No CrossRef data available.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 June 2012
This is a classic case history in entrepreneurship — the successful introduction of innovation — in which a conservative, contented chief executive of a richly successful AM broadcasting station, a manager whose real talents and interests lay entirely outside the field of “show business,” is pitted against another executive whose knowledge of electronic entertainment was profound. If any name can be given to the one trait that the former did not have and that the latter had in abundance and which, as Dean Pusateri shows, led on to victory, it was an enlightened enthusiasm of the kind that is not readily expressed in logical terms nor subjected to cost-benefit analysis. For WWL-TV, enthusiasm won, and the rest is history.
1 Mansfield, Edwin, Microeconomics (New York, 1970), 456—458.Google Scholar
2 Lichty, Lawrence W. and Topping, Malachi C., eds., American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television (New York, 1975), 305.Google Scholar
3 Friedrich, Carl J., “Controlling Broadcasting in Wartime,” Studies in the Control of Radio, November 1940, 12Google Scholar; FCC, Seventh Annual Report,, 1941 21Google Scholar, Eighth Annual Report, 1942, 30, Eleventh Annual Report, 1945, 11.
4 FCC, Ninth Annual Report, 1943, 46–47Google Scholar, Eleventh Annual Report, 1945, 11.
5 FCC, Eleventh Annual Report, 1945, 12Google Scholar; Barnouw, Erik, A History of Broadcasting in the United States, vol. 2: The Golden Web (New York, 1968), 165.Google Scholar
6 Barnouw, The Golden Web, 165.
7 FCC, Public Service Responsibility of Broadcast Licensees, March 7, 1946, 49–50.Google Scholar
8 Ibid., 52.
9 Ibid., 49; Poindexter, Ray, Arkansas Airwaves (North Little Rock, Ark., 1974), 3Google Scholar; Staff File, WWL Records, Loyola University.
10 FCC, An Economic Study of Standard Broadcasting, October 31, 1947, 12, 14–15.Google Scholar
11 Schuler, Edgar A., Survey of Radio Listeners in Louisiana (Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1943), 41.Google Scholar
12 Ibid., 54–56.
13 CBS, Listening Areas: 7th Series, 1944 (New York, 1945)Google Scholar; Reinsch, J. Leonard, Radio Station Management (New York, 1948), 10.Google Scholar
14 Pusateri, C. Joseph, “FDR, Huey Long, and the Politics of Radio Regulation,” Journal of Broadcasting 21 (Winter, 1977), 86–87, 92–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also by the same author, Enterprise in Radio: WWL and the Business of Broadcasting in America (Washington, D.C., 1980).
15 Loyola University, Annual Financial Report to the FCC, 1940, FCC Files, Washington National Records Center. [Beginning in 1938, the FCC required from each licensee a confidential annual financial report containing a balance sheet, an income statement, and other miscellaneous information; this report is now designated FCC Form 324. Copies of these reports were made available to the author by the FCC under the Freedom of Information Act.] Atkinson, Carroll, American Universities and Colleges That Have Held Broadcast Licenses (Boston, 1941), 11, 56–57.Google Scholar
16 WWL, WDSU, WSMB, WNOE, WJBO, and KWKH Annual Financial Reports to FCC, 1940, WNRC.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Auditor's Reports, 1942, 1943, and 1944, WWL Records, Loyola University; Internal Revenue Service to Percy Roy, S.J., November 10, 1942, Taxes Files, WWL Records; FCC, An Economic Study of Standard Broadcasting, 17.
20 FCC, Twelfth Annual Report, 1946, 10–11Google Scholar, Fourteenth Annual Report, 1948, 26; FCC, An Economic Study of Standard Broadcasting, 1.
21 FCC, An Economic Study of Standard Broadcasting, 26–27.
22 Ibid., 1; FCC v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station, 309 U.S. 470 (1940); Givens, Richard A., “Refusal of Radio and Television Licenses on Economic Grounds,” Virginia Law Review 46 (November, 1960), 1392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23 Broadcasting Yearbook, 1952, 150–154; Articles of Incorporation, Louisiana Association of Broadcasters, Association Records, Baton Rouge.
24 New Orleans Item, February 1, 1951.
25 WWL Annual Financial Reports to FCC, 1945 and 1950, WNRC.
26 FCC, Twelfth Annual Report, 1946, 13Google Scholar, Fourteenth Annual Report, 1948, 35, Sixteenth Annual Report, 1950, 116.
27 WSMB Annual Financial Reports to FCC, 1945 and 1950, WNRC.
28 Brown, Les, Television: The Business Behind the Box (New York, 1971), 61Google Scholar; Bogart, Leo, The Age of Television (New York, 1972), 8–9Google Scholar; Broadcasting Yearbook, 1975, A-5; Head, Sydney W., Broadcasting in America, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1972), 188–193.Google Scholar
29 Head, Broadcasting in America, 188–193; Lessing, Lawrence P., “The Television Freeze,” Fortune, November, 1949, 126, 157Google Scholar; “CBS Steals the Show,” Fortune, July, 1953, 82; Robert Pepper, “The Pre-Freeze Television Stations,” in Lichty and Topping, American Broadcasting, 140.
30 George S. Smith to Howard Summerville, November 20, 1943 TV Files, WWL Records; Interview with Eugene Katz, New York City, June 24, 1976.
31 “Brief in Behalf of WWL Development Company, Inc.,” undated 1942, WWL Development Co. Files, WWL Records; “Memorandum of Material Filed by Loyola University in Support of Television Application to the FCC,” December 16, 1953, I, 34–36, TV Files, WWL Records.
32 Shields Memorandum, December 17, 1947, Shields to Katz, January 5 and 23, 1948, Paul Segal to Shields, January 5, 1948, TV Files, WWL Records.
33 Katz interview.
34 Katz to Shields, January 7, 1948, TV Files, WWL Records.
35 Shields, “Memorandum No. 2 re: Television,” January 23, 1948, TV Files, WWL Records.
36 Erickson, Don V., Armstrong's Fight for FM Broadcasting (University, Alabama, 1973), 4Google Scholar; Longley, Lawrence D., “The FM Shift in 1945,” Journal of Broadcasting 12 (Fall, 1968), 253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37 Longley, “The FM Shift in 1945,” 253; George S. Smith to Summerville, November 29, 1943, TV Files, WWL Records; Katz interview.
38 WWLH File, WWL Records; Longley, “The FM Shift in 1945,” 355–360; Broadcasting, January 16, 1945.
39 Broadcasting, January 16, 1945.
40 Ibid.; FCC, Thirty-first Annual Report, 1965, 117.Google Scholar
41 Shields Memorandum, December 17, 1947, TV Files, WWL Records; Times-Picayune (New Orleans), January 3, 1947, May 16, 1947.
42 Shields to FCC, February 1, 1951, WWLH File, WWL Records.
43 Dockets 8935 and 8936, FCC Files, WNRC.
44 Segal and Smith to Shields, February 13, 1948, Shields to Segal, February 23, 1948, TV Files, WWL Records.
45 FCC Form 301, March 2, 1948, Docket 8936, FCC Files, WNRC.
46 Abrams, Earl B., “Losing Money in Television Isn't New,” Broadcasting-Telecasting, May 3, 1954, 70Google Scholar; “TV: The Money Rolls Out,” Fortune, July, 1949, 73.
47 “TV,” Fortune, July, 1949, 74, 77, 144.
48 FCC Order, In Re Applications of Edgar B. Stern et al, April 29, 1948, Docket Files 8935–8937, WNRC; Lessing, “The Television Freeze,” 123.
49 Lessing, “The Television Freeze,” 164, 167; Bogart, The Age of Television, 9.
50 FCC, Sixth Report and Order, April 11, 1952, 41 FCC 150, 489Google Scholar; In Re Loyola University et al., 44 FCC 874 (1956); Times-Picayune, September 7, 1957.
51 Barnouw, Erik, Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television (New York, 1975), 198–199Google Scholar; FCC, Twenty-third Annual Report, 1957, 105Google Scholar; Lichty and Topping, American Broadcasting, 256–259.
52 Shields Memorandum, August 5, 1951, TV Files, WWL Records.
53 Auditor's Report, July 31, 1958, TV Files, WWL Records.
54 Cherington, Paul W., Hirsch, Leon V., and Brandwein, Robert, eds., Television Station Ownership (New York, 1971), 196Google Scholar; Loyola University of the South Institutional Report, April, 1974, New Orleans.
55 “TV: The Money Rolls Out,” 74; Broadcasting, March 10, 1947, 38.
56 Broadcasting, December 29, 1947, 13, 28, 40–46, 72.
57 Newsweek, October 25, 1948, 66; Broadcasting, February 16, 1948, 15, and August 9, 1948, 42; Pepper, “The Pre-Freeze Television Stations,” 141–145.
58 Broadcasting, March 15, 1948, 70, May 3, 1948, 40.
59 Drucker, Peter F., Management (New York, 1974), 72, 786, 791.Google Scholar
60 Broadcasting, December 29, 1947, 13, 72–76, April 12, 1948, 13; Business Week, October 30, 1948, 72.
61 “TV: The Money Rolls Out,” 148.
62 Ibid.