Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:02:10.770Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

An Ethical Analysis of Hierarchical Relations in Organizations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Abstract:

Ethical analyses of the relations between managers and subordinates have traditionally focused on the employment contract. The inequality and requisite mutual trust between managers and subordinates makes the sub-disciplines of professional ethics and feminist ethics more applicable than the contractarian perspective. When professional ethics is applied to hierarchic relationships, specific obligations emerge for managers and subordinates alike. The application of feminist ethics results in the identification of an entirely different, though not contradictory, set of obligations. In toto, the analysis improves on the conventional wisdom governing hierarchic relationships while at the same time remaining consistent with our moral intuitions.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arrow, K. J. 1974. The Limits of Organization. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Baier, A. 1985. “What Do Women Want in a Moral Theory?” Nous, 19: 5363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baier, A. 1986. “Trust and Antitrust.” Ethics, 96: 231260.Google Scholar
Bayles, M. D. 1981. Professional Ethics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Barber, B. 1983. The Logic and Limits of Trust. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.”Google Scholar
Barney, J. B., & Ouchi, W. G. 1986. Organizational Economics. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Bartolome, F., & Laurent, A. 1986. “The Manager: Master and Servant of Power.” Harvard Business Review, 64 (Nov-Dec): 7786.Google Scholar
Bok, S. 1978. Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Bok, S. 1982. Secrecy. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Brady, F. N. 1988. “Practical Formalism: A New Methodological Proposal for Business Ethics.” Journal of Business Ethics, 7: 163170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calhoun, C. 1992. “Emotional Work.” In Cole, E. B., & Coultrap-McQuin, S. (Eds.), Explorations in Feminist Ethics: 117122. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Cole, E. B., & Coultrap-McQuin, S. 1992. “Toward a Feminist Conception of Moral Life.” In Cole, E. B., & Coultrap-McQuin, S. (Eds.), Explorations in Feminist Ethics: 111. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Commons, J. R. 1924. Legal Foundations of Capitalism. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Dillon, R. S. 1992. “Respect and Care: Toward Moral Integration.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 22: 105132.Google Scholar
Donaldson, L. 1990. “The Ethereal Hand: Organizational Economics and Management Theory.” Academy of Management Review, 15: 369381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunfee, T. W. 1991. “Business Ethics and Extant Social Contracts.” Business Ethics Quarterly, 1 (1): 2351.Google Scholar
Elfstrom, G. 1983. “On Dilemmas of Intervention.” Ethics, 93: 709725.Google Scholar
Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review.” Academy of Management Review, 14: 5774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauthier, D. 1986. Morals by Agreement. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gewirth, A. 1978. Reason and Morality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gilligan, C. 1982. In a Different Voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gilligan, C. 1987. “Moral Orientation and Moral Development.” In Kittay, E. F., & Meyers, D. T. (Eds.), Women and Moral Theory: 1933. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Graham, J. 1986. “Principled Organizational Dissent.” In Staw, B. M., & Cummings, L. L. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior 8: 152. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Griesinger, D. W. 1990. “The Human Side of Economic Organization.” Academy of Management Review, 15: 478499.Google Scholar
Held, V. 1984. Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Held, V. 1987. “Feminism and Moral Theory.” In Kittay, E. F., & Meyers, D. T. (Eds.), Women and Moral Theory: 111128. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Little-field.Google Scholar
Herman, B. 1984. “Mutual Aid and Respect for Persons.” Ethics, 94: 577602.Google Scholar
Hesson, R. 1979. In Defense of the Corporation. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. 1979. “Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85: 551575.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. 1985. The Managed Heart. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hornstein, H. A. 1986. Managerial Courage. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hughes, E. C. 1958. Men and Their Work. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
Husak, T. 1980. “Omissions, Causation, and Liability.” Philosophical Quarterly, 30: 318326.Google Scholar
Jackall, R. 1987. Moral Mazes. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. 1990. “Honesty in Marketing.” Journal of Applied Philosophy, 7: 5160.Google Scholar
Jaggar, A. M. 1991. “Feminist Ethics: Projects, Problems, Prospects.” In Card, C. (Ed.), Feminist Ethics: 78104. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Jenson, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. 1976. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics, 3: 305360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kant, I. 1964 [originally 1785]. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Trans, by Paton, H. J.. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Kanter, R. M. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Keeley, M. 1988. A Social-Contract Theory of Organizations. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. 1976. “Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach.” In Lichona, T. (Ed.), Moral Development and Behavior: 3153. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
Luhmann, N. 1979. Trust and Power. Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
McDowell, B. 1990. “The Professional’s Dilemma: Choosing Between Service and Success.” Business & Professional Ethics Journal, 9: 3552.Google Scholar
Manning, R. 1992. “Just Caring.” In Cole, E. B., & Coultrap-McQuin, S. (Eds.), Explorations in Feminist Ethics: 4554. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Mills, P., & Morris, J. H. 1986. “Clients as ‘Partial’ Employees of Service Organizations.” Academy of Management Review, 11: 726735.Google Scholar
Moberg, D. J. 1990. “Helping Subordinates with Their Personal Problems: A Moral Dilemma for Managers.” Journal of Business Ethics, 9: 519531.Google Scholar
Moberg, D. J., & Meyer, M. J. 1990. “A Deontological Analysis of Peer Relations in Organizations.” Journal of Business Ethics, 9: 863877.Google Scholar
Noddings, N. 1984. Caring. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Nozick, R. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Oaks, G. 1990. “The Sales Process and the Paradoxes of Trust.” Journal of Business Ethics, 9: 671679.Google Scholar
Ouchi, W. G. 1980. “Markets, Bureaucracies, and Clans.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25: 124141.Google Scholar
Pompa, V. 1992. “Managerial Secrecy: An Ethical Examination.” Journal of Business Ethics, 11: 147156.Google Scholar
Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. 1987. “Expression of Emotions as Part of the Work Role. “Academy of Management Review, 12: 2337.Google Scholar
Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. 1989. “The Expression of Emotion in Organizational Life.” In Cummings, L. L. & Staw, B. M. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior 11: 142San Francisco, CA: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Robison, W. L. 1991. “Subordinates and Moral Dilemmas.” Business & Professional Ethics Journal, 10 (4): 222.Google Scholar
Ruddick, S. 1989. Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Senge, P. M. 1990. The Fifth Discipline. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. P. 1987. “The Social Control of Impersonal Trust.” American Journal of Sociology, 93: 623658.Google Scholar
Shapiro, S. P. 1990. “Collaring the Crime, not the Criminal: Reconsidering the Concept of White-Collar Crime.” American Sociological Review, 55: 346365.Google Scholar
Thompson, G., Frances, J., Levacic, R., & Mitchell, J. (Eds.). 1991. Markets, Hierarchies, and Networks. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Van Maanen, J. 1988. Tales of the Field. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Van Maanen, J. & Kunda, G. 1989. “‘Real Feelings’: Emotional Expression and Organizational Culture.” In Cummings, L. L. & Staw, B. M. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 11: 43103San Francisco: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Waters, J. A., Bird, F., & Chant, P. D. 1987. “Everyday Moral Issues Experienced by Managers.” Journal of Business Ethics, 5: 373384.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. R. S. 1978. “In One Another’s Power.” Ethics, 88: 299315.Google Scholar