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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 January 2015
1 Taylor, Betsy, “Consumption: It Is Time for Economists and Scientists to Talk,” Journal of Industrial Ecology 9(1–2) (2005): 14–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
2 DesJardins p. 3.
3 Stivers, Robert L., The Sustainable Society: Ethics and Economic Growth (Philadelphia: Westminister Press, 1976)Google Scholar. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development (Glad, Switzerland: IUCN, 1980)Google ScholarPubMed. Brown, Lester R., Building a Sustainable Society (New York: Norton W. W. 1981)Google Scholar. Meyers, Norman, Nath, Uma Ram and Westlake, Melvin, Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984)Google Scholar. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)Google ScholarPubMed.
4 Worster, Donald, “The Shaky Ground of Sustainable Development,” in The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination, ed. Worster, Donald (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), chap. 12 (pp. 142–55)Google Scholar.
5 Ibid., p. 146.
6 Ibid.
7 DesJardins, p. 14. On page 89, DesJardins writes, “Some critics would see the attempt to make a business case for sustainability… as a sign that sustainability has been co-opted by business.” See also Rampton, Sheldon and Stauber, John, Trust Us, We’re Experts: How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with your Future (New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001)Google Scholar; Gelbspan, R., The Heat Is On: The Climate Crisis, the Cover-Up, the Prescription (Reading, Mass.: Perseus Books, 1997)Google Scholar; and Korten, David, When Corporations Rule the World (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1995, 2nd ed. 2001)Google Scholar.
8 DesJardins, p. 10.
9 Hoffman, Andrew J., From Heresy to Dogma: An Institutional History of Corporate Environmentalism (San Francisco: The New Lexington Press, 1997), pp. 194–195Google Scholar. He makes the same observation early in the book, on p. 16. He further notes, if “industry wins this war” to define the meaning of the term, “the shift from environmental management to sustainable development” will be “evolutionary,” but if views developing “outside the mainstream organizational field,” on “the fringe of the field,” prevail, conceptions of sustainable development being developed by environmentalists, academics, and international regimes, “the shift will be revolutionary in nature” (p. 195).
10 Worster, , “Shaky Ground,” p. 154Google Scholar.
11 Buchholz, Regene A., Principles of Environmental Management: The Greening of Business (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1993), p. 18Google Scholar. While he did use the term “sustainable development” he often deferred to sustainable growth as the term of reference. “Sustainable growth,” he wrote, “has implications for the distribution of economic wealth and income throughout the world” (p. 400, emphasis added). And again, “According to the World Commission of Environment and Development, sustainable growth is based on forms and processes of development that do not undermine the integrity of the environment on which they depend” (p. 401, emphasis added). Passim.
12 DesJardins, p. 14.
13 Ibid., p. 31.
14 Hoffman’s quote about being on the fringe.
15 See http://www.rightlivelihood.org/daly.html (accessed 10 September 2007).
16 Others have pointed out that ecological economics is closer to classical economics, which has philosophical and ethical dimensions, grounding it more securely in real life. Yet it still adheres to the idea that the market is an efficient allocator of goods and services. See Bednar, Charles, Transforming the Dream: Ecologism and the Shaping of an Alternative American Vision (New York: State University of New York Press, 2003)Google Scholar.
17 Costanza, Robert, Cumberland, John, Daly, Herman, Goodland, Robert, and Norgaard, Richard, An Introduction to Ecological Economics (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1997)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed. DesJardins’s quote is on p. 66, and the quoted passage is from p. 80 of the text.
18 Fisher, A. C. and Peterson, F. M. “The Environment in Economics: A Survey,” Journal of Economic Literature 14 (1976): 1–33, p. 1Google Scholar.
19 Bengston, David N. and Iverson, David C., “Reconstructing Conservation in an Age of Limits: An Ecological Economics Perspective,” in Reconstructing Conservation: Finding Common Ground, ed. Minteer, Ben A. and Manning, Robert E. (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2003), p. 228Google Scholar. This idea that the human is separate from and independent of the rest of nature is fundamental not only to economics but also to much of environmental thought and reasoning. It is fundamental to Western thought. DesJardins points out that in “higher education, as in life, [economics, ecology, and ethics] are usually treated as distinct and independent disciplines” (p. 3). Breaking down this ideology is fundamental and necessary: “A more adequate model of sustainable business must recognize the complex web of connections between government, business, and individuals” (p. 5).
20 Do not miss the play on words. Reference is made in the literature to environmental economics and to ecological economics. They are not the same. The field of environmental economics presumes that you can take standard economic theory and doctrine and apply it, as is, to any new area of concern, such as the environment. In this way the environment is seen as a part of the economy. Ecological economics, on the other hand, reverses that relationship: the economy is part of the eco-system. This is so fundamental a change that it constitutes a paradigm change. A similar alteration was proposed, less successfully, for philosophy: ecological ethics vs. environmental ethics (Don E. Marietta, Jr., “The Interrelationship of Ecological Science and Environmental Attitudes,” Environmental Ethics 1 [Fall 1979]: 195–207).
21 Bell, Daniel, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1976), pp. 237–38Google Scholar.
22 Cobb, Clifford, Halstead, Ted, and Rowe, Jonathan, “If the GDP Is Up, Why Is America Down?” Atlantic Monthly 276(4) (October 1995): 59–78Google Scholar. See also Lawn, Philip A., “A Theoretical Foundation to Support the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), and Other Related Indexes,” Ecological Economics 44(4) (February 2003): 105–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For an indicator of what indexes are being developed elsewhere in the world, see Thompson, Fred G., “Genuine Progress and Well-Being Indicators,” Futures Research Quarterly 21(4) (2005): 63–71Google Scholar. For a traditional defense of progress that does not deny the data, see Easterbrook, Gregg, The Progress of Paradox: How Life Gets Better While People Feel Worse (New York: Random House, 2003)Google Scholar.
23 Schumacher, E. F., “The Age of Plenty: A Christian View,” in Economics, Ecology, Ethics: Essays Toward a Steady-State Economy, ed. Daly, Herman E. (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1980)Google Scholar.
24 Benton, Raymond Jr., “Environmental Racism, Consumption and Sustainability,” Business Ethics Quarterly 12(4) (2002): 83–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
25 Hawken, Paul, Lovins, Amory, and Lovins, Hunter, Natural Capitalism; Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1999)Google Scholar.
26 Taylor, , “Consumption,” p. 15Google Scholar.
27 DesJardins, p. 121.
28 Benton, Raymond Jr., “The Practical Domain of Marketing: The Notion of a ‘Free’ Enterprise Market Economy as a Guise for Institutionalized Marketing Power,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 46 (October 1987): 415–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
29 DesJardins, p. 135.
30 Ibid., p. 6.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid., p. 132.
33 Ibid., p. 7, italics added.
34 Ibid., p. 145.
35 Ibid., p. 128.
36 A very good review of this literature is presented in Jackson, Tim, “Live Better by Consuming Less? Is There a ‘Double Dividend’ in Sustainable Consumption?” Journal of Industrial Ecology 9(1–2) (2005): 19–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37 The Winter-Spring 2005 issue of the Journal of Industrial Ecology is totally devoted to the topic of consumption and industrial ecology and contains some twenty articles plus book reviews addressing various aspects of the problem.
38 DesJardins, p. 135.
39 Ibid., pp. 135–36.
40 Ibid., p. 10.
41 For first hand accounts of how difficult it will really be, see Levine, Judith, Not Buying It: My Year Without Shopping (New York: The Free Press, 2006)Google Scholar; Carlomagno, Mary, Give It Up!: My Year Learning to Live Better with Less (New York: William Morrow, 2006)Google Scholar; and Smith, Alisa and MacKinnon, J. B., Plenty: One Man, One Woman, and a Raucous Year of Eating Locally (New York: Harmony Books, 2007).Google Scholar
42 Benton, Raymond Jr., “Work, Consumption, and the Joyless Consumer,” in Philosophical and Radical Thought in Marketing, ed. Firat, A. Fuat, Dholakia, Nikhilesh, and Bagozzi, Richard P. (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Health Company/Lexington Books, 1987)Google Scholar.
43 Shove, E. and Warde, A. “Noticing Inconspicuous Consumption,” paper presented to the European Science Foundation TERM Programme Workshop on Consumption, Everyday Life and Sustainability, Lancaster, UK: University of Lancaster, 1997Google Scholar; Gronow, J. and Warde, A.Ordinary Consumption (London: Routledge, 2001)Google Scholar; Shove, E.Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience: The Social Organisation of Normality (Oxford: Berg, 2003)Google Scholar.
44 Jackson, Tim, “Live Better by Consuming Less? Is There a ‘Double Dividend’ in Sustainable Consumption?” Journal of Industrial Ecology 9(1–2) (2005): 19–36, p. 28Google Scholar.
45 Ibid., p. 29.
46 Ibid., p. 29, emphasis added.
47 DesJardins, p. 14.
48 Jackson, , “Live Better,” p. 29Google Scholar.
49 DesJardins, p. 3.
50 Ibid.
51 Callicott, J. Baird, “Turning the Whole Soul: The Educational Dialectic of A Sand County Almanac,” Worldviews 9(3): 365–84, p. 381.Google Scholar
52 http://www.newdream.org/live/audio/daly2.php, accessed June 19, 2007.
53 DesJardins, p. 30.
54 Ibid.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid., pp. 3–4.
57 In “The Land Ethic,” the final essay in A Sand County Almanac (1949), Aldo Leopold writes: “When one of these non-economic categories [e.g., wildflowers and songbirds] is threatened, and if we happen to love it, we invent subterfuges to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. Ornithologists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid” (p. 210).
58 Gottfried, Robert R., Economics, Ecology, and the Roots of Western Faith: Perspectives from the Garden (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995).Google Scholar
59 Wilson, E. OThe Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth (New York: Norton, W. W. 2006)Google Scholar.
60 Traditional, neoclassical economics is itself a religion, or at least religious-like. See Benton, Raymond Jr., “A Hermeneutic Approach to Economics: If Economics Is Not Science, and If It Is Not Merely Mathematics, Then What Could It Be?” In Economics as Discourse, ed. Samuels, Warren J. (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990), pp. 65–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Foltz, Richard, “The Religion of the Market: Reflections on a Decade of Discussion,” Worldviews 11 (2007): 135–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar