Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T11:35:15.530Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Can Hypernorms Be Justified? Insights From A Discourse–Ethical Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2015

Andreas Georg Scherer
Andreas Georg Scherer*
Affiliation:
University of Zurich
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

I explore the role of hypernorms in the Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT) of Thomas Donaldson and Thomas W. Dunfee, who suggested that hypernorms are a necessary condition for the rejection of cultural relativism and justification of moral norms within and across social communities. Hypernorms are, thus, a significant part of a conception of international business ethics. I highlight philosophical problems that emerge in attempts to identify and justify hypernorms. These problems have not been sufficiently addressed in the ISCT; therefore, I will discuss the discourse–ethical contributions of contemporary German philosophers toward resolving the justification problem with regards to universal norms. Discourse ethics builds on the linguistic and the pragmatic turns in philosophy and develops procedural rules for the assessment of norms. I explore variants of discourse ethics with regards to their concept of justification and discuss the implications of discourse ethical procedures for the justification of norms and actions.

Keywords

constructivismdiscourse ethicshypernormsIntegrative Social Contracts Theorylinguistic turnpragmatic turn
Type
Articles
Information
Business Ethics Quarterly , Volume 25 , Issue 4 , October 2015 , pp. 489 - 516
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Albert, H. 1985. Treatise on Critical Reason. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albert, H. 1987. “Science and the Search for Truth: Critical Rationalism and the Methodology of Science.” In Rationality: The Critical View, edited by Agassi, J. and Jarvie, I. C., 69–82. Dortrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexy, R. 1989. A Theory of Legal Argumentation: The Theory of Rational Discourse as Theory of Legal Justification. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Apel, K.-O. 1976. Sprechakttheorie und transzendentale Sprachpragmatik. Zur Frage ethischer Normen. In Sprachpragmatik und Philosophie, edited by Apel, K. O., 10–173. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Apel, K.-O. 1980. Towards a Transformation of Philosophy. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Apel, K.-O. 1987. “The Problem of Philosophical Foundations in Light of a Transcendental Pragmatics of Language.” In After Philosophy: End or Transformation?, edited by Baynes, K., Bohman, J., and McCarthy, T., 250–90. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Audi, R. 2011. Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, 3rd ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Banerjee, S. B., Chio, V., and Mir, R., eds. 2009. Organizations, Markets and Imperial Formations: Towards an Anthropology of Globalization. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, M. N., and Finnemore, M. 1999. “The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations.” International Organization 53: 699–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baur, D., and Arenas, D. 2014. “The Value of Unregulated Business–NGO Interaction: A Deliberative Perspective.” Business & Society 53: 157–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baynes, K., Bohman, J., and McCarthy, T., eds. 1987. After Philosophy: End or Transformation? Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Beck, U. 2010. “Climate for Change, or How to Create a Green Modernity.” Theory, Culture & Society 27: 254–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenskoetter, F., and Williams, M. J., eds. 2007. Power in World Politics. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, P. S. 2009. “The New Legal Pluralism.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 5: 225–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, R. J. 2010. The Pragmatic Turn. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Beauchamp, T. L. 2010. “Relativism, Multiculturalism, and Universal Norms: Their Role in Business Ethics.” In The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics, edited by Brenkert, G. G. and Beauchamp, T. L., 235–66. Oxford: Oxford University Pres.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleiker, R. 2000. Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenkert, G. G. 2009. “ISCT, Hypernorms, and Business: A Reinterpretation.” Journal of Business Ethics 88: 645–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrell, G., and Morgan, G. 1979. Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Butts, R. E., and Brown, J. R., eds. 1989. Constructivism and Science: Essays in Recent German Philosophy. Dortrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calton, J. M. 2006. “Social Contracting in a Pluralist Process of Moral Sense Making: A Dialogical Twist on the ISCT.” Journal of Business Ethics 68: 329–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calton, J. M., and Payne, S. L. 2003. “Coping with Paradox.” Business & Society 42: 7–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clegg, S., and Grey, J. T. 1996. “Metaphors of Globalization.” In Postmodern Management and Organization Theory, edited by Boje, D. M., Gephart, R. P. Jr., and Thatchenkery, T. J., 293–307. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouch, C. 2004. Post-Democracy. Malden, MA: Polity.Google Scholar
Dempsey, J. 2011. “Pluralistic Business Ethics: The Significance and Justification of Moral Free Space in Integrative Social Contracts Theory.” Business Ethics–A European Review 20(3): 253–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, T. 2009. “Compass and Dead Reckoning: The Dynamic Implications of ISCT.” Journal of Business Ethics 88: 659–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, T., and Dunfee, T. W. 1994. “Toward a Unified Conception of Business Ethics: Integrative Social Contracts Theory.” Academy of Management Review 19: 252–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, T., and Dunfee, T. W.. 1999a. Ties That Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Donaldson, T., and Dunfee, T. W.. 1999b. “When Ethics Travel: The Promise and Peril of Global Business Ethics.” California Management Review 41(4): 45–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, M. 2000. “Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Hype over Hypernorms.” Journal of Business Ethics 26: 101–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunfee, T. W. 2006. “A Critical Perspective of Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Recurring Criticisms and Next Generation Research Topics.” Journal of Business Ethics 68: 303–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunfee, T. W., Smith, N. C., and Ross, W. T. 1999. “Social Contracts and Marketing Ethics.” Journal of Marketing 64(3): 14–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floridini, L. 1996. Skepticism and the Foundation of Epistemology: A Study in the Metalogical Fallacies. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, M. 1980. Power/Knowledge. Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972–1977. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Gauthier, D. 1986. Morals by Agreement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gethmann, C. F. 1992. Universelle praktische Geltungsansprüche. Zur philosophischen Bedeutung der kulturellen Genese moralischer Überzeugungen. In Entwicklungen in der methodischen Philosophie, edited by Janich, P., 148–75. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Gethmann, C. F. 1998. “Reason and Cultures: Life-World as the Common Ground of Ethics.” In Working Across Cultures, edited by Lange, H., Löhr, A., and Steinmann, H., 213–34. Dortrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, D. U., and Behnam, M. 2009. “Advancing Integrative Social Contracts Theory: A Habermasian perspective.” Journal of Business Ethics 89: 215–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwald, G. 2014. No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar
Greenwood, R., Raynard, M., Kodeih, F., Micoletta, E. R., and Lounsbury, M. 2011. “Institutional Complexity and Organizational Response.” Academy of Management Annals, 5: 317–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, J. 1976. “What is Universal Pragmatics?” In Habermas, J.On the Pragmatics of Communication, 21–102. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1990. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1994. “The unity of reason in the diversity of its voices.” In Habermas, J.Postmetaphysical Thinking: Political Essays, 115–148. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1995a. Justification and Application. Remarks on Discourse Ethics, 2nd printing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1995b. “Remarks on Discourse Ethics.” In Habermas, J.Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse Ethics, 19–111. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1998. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 2001a. The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 2001b. Preface toHabermas, J.The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory: xxxv–xxxvii. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 2001c. “A Genealogical Analysis of the Cognitive Content of Morality.” In Habermas, J.The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, 3–46. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 2001d. “From Kant’s ‘Ideas’ of Pure Reason to the ‘Idealizing’ Presuppositions of Communicative Action: Reflections on the Detrancendentalized ‘Use of Reason.’’’ In Pluralism and the Pragmatic Turn: Essays in Honor of Thomas McCarthy, edited by Regh, W. and Bohman, J. (Eds.), 11–39. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, J. 2003a. “Introduction: Realism after the Linguistic Turn.” In Habermas, J.Truth and Justification, 1–49. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 2003b, “Rightness Versus Truth: On the Sense of Normative Validity in Moral Judgments and Norms.” In Habermas, J.Truth and Justification, 237–75. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Hartman, L. P., Shaw, B., and Stevenson, R. 2003. “Exploring the Ethics and Economics of Global Labor Standards: A Challenge to Integrated Social Contract Theory.” Business Ethics Quarterly 13: 193–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, E. S., and Chomsky, N. 1988. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Horkheimer, M., and Adorno, T. W. 1972. Dialectic of Enlightenment. Translated by Cumming, J. New York: Herder and Herder.Google Scholar
Hume, D. [1739] 1896. A Treatise of Human Nature. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Kambartel, F. 1984. The Grammatical Culture of Reason. Unpublished manuscript presented at a seminar meeting. University of Konstanz, Germany.Google Scholar
Kambartel, F. 1989a. Philosophie der humanen Welt. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Kambartel, F. 1989b. Vernunft: Kriterium oder Kultur? Zur Definierbarkeit des Vernünftigen. In Kambartel, F.Philosophie der humanen Welt, 27–43. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Kambartel, F. 1989c. Begründungen und Lebensformen. Zur Kritik des ethischen Pluralismus. In Kambartel, F.Philosophie der humanen Welt, 44–58. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Kambartel, F. 1991. Versuch über das Verstehen. Der Löwe spricht... und wir können ihn nicht verstehen. In Ein Symposium an der Universität Frankfurt anlässlich des hundertsten Geburtstags von Ludwig Wittgenstein, 121–37. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Kambartel, F. 1992. Die Vernunft und das Allgemeine. Zum Verständnis rationaler Sprache und Praxis. Perspektiven des Perspektivismus. Gedenkschrift zum Tode Friedrich Kaulbachs, edited by Gerhardt, V. & Herold, N. (Eds.), 265–77. Würzburg, Germany: Koenigshausen-Neumann.Google Scholar
Kambartel, F. 1998. Zur Grammatik von Wahrheit und Begründung. In Zwischen Universalismus und Relativismus. Philosophische Grundlagenprobleme des interkulturellen Managements, edited by Steinmann, H. and Scherer, A. G., 106–25. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Kamlah, W., and Lorenzen, P. 1984. Logical Propaedeutic: Pre-School of Reasonable Discourse. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Kant, I. 1996. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by Pluhar, Werner S. Indianapolis: Hackett.Google Scholar
Kettner, M. 1996. “Karl-Otto Apel’s Contribution to Critical Theory.” In Handbook of Critical Theory, edited by Rassmussen, D., 258–86. London: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Klein, P. D. 2009. “Contemporary Responses to Agrippa’s Trilemma.” In The Oxford handbook of skepticism, edited by Greco, J. Oxford Handbooks Online. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195183214.003.0023.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, P. (1968)1987. Methodical Thinking. In Lorenzen, P.Constructive Philosophy, 3–29. Translated by Pavlovic, K. R. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, P. (1981)1987. “Political Anthropology.” In Lorenzen, P.Constructive Philosophy, 42–55. Translated by Pavlovic, K. R. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, P. 1982. Ethics and the Philosophy of Science. In Vol. 1 of Contemporary Germany Philosophy, edited by Christensen, D. E. (Ed.), 1–14. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, P. 1987a. Lehrbuch der konstruktiven Wissenschaftstheorie. Mannheim, Germany: BI Verlag.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, P. 1987b. Constructive Philosophy. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, P. 1987. “Critique of Political and Technical Reason.” Synthese 71: 127–219.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, P. 1989. Philosophische Fundierungsprobleme einer Wirtschafts und Unternehmensethik. In Unternehmensethik, edited by Steinmann, H. and Löhr, A., 25–57. Stuttgart: Poeschel.Google Scholar
Lyotard, J. F. 1984. The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, A. 1988. Whose Justice? Which Rationality? Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Marcuse, H. 1964. One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Mattli, W., and Buthe, T. 2003. “Setting International Standards: Technological Rationality or Primacy of Power?” World Politics 56: 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendieta, E. 2002. The Adventures of Transcendental Philosophy: Karl-Otto Apel’s Semiotics and Discourse Ethics. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Michaels, J. D. 2008. “All the President’s Spies: Private–Public Intelligence Partnerships in the War on Terror.” California Law Review 96: 901–66.Google Scholar
Michaels, R. 2009. “Global Legal Pluralism.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 5: 243–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittelstrass, J. 1977. “Changing Concepts of the A Priori.” In Historical and Philosophical Dimensions of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, edited by Butts, R. E. and Hintikka, J., 113–28. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel.Google Scholar
Mittelstrass, J. 1985. “Scientific Rationality and Its Reconstruction.” In Reason and Rationality in Natural Science, edited by Rescher, N., 83–102. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Mittelstrass, J. (Ed.). 2005–2016. Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie. (2nd ed.). Vols. 1–8. Stuttgart: Metzler.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pache, A.-C., and Santos, F.. 2010. “When Worlds Collide: The Internal Dynamics of Organizational Responses to Conflicting Institutional Demands.” Academy of Management Review 35: 455–76.Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Putnam, H. 1981. Reason, Truth, and History. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasche, A., and Scherer, A. G. 2015. Jürgen Habermas and Organization Studies: Contributions and Future Prospects. In The Oxford Handbook of Sociology, Social Theory and Organization Studies: Contemporary Currents, edited by Adler, P., du Gay, P., Morgan, G., and Reed, M., 158–81. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, D., ed. 1996. Handbook of Critical Theory. London: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, N. M. 2013. “The Dangers of Surveillance.” Harvard Law Review 126: 1934–65.Google Scholar
Robertson, D. C. 2009. “Corporate Social Responsibility and Different Stages of Economic Development: Singapore, Turkey, and Ethiopia.” Journal of Business Ethics 88: 617–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorty, R., ed. 1967. The Linguistic Turn: Essays in Philosophical Method. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. 1979. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. 1986. “Solidarity or Objectivity?” In Post-Analytic Philosophy, edited by Rajchman, J. and West, C., 3–19. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. 1991. “The Priority of Democracy to Philosophy.” In Vol. 1, Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth: Philosophical Papers, edited by Rorty, R., 175–96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R., ed. 1992. The Linguistic Turn: Essays in Philosophical Method, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rosenau, P. M. 1992. Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Intrusions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowan, J. R. 2001. “How Binding the Ties? Business Ethics as Integrative Social Contracts.” Business Ethics Quarterly 11: 379–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G. 2003. Multinationale Unternehmen und Globalisierung. Heidelberg: Physica.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G. 2009. “Critical Theory and Its Contribution to Critical Management Studies.” In The Oxford Handbook of Critical Management Studies, edited by Alvesson, M., Bridgman, T., and Willmott, H. (Eds.): 29–51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G., and Dowling, M. 1995. “Towards a Reconciliation of the Theory Pluralism in Strategic Management: Incommensurability and the Constructivist Approach of the Erlangen School.” In Advances in Strategic Management, edited by Shrivastava, P. and Stubbart, C., 12A: 195–248. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Scherer, A. G., and Palazzo, G. 2011. “The New Political Role of Business in a Globalized World: A Review of a New Perspective on CSR and Its Implications for the Firm, Governance and Democracy.” Journal of Management Studies 48: 899–931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, A. G., and Patzer, M. 2011. “Beyond Universalism and Relativism: Habermas’s Contribution to Discourse Ethics and Its Implications for Intercultural Ethics and Organization Theory.” In Philosophy and Organization Theory (Research in the Sociology of Organizations vol. 32), edited by Tsoukas, H. and Chia, R., 155–80. New York: Elsevier Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, B. 2000. “Review Essay of Ties That Bind.” American Business Law Journal 37: 563–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, W. K., and Lewis, M. W. 2011. “Toward a Theory of Paradox: A Dynamic Model of Organizing.” Academy of Management Review 36: 381–403.Google Scholar
Soule, E. 2002. “Managerial Moral Strategies: In Search of a Few Good Principles.” Academy of Management Review 27: 114–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soule, E., Hedahl, M., and Dienhart, J. 2009. “Principles of Managerial Moral Responsibility.” Business Ethics Quarterly 19: 529–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, A. 2009. “The Normalization of Corrupt Business Practices: Implications for Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT).” Journal of Business Ethics 88: 833–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stansbury, J. 2009. “Reasoned Moral Agreement: Applying Discourse Ethics within Organizations.” Business Ethics Quarterly 19: 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinmann, H. 2007. “Corporate Ethics and Globalization: Global Rules and Private Actors.” In Business Ethics of Innovation, edited by Hanekamp, G., 7–26. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinmann, H., and Löhr, A., eds. 1989. Unternehmensethik. Stuttgart: Poeschel.Google Scholar
Steinmann, H., and Löhr, A. 2015. Grundlegung einer Republikanischen Unternehmensethik. Ein Projekt zur theoretischen Stützung der Unternehmenspraxis. In Theorien der Wirtschafts und Unternehmensethik, edited by van Aaken, D. and Schreck, P., 269–309. Berlin: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Steinmann, H., and Scherer, A. G. 1997. “Intercultural Management between Universalism and Relativism: Fundamental Problems in International Business Ethics and the Contribution of Recent German Philosophical Approaches.” In Europe in the Global Competition, edited by Urban, S., 77–143. Wiesbaden: Gabler.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinmann, H., and Scherer, A. G.. 1998a. “Corporate Ethics and Global Business: Philosophical Considerations on Intercultural Management.” In Ethics in International Business, edited by Kumar, B. N. and Steinmann, H., 13–46. Berlin: DeGruyter.Google Scholar
Steinmann, H., and Scherer, A. G.. 1998b. Interkulturelles Management zwischen Universalismus und Relativismus. Kritische Anfragen der Betriebswirtschaftslehre an die Philosophie. In Zwischen Universalismus und Relativismus: Philosophische Grundlagenprobleme des interkulturellen Managements, edited by Steinmann, H. and Scherer, A. G., 23–87. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Teubner, G., and Korth, O. 2012. Two Kinds of Legal Pluralism: Collision of Transnational Regimes in the Double Fragmentation of World Society. In Regime Interaction in International Law: Facing Fragmentation, edited by Young, M., 23–54. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, S. M. 2000. “Taking Religious and Cultural Pluralism Seriously: The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Society.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 29: 815–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walzer, M. 1994. Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wempe, B. 2009. Extant Social Contracts and the Question of Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 88: 741–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. 2009. Philosophical Investigations, 4th ed. Edited and translated by Hacker, P. M. S. and Schulte, J. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wohlrapp, H. 1998. “Constructivist Anthropology and Cultural Pluralism: Methodological Reflections on Cultural Integration.” In Ethics in International Management, edited by Kumar, B. N. and Steinmann, H., 47–63. New York: de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wohlrapp, H. 2014. The Concept of Argument: A Philosophical Foundation. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, M. A., ed. 2012. Regime Interaction in International Law: Facing Fragmentation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuboff, S. 2015. “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization.” Journal of Information Technology 30: 75–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar