byzantine coin of Damascus’, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 157, 9.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (2000a), ‘Focus on the mint of Baalbek’, paper delivered at the 7th Seventh Century Syrian Numismatic Round Table held at the British Museum, London, in March 2000.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (2000b), ‘Seventh century Islamic countermarks from Syria’, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 162, 13–16.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (2000c), ‘Pseudo Byzantine coinage from seventh century Syria’, The Celator 14, 16-27.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (2001a), ‘Arab-Byzantine coins — the significance of overstrikes’, Numismatic Chronicle 161, 91-109.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (2001b), ‘Anomalous Arab-Byzantine coins — some further observations’, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 168, 10-11.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (2003a), ‘Some interesting Arab-Byzantine coins from the Barber Institute Collection’, Numismatic Circular 111 (4), 196-8.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (2003b) ‘The 7th-century coinage of Egypt — some problems’, paper delivered at the 10th Seventh Century Near East Numismatic Round Table held at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, in November 2003.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T. (2004), ‘The Arab-Byzantine coinage of Jund Filastin — a potential historical source’, BMGS 28 (this volume) 1-12.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T., forthcoming in a catalogue of the Khalili Collection.Google Scholar
Goodwin, T., personal communication in February 2004.Google Scholar
Goussous, N. (1996), Umayyad coinage of Bilad al-Sham (Amman).Google Scholar
Goussous, N. (1993), A Unique Arab-Byzantine Coin, Yarmouk Numismatics 5, 37-38.Google Scholar
Graff, G. (2003), ‘Un follis arabo-byzantin bilingue, rare ou inédit, au type syro-palestinien d’Héraclius, Héraclius Constantin et Martine’, Jean Elsen, Brussels, Liste 226 Sept-Dec 2003, 1-4.Google Scholar
Grierson, P. (1960), ‘The monetary reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik: their metrological basis and their financial repercussions’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 3, 241264.Google Scholar
Grierson, P. (1968), Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whitmore Collection, Volume Two, Phocas to Theodosius HI 602-717 (2 vols.) (Washington DC).Google Scholar
Gromotka, G.E. (1988), ‘Einige Anmerkungen zu Gegenstempeln auf Münzen des syro- palästinensischen Raums aus der 2. Hälfte des 7. Jahrhunderts’, Westfalia Numismatica 1988: Festschrift zur Feier des 75jährigen Bestehens des Vereins der Münzfreunde für Westfalen (Schriftenreihe der Münzfreunde Minden, 13) (Minden), 14-19.Google Scholar
Hadidi, A. (1975), ‘Umayyad bronze coins from Amman’ [in Arabic], Annual of the Department of Antiquities ļof Jordan] 20, 9-14.Google Scholar
Hahn, W. (1977), ‘Minting activity in the Diocese of Oriens under Heraclius’, Numismatic Circular 85 (7-8), 307308.Google Scholar
Hahn, W. (1981), Moneta imperil byzantini von Heraclius bis Leo III.IAlleinregierung (610–720), (Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Veroffentlichungen der numismatischen Kommission, X) (Vienna).Google Scholar
Haldon, J.F. (1995), ‘Seventh century continuities: the ajnād and the “thematic myth”’ in The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East: III: states, resources and armies, ed. Cameron, Av. (Princeton) 379–423.Google Scholar
Hebert, R.J. (1987), ‘The Early Coinage of Bilad al-Sham’ in Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Bilad al-Sham in the Early Islamic Period up to 40 A.H.I640 AD, I, (ed. Bakhit, M.A.) (Amman: University of Jordan) 133154;Google Scholar
Heidemann, S. (1998), ‘The merger of two currency zones in early Islam. The Byzantine and Sasanian impact on the circulation in former Byzantine Syria and Northern Mesopotamia’, Iran 36, 95-112.Google Scholar
Ilisch, L. (1980), ‘Die umayyadischen und ‘abbāsidischen Kupfermünzen von Hims: Versuch einer Chronologie’, Münstersche Numismatische Zeitung 10 (3), 23–30.Google Scholar
Ilisch, A. (1993), Sylloge Numorum Arabicorum Tübingen: Palästina IVa Bilād aš-Šām I (Tübingen)Google Scholar
