Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:27:15.779Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

High-Leverage Finance Capitalism, the Economic Crisis, Structurally Related Ethics Issues, and Potential Reforms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Abstract:

In this updated and revised version of his 2008 Society for Business Ethics presidential address, Richard Nielsen documents the characteristics and extent of the 2007–2009 economic crisis and analyzes how the ethics issues of the economic crisis are structurally related to a relatively new form of capitalism, high-leverage finance capitalism. Four types of high-leverage finance capitalism are considered: hedge funds; private equity-leveraged buyouts; high-leverage, subprime mortgage banking; and high-leverage banking. The structurally related problems with the four types of high-leverage finance capitalism converged in something of a perfect economic storm. Explanations for the crisis are offered in the context of the type of the high-leverage finance capitalism system that permitted and facilitated the economic crisis. Ethics issues and potential reforms are considered that may be able to mitigate the destructive effects of what Schumpeter referred to as the “creative destructive” effects of evolutionary forms of capitalism while realizing the Aristotelian economic ideal of creating wealth in such a way as to make us better people and the world a better place.

Type
Society for Business Ethics Presidential Address
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abboud, L., & Gauthier-Villars, D. 2009. In France, oui to bailout, non to layoffs. Wall Street Journal, March 19: A1, A11.Google Scholar
Abelson, A. 2009. A whiff of reality. Barron’s (October 19): 78.Google Scholar
Acharya, V. V., Franks, J., & Servaes, H. 2007. Private equity: Boom and bust? Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 19(4): 4453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aristotle. 1941. The Nicomachean ethics, trans. Ross, W. D. In McKeon, R. (Ed.), The basic works of Aristotle. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Arnott, Rob. 2008. Why it’s crucial to invest debt wisely. Financial Times (December 1): 14.Google Scholar
Atkins, R., & Tait, N. 2009. ECB sees danger in Europe’s hedge fund plan. Financial Times (October 23): 4.Google Scholar
Bary, A. 2009. How do you spell sweet deal? For banks it’s TLGP. Barron’s (April 20): 47.Google Scholar
Baskin, J. B., & Miranti, P. J. 1997. A history of corporate finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaud, M. 2000. A history of capitalism: 1500–2000. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Berman, D. K. 2008. Buyout shops show timing is everything in deal-making arena. Wall Street Journal (February 26): C1, C5.Google Scholar
Blankfein, L. 2009. To avoid crises, we need more transparency. Financial Times (October 13): 11.Google Scholar
Blitz, J. 2007. UK flags regulatory measures for private equity companies. Financial Times (March 1): 1.Google Scholar
Boatright, J. 1999. Ethics in finance. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bogle, J. C. 2005. The battle for the soul of capitalism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brandeis, L. D. 1933. Other people’s money and how the bankers use it. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company.Google Scholar
Brewster, Deborah. 2009. Investment losses hit public sector pensions. Financial Times (April 8): 1.Google Scholar
Brittan, S. 2009. Simple truths about the economy. Financial Times (November 13): 13.Google Scholar
Brown, K. 2009. Concerns temper positive jobs data. Financial Times (October 31): 3.Google Scholar
Browning, E. S. 2009. For stock investors, bad economy isn’t bad. Wall Street Journal (November 9): C1.Google Scholar
Chandler, A. D. 1977. The visible hand: The managerial revolution in American business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cohan, W. D. 2009. House of cards. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Corrado, A., Magleby, D. B., & Patterson, K. 2006. Financing the 2004 election. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Cox, A. 2009. Banks retreat in favour of a safer model. Financial Times (February 16): 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, L., & Tett, G. 2008. Spain spared because it learnt lesson the hard way. Financial Times (February 5): 25.Google Scholar
Creswell, J., & Write, B. 2008. Wall Street R.I.P.: The end of an era. New York Times (September 28): 1, 10.Google Scholar
Donaldson, T. 2008. Hedge fund ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18(3): 40516.Google Scholar
Donlan, T. G. 2009. The hair of the dog. Barron’s (October 26): 55.Google Scholar
Engle, R. 2009. Scope remains to circumvent US bill on OTC derivatives. Financial Times (October 22): 22.Google Scholar
European Parliament. 2007. Hedge funds and private equity: A critical analysis. www.europari.europa.eu.Google Scholar
Ferguson, N. 2008. The ascent of money: A financial history of the world. New York: The Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Financial Times. 2007. Invading the privacy of private equity: Bigger buy-outs should be matched by greater disclosure. Financial Times (February 24): 6.Google Scholar
Fohlin, C. 2007. Finance capitalism and Germany’s rise to industrial power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsyth, R. W. 2008. U.S. wealth plunges. Barron’s (December 15): M9.Google Scholar
Forsyth, R. W. 2009. A tale of two credit markets. Barron’s (November 16): M11.Google Scholar
Frank, R. 2008. The wealth gap. Wall Street Journal (October 27): A2.Google Scholar
Freeland, Chrystia. 2009. U.S. banks’ big profits are “gifts” from state, says Storos, Financial Times (October 25): 1.Google Scholar
Frieden, J. A. 2006. Global capitalism. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Gapper, J. 2007. Sadly, it pays to retire disgracefully. Financial Times (November 8): 9.Google Scholar
Gapper, J. 2009. Don’t set Goldman free, Mr. Geithner. Financial Times (April 16): 9.Google Scholar
Gill, D., & Lipsmeyer, C. 2005. Soft money and hard choices. Public Choice (April 23): 14.Google Scholar
Green, M. 2002. Selling out: How big corporate money buys elections. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Greetham, Trevor. 2009. Concentrate on leverage for happy ending to banks crisis. Financial Times (November 18): 22.Google Scholar
Gross, Bill. 2007. The shadow knows. www.allianzinvestors.com/commentary/mgr_billGross12012007_P.jsp.Google Scholar
Gross, Bill. 2008. When I’m sixty-four. PIMCO Investment Outlook (April): 1-4.Google Scholar
Gross, Bill. 2009. The future of investing: Evolution or revolution. Pimco Investment Outlook (April): 14.Google Scholar
Guerrera, F., & Baer, J. 2009. Goldman apologises for crisis and pledges $500 million to small business. Financial Times (November 18): 1.Google Scholar
Guerrera, F., & Mackenzie, M. 2009. Goldman’s $100 million-a-day bonanza. Financial Times (November 5): 15.Google Scholar
Guha, K. 2009. Is this the best recovery that policy can buy? Financial Times (November 13): 4.Google Scholar
Hadas, E. 2008. The great deleveraging. Wall Street Journal (February 19), C10.Google Scholar
Jackson, T. 2007. Debt risk time-bomb stalking the private equity industry. Financial Times (February 27): 24.Google Scholar
Jenkins, P., Murphy, M., Guerrera, F., & Braithwaite, T. 2009. Financial Times (October 17): 8.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. C. 2002. Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. Business Ethics Quarterly, 12(2): 23556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kane, E. J. 1985. The gathering crisis in federal deposit insurance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kane, E. J. 2008. Regulation and supervision: An ethical perspective. Oxford handbook of banking. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, K. 2009. New York Fed chief’s Goldman ties at issue. Wall Street Journal (May 5): 1, 1617.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, C. P., and Aliber, R. 2005. Manias, panics, and crashes: A history of financial crises. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosman, J. 2009. The buyout of America. New York: Portfolio.Google Scholar
Krugman, P. 2009. The return of depression economics. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Lattman, P. 2008. Carlyle’s bet on telecom in Hawaii ends badly. Wall Street Journal (December 12): B1.Google Scholar
Lauricella, T. 2009. Earnings are strong, sales are another story. Wall Street Journal (November 16): C1.Google Scholar
Leavit, A. 2002. Taking on the street. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Lebaton, S. 2008. How SEC opened path for storm in 55 minutes. The New York Times (October 4): 15.Google Scholar
Long, C. 2009. Wall of US maturing debt threatens to extend crunch. Financial Times (November 12): 24.Google Scholar
Lucchetti, A., & Grocer, S. 2009. Wall Street on track to award record pay. Wall Street Journal (October 14): 1, 4.Google Scholar
MacIntosh, J., Guerrera, F., & Chung, J. 2008. Steep rise in troubled US loans. Financial Times (October 9): 15.Google Scholar
Masters, B., Cohen, N., & Eaglesham, J. 2009. Financial Times, (September 4): 1.Google Scholar
McTague, J. 2008. Unraveling Rahm Emanuel’s fast fortunes. Barron’s (December 22): 40.Google Scholar
Morgenson, G. 2009. Gimme back your paycheck. New York Times (February 22): BU 1, 7.Google Scholar
Mullins, B., & Farnam, T. W. 2009. Wall Street steps up political donations, lobbying. Wall Street Journal (October 22): A4.Google Scholar
Munoz, S. 2009. U.K. pushes pay changes on foreign banks. Wall Street Journal (October 15): C2.Google Scholar
New York Times. 2010. “Editorial: Will the real Chris Dodd stand up?” New York Times (January 6): 24.Google Scholar
Ng, S. & Mollenkamp, C. 2009. New York Fed caved in to AIG creditors. Wall Street Journal (November 17): C1.Google Scholar
Nielsen, R. P. 2003. Organization theory and ethics: Varieties and dynamics of constrained optimization. In Tsoukas, H. & Knudsen, C. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of organization theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nielsen, R. P. 2008. The private equity-leveraged buyout form of finance capitalism: Ethical and social issues, and potential reforms. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18: 379404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noyer, C. 2009. A stronger infrastructure will cut CDS vulnerability. Financial Times (October 20): 24.Google Scholar
Oakley, D. 2008. Leveraged loan prices hit new European lows. Financial Times (December 23): 22.Google Scholar
O’Connor, S. 2009. End of the line. Financial Times (July 17): 5.Google Scholar
Plender, J. 2008. Why business may face a crisis of legitimacy. Financial Times (April 8): 7.Google Scholar
Posner, R. A. 2009. A failure of capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rappaport, L. 2009. Borrowing for dividends raises worries. Wall Street Journal (October 5): C1.Google Scholar
Rappaport, L., & Lattman, P. 2008. Why leveraged loans that financed buyouts are causing bottleneck. Wall Street Journal (February 6): C1–C2.Google Scholar
Reich, R. R. 2007. Supercapitalism. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Richardson, M. 2009. A curb on bank bonuses misses the point. Financial Times (October 8): 9.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, P. 1991. From text to action: Essays in hermeneutics. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Santini, L. 2007. Why the buyout titans are stumbling in Asia. Wall Street Journal (March 14): C4.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A. 1947. Capitalism, socialism, and democracy. New York: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
Solomon, D. 2009. Pay czar targets salary cuts. Wall Street Journal (October 6): 1.Google Scholar
Solomon, E. 1963. The theory of financial management. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Sorkin, A. R. 2008. Private equity buyouts get split review of job losses. International Herald Tribune (January 26): 13.Google Scholar
Trejos, N. 2008. Retirement savings lose $2 trillion in 15 months. Washington Post (October 8): 4.Google Scholar
Useem, M. 1996. Investor capitalism: How money managers are changing the face of corporate America. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Wall Street Journal. 2009. The Goldman two-step. Wall Street Journal (April 15): A14.Google Scholar
Willoughby, Jack. 2009. Investors could use a hedge. Barron’s (February 8): 40.Google Scholar
Witty, S. 2009. Money talks, regs walk. Barron’s (March 23): 16.Google Scholar
Wolf, M. 2009. The cautious approach to fixing banks will not work. Financial Times (July 1): 9.Google Scholar