Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:04:08.211Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Injustice in Food-Related Public Health Problems: A Matter of Corporate Responsibility

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 February 2020

Tjidde Tempels
Affiliation:
Radboud University Wageningen University
Vincent Blok
Affiliation:
Wageningen University
Marcel Verweij
Affiliation:
Wageningen University

Abstract

The responsibility of the food and beverage industry for noncommunicable diseases is a controversial topic. Public health scholars identify the food and beverage industry as one of the main contributors to the rise of these diseases. We argue that aside from moral duties like not doing harm and respecting consumer autonomy, the food industry also has a responsibility for addressing the structural injustices involved in food-related health problems. Drawing on the work of Iris Marion Young, this article first shows how food-related public health problems can be understood as structural injustices. Second, it makes clear how the industry is sustaining these health injustices, and that due to this connection, corporate actors share responsibility for addressing food-related health problems. Finally, three criteria (capacity, benefit, and vulnerability) are discussed as grounds for attributing responsibility, allowing for further specification on what taking responsibility for food-related health problems can entail in corporate practice.

Type
Article
Copyright
© 2020 Business Ethics Quarterly

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Ronald. 2005. “Fast Food, Obesity, and Tort Reform: An Examination of Industry Responsibility for Public Health.” Business and Society Review 110 (3): 297320.10.1111/j.0045-3609.2005.00017.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Airhihenbuwa, Collins O., Kumanyika, Shiriki, Agurs, Tanya D., Lowe, Agatha, Saunders, David, and Morssink, Christiaan B.. 1996. “Cultural Aspects of African American Eating Patterns.” Ethnicity & Health 1 (3): 245–60.10.1080/13557858.1996.9961793CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, Denis G. 2013. “Global Justice and International Business.” Business Ethics Quarterly 23 (1): 125–43.10.5840/beq20132315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Astrup, Arne, Bovy, M. W. L., Nackenhorst, K., and Popova, A. E.. 2006. “Food for Thought or Thought for Food?—A Stakeholder Dialogue around the Role of the Snacking Industry in Addressing the Obesity Epidemic.” Obesity Reviews 7 (3): 303–12.10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00275.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnhill, Anne. 2016. “I’d like to Teach the World to Think: Commercial Advertising and Manipulation.” Journal of Marketing Behavior 1 (3–4): 307–28.10.1561/107.00000020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnhill, Anne, King, Katherine F., Kass, Nancy, and Faden, Ruth. 2014. “The Value of Unhealthy Eating and the Ethics of Healthy Eating Policies.” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 24 (3): 187217.10.1353/ken.2014.0021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, Christian, and Ferracioli, Luara. 2013. “Young on Responsibility and Structural Injustice.” Criminal Justice Ethics 32 (3): 247–57.10.1080/0731129X.2013.861981CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchamp, Tom L., Hare, R. M., and Biederman, Barry. 1984. “Manipulative Advertising [with Commentaries].” Business & Professional Ethics Journal 3 (3/4): 130.10.5840/bpej198433/426CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowie, Norman E. 1999. Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Brenkert, George G. 1998. “Marketing to Inner-City Blacks: Powermaster and Moral Responsibility.” Business Ethics Quarterly 8 (1): 118.10.2307/3857519CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenkert, George G. 2000. “Social Products Liability: The Case of the Firearms Manufacturers.” Business Ethics Quarterly 10 (1): 2132.10.2307/3857691CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownell, Kelly D., and Warner, Kenneth E.. 2009. “The Perils of Ignoring History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar Is Big Food?The Milbank Quarterly 87 (1): 259–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butt, Daniel. 2007. “On Benefiting from Injustice.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 37 (1): 129–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzby, Jean C., and Frenzen, Paul D.. 1999. “Food Safety and Product Liability.” Food Policy 24 (6): 637–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carsons, T.L. 2009. “Deception and Information Disclosure in Business and Professional Ethics.” In The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics, edited by Brenkert, George G. and Beauchamp, Tom L.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chandon, Pierre, and Wansink, Brian. 2012. “Does Food Marketing Need to Make Us Fat? A Review and Solutions.” Nutrition Reviews 70 (10): 571–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Childress, James F., Faden, Ruth R., Gaare, Ruth D., Gostin, Lawrence O., Kahn, Jeffrey, Bonnie, Richard J., Kass, Nancy E., Mastroianni, Anna C., Moreno, Jonathan D., and Nieburg, Phillip. 2002. “Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain.” The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30 (2): 170–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crisp, Roger. 1987. “Persuasive Advertising, Autonomy, and the Creation of Desire.” Journal of Business Ethics 6 (5): 413–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorfman, Lori, Cheyne, Andrew, Friedman, Lissy C., Wadud, Asiya, and Gottlieb, Mark. 2012. “Soda and Tobacco Industry Corporate Social Responsibility Campaigns: How Do They Compare?PLoS Med 9 (6): e1001241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebejer, James M., and Morden, Michael J.. 1988. “Paternalism in the Marketplace: Should a Salesman Be His Buyer’s Keeper?Journal of Business Ethics 7 (5): 337–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, Charlene. 2015. “‘Big Food’and ‘Gamified’Products: Promotion, Packaging, and the Promise of Fun.” Critical Public Health 25 (3): 348–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, Richard A. 2004. “What (Not) to Do about Obesity: A Moderate Aristotelian Answer.” Georgetown Law Journal 93: 1361.Google Scholar