Ilisch, L. (2001a), ‘A response from Lutz Ilisch’, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 167, 2-3.Google Scholar
Jamil, N. (1999), ‘Caliph and qutb. Poetry as a source for interpreting the transformation of the Byzantine cross on steps on Umayyad coinage’ in Bayt al-Maqdis, Jerusalem and early Islam (Oxford Studies in Islamic Art IX part two), ed. Johns, J. (Oxford) 11–57.Google Scholar
Janis, E. (1978), ‘Arab-Byzantine Coinage in Eretz Yisroal’, The Shekel 11 (2), 34–35; 11 (3), 31-33; 11 (4), 14-15; 11 (5), 17.Google Scholar
Karukstis, C.P. (1996), ‘Comments on the al-wafā lillāh coinage’, paper delivered at the Arab-Byzantine Forum III held at the ANS, New York, in October 1996.Google Scholar
Karukstis, C.P. (1999), ‘Meshorer’s ‘enigmatic coin’ revisited’, paper delivered at the Arab-Byzantine Forum V held at the ANS, New York in November 1999.Google Scholar
Karukstis, C.P. (2000), ‘A note on the localization of pseudo-Byzantine coinage in Syria’, Numismatic Circular 108, 158.Google Scholar
Karukstis, C. (2000), ‘An eighth-century hoard from Bethlehem? — Preliminary analysis’, paper delivered at the Arab-Byzantine Forum VI held at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington DC, November 2000.Google Scholar
El-Kholi, M. (1993), ‘Neue Aspekte zu arabo-byzantinischen Münzen mit Kaiserbild’, in Syrien von den Aposteln zu den Kalifen (Linzer Archäologische Forschungen 21) (Mainz and Linz), 501509.Google Scholar
Kindler, A. (1961), The Coins of Tiberias [in Hebrew] (Tiberias).Google Scholar
Kirkbride, A.S. (1947-8), ‘Coins of the Byzantine-Arab transition period’, Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 13, 59-63.Google Scholar
Lafaurie, J. (1964), ‘Imitation d’un solidus de Phocas frappée par les Sassanides’, Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique, Dec. 1964, 412-415.Google Scholar
Lampinen, P. (1990), ‘The Coins, preliminary report, 1990’, in Caesarea Papers: Straton’s Tower, Herod’s Harbour, and Roman and Byzantine Caesarea, (ed. Vann, R.L.) (Ann Arbor) 169170.Google Scholar
Lowick, N.M. (1970), ‘Early Arab figure types’, Numismatic Circular 78(3), 90-91.Google Scholar
Mansfield, S.J. (1992), ‘A Byzantine irregular issue of ‘year 20”, Numismatic Circular 100 (3), 81-82.Google Scholar
Marot, T. (1992), ‘Monedas omeyas halladas en el mercado romano de Gerasa’, in III Jarique de Numismática Hispano-árabe, Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, 13-16 diciembre 1990 (Madrid) 291-98.Google Scholar
Marot, T. (1998), Las monedas del marcellum de Gerasa (Madrid).Google Scholar
Mayer, L. A. (1954), Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics, Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1939 (2nd edn 1954).Google Scholar
Meshorer, Y. (1965-6), ‘An enigmatic Arab-Byzantine coin’, Israel Numismatic Journal 3,32-36.Google Scholar
Meshorer, Y. (1987), ‘Coins of Jerusalem under the Umayyads and Abbasids’ [in Hebrew], in The History of Jerusalem: The Early Islamic Period (638-1099) (ed. Prawer, J.) (Jerusalem) 337344.Google Scholar
Metcalf, D.M. (1964), ‘Some Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine coins from Palaestina Prima’, Israel Numismatic Journal 2 (3-4), 32-46.Google Scholar
Metcalf, D.M., and Payne, S. (1965), ‘Some Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine coins obtained in Jerusalem’, Numismatic Circular 73 (6), 130-32, 73(9), 185-6 and 73 (12), 257-58, 255.Google Scholar
Metcalf, D.M. (1991—4), ‘An early Arab-Byzantine coin from Cyprus?Numismatic Report (Cyprus Numismatic Society) 22-25, 43.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C. (1959), ‘The Iconography of Umayyad Coinage’, Ars Orientalis 3, 207-13.Google Scholar
Miles, G.C. (1967), ‘The earliest Arab gold coinage’, American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 13, 205229.Google Scholar
Milstein, R. (1988-9), ‘A hoard of early Arab figurative coins’, Israel Numismatic Journal 10, 3-26.Google Scholar
Mitchiner, M. (1977), Oriental coins and their values: the world of Islam (London).Google Scholar
Moorhead, T.S.N. (1997), ‘The late Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad periods at Tel Jezreel’, Tel Aviv 24 (1), 129166.Google Scholar
Morgenstern, R. (1978), ‘Comentario sobre algunas monedas orientales de la época de transición’, Numisma 28, 399408; reprinted in Gaceta Numismatica 49, 54-62.Google Scholar
Morrisson, C. (1989), ‘La monnaie en Syrie byzantine’, in Archeologie et histoire de la Syrie, II, (ed. Dentzer, J.-M. and Orthmann, W.) (Saarbrücken) 191204.Google Scholar
Morrisson, C. (1992), ‘Le monnayage omeyyade et l’histoire administrative et économique de la Syrie’ in La Syrie de Byzance à l’Islam, VIIe—VIIIe siècles. Actes du Colloque international, Lyon Maison de l’Orient Méditerranéen, Paris Institut du Monde Arabe, 11–15 Septembre 1990 (ed. Canivet, P. and Rey-Coquais, J.-P.) (Damascus: Institute Français de Damas) 309-21.Google Scholar
Naghawi, , ‘Aida, (1989), ‘Umayyad fuses minted at Jerash’, Syria 66, 219222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oddy, W.A. (1987), ‘The ‘Constans II’ bust type of Arab-Byzantine coins of Hims’, Revue numismatique (6th series) 29, 192197.Google Scholar
Oddy, W.A. (1990), ‘The early Islamic coinage of Hims: a new type’, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 124, 4-5.Google Scholar
Oddy, A. (1991), ‘Arab imagery on early Umayyad coins in Syria and Palestine: evidence for falconry’, Numismatic Chronicle 151, 59–66.Google Scholar
Oddy, W.A. (1993), ‘New varieties of the Arab-Byzantine coinage of Hims’, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 137, 9.Google Scholar
Oddy, A. (1994), ‘The early Umayyad coinage of Baisān and Jerash’, ARAM 6, 405418.Google Scholar
Oddy, A. and Pavlou, P. (1995a), ‘A barbarous bronze from seventh century Syria’, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 145, 3.Google Scholar
Oddy, A. (1995b), ‘Imitations of Constans II folles of class 1 or 4 struck in Syria’, Numismatic Circular 103 (4), 142143.Google Scholar
Oddy, A. (1995c), ‘Another group of die-linked pseudo-Byzantine coins — what do they mean?’, paper delivered at the 3rd Seventh Century Syrian Numismatic Round Table held at the British Museum, December 1995.Google Scholar
Oddy, A. (2002), ‘Die study of the Constans II bust-type coins of Hims’, paper delivered at the 9th Seventh Century Near East Numismatic Round Table held at the University of Birmingham in November 2002.Google Scholar
Oddy, A. (2003a), ‘The Christian coinage of early Muslim Syria?’, ARAM 15, 185196.Google Scholar
Oddy, A. (2003b), ‘A new proto-Umayyad mint in Syria?’, paper delivered at the 10th Seventh Century Near East Numismatic Round Table held at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, November 2003.Google Scholar
Oddy, A. (2004a), ‘The twin standing caliph fals’, Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 179, 10-11.Google Scholar
Oddy, A. (2004b), ‘A new proto-Umayyad mint in Syria?’, Numismatic Chronicle [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Pavlou, P. (1993), ‘Was There Ever a Mint in Cyprus?’ paper delivered to the ONS study day at the British Museum in July 1993.Google Scholar
Phillips, J.R. (1962), ‘The Byzantine bronze coins of Alexandria in the seventh century’, Numismatic Chronicle (7th series) 2, 225241.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. and Goodwin, T. (1997), ‘A seventh-century Syrian hoard of Byzantine and imitative copper coins’, Numismatic Chronicle 157, 61–87.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. (2000), ‘Tabariya and pseudo-Tabariya’, paper delivered at the 9th Seventh Century Syria Numismatic Round Table held at the University of Birmingham, November 2002.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. (2001), ‘The Islamic legends on the pre-reform coinage of Tabariyya’, paper delivered at the 10th Seventh Century Near East Numismatic Round Table held at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, November 2003.Google Scholar
Phillips, M.S. (forthcoming), ‘Islamic legends on the pre-reform coinage of Tabariya’, Proceedings of the 13th International Numismatic Congress held in Madrid in 2003 [forthcoming].Google Scholar
Pitsillides, A.G., and Metcalf, D.M. (1995), ‘Islamic and Byzantine coins in Cyprus during the Condominium Centuries’, Epetiris tou Kentrou Epistimonikon Ereunon (Leukosia) 21, 1-13.Google Scholar
Plant, R. (1979), ‘The Arab-Byzantine (Greek) Series’, Seaby Coin & Medal Bulletin 735,357363.Google Scholar
Pottier, H. (1977), ‘Deux folks d’Héraclius et Héraclius Constantine datés des annéess XII et XIIII’, Bulletin du Cercle d’Études Numismatiques 14 (3), 51-59.Google Scholar
Pottier, H. (1979), ‘L’atelier d’Antioche sous Héraclius’, Bulletin du Cercle d’Etudes Numismatiques 16 (4) 66-81 and 17 (1) (1980) 25.Google Scholar
Pottier, H. (2000), ‘More about heavy folles issued in Syria during the war between Byzantium and the Persians’, paper delivered at the Arab-Byzantine Forum VI held at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington DC, November 2000.Google Scholar
Prawdzic-Golemberski, E.J., and Metcalf, D.M.. (1963), ‘Circulation of Byzantine Coins on the South-Eastern Frontiers of the Empire’, Numismatic Chronicle 3 (7th series), 83-92.Google Scholar
Qedar, S. (1973), ‘The Coinage of Tiberias in the Period of Arab Rule’ (in Hebrew), in The Book of Tiberias (ed. Avissar, O.) (Jerusalem), 60-68.Google Scholar
Qedar, S. (1984-5), ‘A Hoard of Monetary Reform Fulus’, Israel Numismatic Journal 8,65-75.Google Scholar
Qedar, S. (1988-9), ‘Copper coinage of Syria in the seventh and eighth century AD’, Israel Numismatic Journal 10, 27-39.Google Scholar
Raynor, J.Numismatic report of Nabratein 1980’, in Meyers, E.M., Strange, J.F., Meyers, C.L. and Raynor, J., ‘Preliminary Report on the 1980 Excavations at en-Nabratein, Israel’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 244 (1981) 15-21.Google Scholar
Reis, L. and Schindel, N. (1999), ‘Von Mäusen und Menschen: Frühislamische Bronzemünzen mit bildlichen Darstellungen’, Money Trend (Vienna) February 1999, 56-63; March 1999, 60-63; April 1999, 56-61; July-August 1999, 60-65; November 1999, 60-65.Google Scholar
Ritman, A.W., (1976), ‘Arabo-Byzantijnen’, De Geuzen Fenning: Munt- en Penningkundig Nieuws 26 (4), 73-75.Google Scholar
al-Sa’ad, Z. and Goussous, N. (1997), ‘Scientific analysis of a collection of early Ummayad [sic] copper-based coins of Bilad al-Sham’, Yarmouk Numismatics 9, 19-38.Google Scholar
Savage, E. (1996), ‘Arab-Byzantine symbols of victory’, paper read to the Royal Numismatic Society, London, 17 December 1996.Google Scholar
Savage, E. (1998), ‘Marching to judgement day: the apocalyptic standard of the Arab conquest’, paper delivered at the 5th Seventh Century Syrian Numismatic Round Table held at the British Museum, April 1998.Google Scholar
Schulze, W. (2003), ‘Heraclian countermarks on Byzantine coins in 7th century Syria’ paper delivered at the 10th Seventh Century Near East Numismatic Round Table held at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, November 2003.Google Scholar
Shamma, S. (1980), al-nuqūd al-Islāmiyya aliatī duribat fī Filastīn, Damascus.Google Scholar
Shamma, S. (1993), ‘The coinage of the Arabian peninsula during the Umayyad caliphate’ (in Arabic), Yarmouk Numismatics 5, 13–27.Google Scholar
Shams-Eshragh, A. (1990), The Earliest Coinage of the Islamic Empire (in Persian) (Isfahan).Google Scholar
Treadwell, L. (1998), ‘Towards a relative chronology of the pre-reform copper coins’, paper delivered at the 5th Seventh Century Syrian Numismatic Round Table held at the British Museum, London, in April 1998.Google Scholar
Treadwell, L. (1999), ‘The ‘Orans’ drachms of Bishr ibn Marwan and the figurai coinage of the early Marwanid period’, Oxford Studies in Islamic Art 9 (2), 223268.Google Scholar
Treadwell, W.L. (2000), ‘The Chronology of the pre-reform copper coinage of early Islamic Syria’, Supplement to the Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter No. 162, 1-14.Google Scholar
Walker, J. (1956), A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umaiyad Coins [in the British Museum] (London).Google Scholar
Walmsley, A.G. (1987), The Administrative Structure and Urban Geography of the Jund of Filastin and the Jund of al Urdunn. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Walmsley, A.G. (1992), ‘The Social and Economic Regime at Fihl (Pella) Between the 7th and 9th Centuries’, in La Syrie de Byzance à l’Islam Vile—Ville siècles: Actes du Colloque international, Lyon — Maison de l’Orient Méditerranéen, Paris — Institut du Monde Arabe, 11-15 Septembre 1990 (ed. Canivet, P. and Rey-Coquais, J.-P.) (Damascus: Institut Français de Damas) 249–61.Google Scholar
Walmsley, A. (2001) ‘Islamic Coins: Catalogue Series 6’, in Pella in Jordan 1979–1990: The Coins, (Adapa Monograph Series 1) (ed. Costa, Kate da) (Sydney) 57-66, 147-53, pls. 14-15.Google Scholar
Wilson, J.F. (1989) ‘The bronze and silver coins’ in Excavations at Capernaum volume 1: 1978-1982 (ed. Tzaferis, V.) (Winona Lake, WI) 139143.Google Scholar