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Mountaineer Mine Wars: An Analysis of the West Virginia Mine Wars of 1912–1913 and 1920–1921

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 June 2012

Hoyt N. Wheeler
Hoyt N. Wheeler
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor of Business Administration, University of Wyoming
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Abstract

Professor Wheeler describes and analyzes the extreme violence that marked labor-management relations in the West Virginia coal fields.

Type
Research Article
Information
Business History Review , Volume 50 , Issue 1 , Spring 1976 , pp. 69 - 91
Copyright
Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College 1976

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References

1 The author would like to express his appreciation to Robert Ozanne and Jack Barbash for their comments on a draft of this paper.

2 Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in Feuer, Lewis S., ed., Marx & Engels' Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy (Garden City, N.Y., 1959), 12–13Google Scholar, 19 and 14. See also, Balinky, Alexander, Marx's Economics (Lexington, Massachusetts, 1970), 146-152.Google Scholar

3 Davies, James C., “Toward a Theory of Revolution,” American Sociological Review, vol. 27, No. 1 (February, 1962), 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 Lee, Howard B., Bloodletting in Appalachia (Morgantown; West Virginia University, 1969), 17.Google Scholar

5 Ibid., 18.

6 Ibid., 20.

7 Ibid., 21–22.

8 Ibid., 27.

9 Ibid., 27.

10 Ibid., 24.

11 Ibid., 29–30.

12 Ibid., 32–33.

13 U. S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Education and Labor, Investigation of Paint Creek Coal Fields of West Virginia, S. Rept. No. 321, 63rd Congress, 2d Sess., 1914, I, 6–7.

14 Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 33–34.

15 Ibid., 34.

16 U. S. Congress, Senate, Investigation of Paint Creek Coal Fields of West Virginia, 7–17.

17 Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 37.

18 Ibid., 20.

19 Ibid., 38–39.

20 Ibid., 44–45.

21 Ibid., 19–20.

22 U. S. Congress, Senate, Investigation of Paint Creek Coal Fields of West Virginia, 28–29.

23 Ibid., 33.

24 Ibid., 20.

25 Ibid., 22–27.

26 Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 94–95.

27 U. S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Education and Labor, West Virginia Coal Fields, S. Res. 80, 67th Congress, 1st Sess., 1921, 15–16, 113, 115–123.

28 Ibid., 105–106, 206–207, 382–383.

29 Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 56–64.

30 Ibid., 70–72.

U. S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 731–733.

31 U. S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 202–203.

32 Ibid., 19, 233–236.

Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 74.

33 U. S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 228.

Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 74.

34 U. S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 166–167, 306–307, 309–310.

35 Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 87.

36 Ibid., 88.

37 Lane, Winthrop D., Civil War in West Virginia (New York, 1969) 52–53, 5–8.Google Scholar

38 Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia 96–97.

39 U. S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 512–519, 1032–1034.

Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 97–98.

40 U.S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 848.

41 Ibid., 800, 874.

42 Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 100–101.

43 Ibid., 99–101. U.S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 874, 1032–1034.

44 Lee, Btoodletting in Appalachia, 104–115. Coleman, McAllister, Men and Coal (New York, 1921) 104–105.Google Scholar

45 U.S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 356–360.

46 Ibid., 64, 751.

47 Coleman, Men and Coal, 101–102.

48 U.S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 26–28, 85, 87, 93–95, 159–164.

49 Ibid., 259, 323–324, 327, 366–367, 803–805, 808–809.

50 Hinrichs, A. F., The United Mine Workers of America and the Non-Union Coal Fields (New York, 1919), 110.Google Scholar

51 Ibid., 93. Coleman, Men and Coal, 98–99.

52 Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 51.

53 Hinrichs, The United Mine Workers of America and the Non-Union Coal Fields, 81–83.

54 U.S. Congress, Senate West Virginia Coal Fields, 936.

55 Lane, Civil War in West Virginia, 30.

56 U.S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 694.

57 Hinrichs, The United Mine Workers of America and the Non-Union Coal Fields, 63–64.

58 Lane, Civil War in West Virginia, 36–40.

59 Hinrichs, The United Mine Workers of America and the Non-Union Coal Fields, 63–64.

U.S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 246–247.

60 U.S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 720–721.

61 Hinrichs, The United Mine Workers of America and the Non-Union Coal Fields, 17–20.

62 Ibid., 31.

U.S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 25–26.

63 U.S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 25–26, 32, 65, 241.

64 Hinrichs, The United Mine Workers of America and the Non-Union Coal Fields, 28.

65 245 U.S. 229 (1917).

66 Lane, Civil War in West Virginia, 1–10 (Introduction by John R. Commons), 68, 70–71.

67 U.S. Congress, Senate, West Virginia Coal Fields, 1046.

68 Ibid., 472–474.

69 Ibid., 469–470.

70 Ibid., 16.

71 Ibid., 107.

72 Ibid., 604–605, 697–719.

73 Hinrichs, The United Mine Workers of America and the Non-Union Coal Fields, 113, 144–162.

74 Ibid., 125.

75 Ibid., 145–146.

76 Ibid., 147–154.

77 Ibid., 154.

78 Ibid., 160.

79 Ibid., 162.

80 Ibid., 14–15.

81 Lane, Civil War in West Virginia, 87.

82 Ibid., 87–88.

83 Ibid., 88.