Fields, Scott. 2004. “The Fat of the Land: Do Agricultural Subsidies Foster Poor Health?Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (14): A820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franck, Caroline, Grandi, Sonia M., and Eisenberg, Mark J.. 2013. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 45 (3): 327–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, R.E. 2002. “A Stakeholder Theory of the Modern Corporation.” In Perspectives in Business Ethics, edited by Hartman, Laura Pincus, 171–81. Boston: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 2009. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gert, Bernard. 2004. Common Morality: Deciding What to Do. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilmore, Anna B., Savell, Emily, and Collin, Jeff. 2011. “Public Health, Corporations and the New Responsibility Deal: Promoting Partnerships with Vectors of Disease?Journal of Public Health 33 (1): 24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gostin, Lawrence O. 2008. Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Grüne-Yanoff, Till. 2012. “Old Wine in New Casks: Libertarian Paternalism Still Violates Liberal Principles.” Social Choice and Welfare 38 (4): 635–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasnas, John. 2009. “The Mirage of Product Safety.” In The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics, edited by Brenkert, George G. and Beauchamp, Tom L.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haverkamp, Beatrijs, Verweij, Marcel, and Stronks, Karien. 2018. “Why Socio-Economic Inequalities in Health Threaten Relational Justice. A Proposal for an Instrumental Evaluation.” Public Health Ethics 11 (3): 311–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heikkurinen, Pasi, and Mäkinen, Jukka. 2018. “Synthesising Corporate Responsibility on Organisational and Societal Levels of Analysis: An Integrative Perspective.” Journal of Business Ethics 149(3): 589607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilmers, Angela, Hilmers, David C., and Dave, Jayna. 2012. “Neighborhood Disparities in Access to Healthy Foods and Their Effects on Environmental Justice.” American Journal of Public Health 102 (9): 1644–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsieh, Nien-hê. 2017. “The Responsibilities and Role of Business in Relation to Society: Back to Basics?Business Ethics Quarterly 27 (2): 293314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvis, M.J., and Wardle, J.. 1999. “Social Patterning of Individual Health Behaviours: The Case of Cigarette Smoking.” In Social Determinants of Health, 240–55. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Levinas, Emmanuel. 1969. Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority, Trans. Alphonso Lingis. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.Google Scholar
Mackenbach, Johan P., Kulhánová, Ivana, Artnik, Barbara, Bopp, Matthias, Borrell, Carme, Clemens, Tom, Costa, Giuseppe, et al. 2016. “Changes in Mortality Inequalities over Two Decades: Register Based Study of European Countries.” Bmj 353: i1732.Google ScholarPubMed
Marmot, M., and Wilkinson, R.G.. 1999. Social Determinants of Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McKeown, Maeve. 2014. “Responsibility without Guilt: A Youngian Approach to Responsibility for Global Injustice.” PhD thesis, UCL School of Public Policy. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1463742/3/McKeown%20Thesis%20(FINAL%2016.03.15).pdf.Google Scholar
Meyers, Chris. 2004. “Wrongful Beneficence: Exploitation and Third World Sweatshops.” Journal of Social Philosophy 35 (3): 319–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, David. 2001. “Distributing Responsibilities.” Journal of Political Philosophy 9 (4): 453–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, David. 2012. National Responsibility and Global Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moss, Michael. 2013. Salt, Sugar, Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Muff, Christine, Dragano, N., Jöckel, K.-H.Moebus, S.Möhlenkamp, S., Erbel, R.Mann, K., and Siegrist, J.. 2010. “Is the Co-occurrence of Smoking and Poor Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables Confounded by Socioeconomic Conditions?International Journal of Public Health 55 (4): 339–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nestle, Marion. 2013. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health, vol. 3. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Nestle, Marion. 2015. Soda Politics: Taking on Big Soda (and Winning). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Neuhäuser, Christian. 2014. “Structural Injustice and the Distribution of Forward-Looking Responsibility.” Midwest Studies In Philosophy 38 (1): 232–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, Marie, Fleming, Tom, Robinson, Margaret, Thomson, Blake, Graetz, Nicholas, Margono, Christopher, Mullany, Erin C, et al. 2014. “Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980–2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.” The Lancet 384 (9945): 766–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owen, David. 2013. “Responsibilities of Justice. Reading Young on Political Responsibility and Structural Injustice.” In Zwischen Demokratie Und Globaler Verantwortung, 93110. Broschiert: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, David, and Hedberg, Trevor. 2013. “The Ethics of Marketing to Vulnerable Populations.” Journal of Business Ethics 116 (2): 403–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiman, Jeffrey. 2012. “The Structure of Structural Injustice: Thoughts on Iris Marion Young’s ‘Responsibility for Justice.’” Edited by Iris Marion Young. Social Theory and Practice 38 (4): 738–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothstein, Mark A. 2002. “Rethinking the Meaning of Public Health.” The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30 (2): 144–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scherer, Andreas Georg, Rasche, Andreas, Palazzo, Guido, and Spicer, André. 2016. “Managing for Political Corporate Social Responsibility: New Challenges and Directions for PCSR 2.0.” Journal of Management Studies 53 (3): 273–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrempf, Judith. 2014. “A Social Connection Approach to Corporate Responsibility The Case of the Fast-Food Industry and Obesity.” Business & Society 53 (2): 300332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelley, Donna, Ogedegbe, Gbenga, and Elbel, Brian. 2014. “Same Strategy Different Industry: Corporate Influence on Public Policy.” American Journal of Public Health 104 (4): e9e11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sher, Shlomo. 2011. “A Framework for Assessing Immorally Manipulative Marketing Tactics.” Journal of Business Ethics 102 (1): 97118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, Peter. 1972. “Famine, Affluence, and Morality.” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 229–43.Google Scholar
Smith, Elizabeth. 2012. “Corporate Image and Public Health: An Analysis of the Philip Morris, Kraft, and Nestle Websites.” Journal of Health Communication 17 (5): 582600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinmann, Horst, and Löhr, Albert. 1996. “A Republican Concept of Corporate Ethics.” In Europe’s Challenges: Economic Efficiency and Social Solidarity, edited by Urban, Sabine, 2160. Wiesbaden: Springer Science & Business Media.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stronks, Karien, Mheen, H. Dike, Looman, Casper WN, and Mackenbach, Johan P.. 1996. “Behavioural and Structural Factors in the Explanation of Socio-Economic Inequalities in Health: An Empirical Analysis.” Sociology of Health & Illness 18 (5): 653–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuckler, David, McKee, Martin, Shah, Ebrahim, and Sanjay, Basu. 2012. “Manufacturing Epidemics: The Role of Global Producers in Increased Consumption of Unhealthy Commodities Including Processed Foods, Alcohol, and Tobacco.” PLOS Medicine 9 (6).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuckler, David, and Nestle, Marion. 2012. “Big Food, Food Systems, and Global Health.” PLOS Med 9 (6): e1001242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sunstein, Cass R. 2014. Why Nudge?: The Politics of Libertarian Paternalism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass R. 2016. “Fifty Shades of Manipulation.” Journal of Marketing Behavior 1 (3–4): 213–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tempels, Tjidde, Blok, Vincent, and Verweij, Marcel. 2017. “Understanding Political Responsibility in Corporate Citizenship: Towards a Shared Responsibility for the Common Good.” Journal of Global Ethics 1 (13): 90108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tempels, Tjidde, Verweij, Marcel, and Blok, Vincent. 2017. “Big Food’s Ambivalence: Seeking Profit and Responsibility for Health.” American Journal of Public Health 107 (3): 402–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valdman, Mikhail. 2008. “Exploitation and Injustice.” Social Theory and Practice 34 (4): 551–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vara, Vauhini. 2014. “Coca-Cola’s Happiness Machines.” The New Yorker, May 15. https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/coca-colas-happiness-machines.Google Scholar
Verweij, Marcel. 2014. Curiosity and Responsibility: Philosophy in Relation to Healthy Food and Living Conditions. Wageningen: Wageningen University.Google Scholar
Verweij, Marcel, and Dawson, Angus. 2009. “The Meaning of ‘Public’ in ‘Public Health.’” In Ethics, Prevention, and Public Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Verweij, Marcel, and Dawson, Angus. 2019. “Sharing Responsibility: Responsibility for Health Is Not a Zero-Sum Game.” Public Health Ethics 12 (2): 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walters, Joanna. 2015. “Nutrition Experts Alarmed by Nonprofit Downplaying Role of Junk Food in Obesity.” The Guardian, August 11, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/aug/11/obesity-junk-food-exercise-global-energy-balance-network-coca-cola.Google Scholar
Whittle, Henry J., Palar, Kartika, Hufstedler, Lee Lemus, Seligman, Hilary K., Frongillo, Edward A., and Weiser, Sheri D.. 2015. “Food Insecurity, Chronic Illness, and Gentrification in the San Francisco Bay Area: An Example of Structural Violence in United States Public Policy.” Social Science & Medicine 143 (October): 154–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wicker, Catherine Srithong. 2015. “The Not So Sweet Surprise: Lawsuits Blaming Big Sugar for Obesity-Related Health Conditions Face an Uphill Battle.” Journal of Law and Health 28: 264307.Google ScholarPubMed
Yoon, Sungwon, and Lam, Tai-Hing. 2013. “The Illusion of Righteousness: Corporate Social Responsibility Practices of the Alcohol Industry.” BMC Public Health 13 (1): 630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, Iris Marion. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 2001. “Equality of Whom? Social Groups and Judgments of Injustice.” Journal of Political Philosophy 9 (1): 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 2006. “Responsibility and Global Justice: A Social Connection Model.” Social Philosophy and Policy 23 (1): 102–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 2007. Global Challenges: War, Self-Determination and Responsibility for Justice. Cambridge: Wiley.Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 2011. Responsibility for Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar