Hostname: page-component-5f56664f6-n72nm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-07T07:16:14.685Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

CSR and the Debate on Business and Human Rights: Bridging the Great Divide

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2015

Florian Wettstein
Florian Wettstein*
Affiliation:
University of St. Gallen
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Human rights have not played an overwhelmingly prominent role in CSR in the past. Similarly, CSR has had relatively little influence on what is now called the “business and human rights debate.” This contribution uncovers some of the reasons for the rather peculiar disconnect between these two debates and, based on it, presents some apparent synergies and complementarities between the two. A closer integration of the two debates, as it argues, would allow for the formulation of an expansive and demanding conception of corporate human rights obligations. Such a conception does not stop with corporate obligations “merely” to respect human rights, but includes an extended focus on proactive company involvement in the protection and realization of human rights. In other words, the integration of the two debates provides the space within which to formulate positive human rights obligations for corporations.

Keywords

corporate social responsibilitybusiness and human rightsmultinational corporationsUN frameworkhuman rights responsibility
Type
Articles
Information
Business Ethics Quarterly , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , October 2012 , pp. 739 - 770
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Business Ethics 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Alston, P. 2005. Non-State Actors and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 1998. Human Rights Principles for Companies. New York: Amnesty International. AI Index ACT 70/01/98.Google Scholar
Andiappan, P., Reavley, M., and Silver, S. 1990. “Discrimination against Pregnant Employees: An Analysis of Arbitration and Human Rights Tribunal Decisions in Canada,” Journal of Business Ethics 9(2): 143–49.Google Scholar
Andreopoulos, G., Arat, Z.F.K. and Juviler, P. 2006. Non-State Actors in the Human Rights Universe. Bloomfield, Conn.: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar
Arnold, D.G. 2003a. “Human Rights and Business: An Ethical Analysis,” in Business and Human Rights: Dilemmas and Solutions, ed. Sullivan, R., 69–81. Sheffield: Green-leaf Publishing.Google Scholar
Arnold, D.G. 2003b. “Moral Reasoning, Human Rights, and Global Labor Practices,” in Rising above Sweatshops: Innovative Approaches to Global Labor Challenges, ed. Hartman, L.P. Arnold, D.G. and Wokutch, R.E. 77–99. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.Google Scholar
Arnold, D.G. 2010. “Transnational Corporations and the Duty to Respect Basic Human Rights,” Business Ethics Quarterly 20(3): 371–99.Google Scholar
Arnold, D.G., and Bowie, N.E. 2003. “Sweatshops and Respect for Persons,” Business Ethics Quarterly 13(2): 221–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, D.G. and Hartman, L.P. 2006. “Worker Rights and Low Wage Industrialization: How to Avoid Sweatshops,” Human Rights Quarterly 28(3): 676–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avery, C.L. 2000. Business and Human Rights in a time of change. London: Amnesty International UK.Google Scholar
Barboza, D., and Helft, M. 2010. “A Compromise Allows Both China and Google to Claim Victory,” The New York Times(July 10).Google Scholar
Bentham, J. 2002 “Rights, Representation, and Reform: Nonsense Upon Stilts and Other Writings on the French Revolution,” in The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. Schofield, P. Pease-Watkin, C. and Blamers, C. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Bhagwati, J. 2004. In Defense of Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bishop, J.D. 2012. “The Limits of Corporate Human Rights Obligations and the Rights of For-Profit Corporations,” Business Ethics Quarterly 22(1): 119–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenkert, G.G. 1992. “Can We Afford International Human Rights?,” Journal of Business Ethics 11(7): 515–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenkert, G.G. 2009. “Google, Human Rights, and Moral Compromise,” Journal of Business Ethics 85(4): 453–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buhmann, K. 2009. “Regulating Corporate Social and Human Rights Responsibilities at the UN Plane: Institutionalising New Forms of Law and Law-making Approaches?,” Nordic Journal of International Law 78(1): 1–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, T. 2006. “A Human Rights Approach to Developing Voluntary Codes of Conduct for Multinational Corporations,” Business Ethics Quarterly 16(2): 225–69.Google Scholar
Carroll, A.B. 1979. “A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance,” Academy of Management Review 4(4): 497–505.Google Scholar
Carroll, A.B. 1999. “Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional Construct,” Business and Society 38(3): 268–95.Google Scholar
Carroll, A.B., and Buchholtz, A.K. 2008. Business and Society. Ethics and Stakeholder Management. Mason, Ohio: South-Western.Google Scholar
Cassel, D. 2001. “Human Rights and Business Responsibilities in the Global Marketplace,” Business Ethics Quarterly 11(2): 261–74.Google Scholar
Chandler, G. 1998. “Oil Companies and Human Rights,” Business Ethics: A European Review 7(2): 69–72.Google Scholar
Chandler, G. 1999. “Keynote Address: Crafting a Human Rights Agenda for Business,” in Human Rights Standards and the Responsibility of Transnational Corporations, ed. Addo, M.K. 39–45 The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Chandler, G. 2003. “The Evolution of the Business and Human Rights Debate,” in Business and Human Rights: Dilemmas and Solutions, ed. Sullivan, R. 22–32. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing.Google Scholar
Christensen, C.M., Baumann, H., Ruggles, R. and Sadtler, T.M. 2006. “Disruptive Innovation for Social Change,” Harvard Business Review 84(12): 94–101.Google Scholar
Clapham, A. 1993. Human Rights in the Private Sphere. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Clapham, A. 2004. “State Responsibility, Corporate Responsibility, and Complicity in Human Rights Violations,” in Responsibility in World Business. Managing Harmful Side-effects of Corporate Activity, ed. Bomann-Larsen, L. and Wiggen, O. 50–81. Tokyo: United Nations University.Google Scholar
Clapham, A. 2006. Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clapham, A., and Jerbi, S. 2001. “Categories of Corporate Complicity in Human Rights Abuses,” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 24: 339–50.Google Scholar
Commission of the European Communities 2006. “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee,” Implementing the Partnership for Growth and Jobs: Making Europe a Pole of Excellence on Corporate Social Responsibility. Brussels, March 22, 2006.Google Scholar
Cragg, W. 2000. “Human Rights and Business Ethics: Fashioning a New Social Contract,” Journal of Business Ethics 27(1,2): 205–14.Google Scholar
Cragg, W. 2010. “Business and Human Rights: A Principle and Value-Based Analysis,” in The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics, ed. Brenkert, G.G. and Beau-champ, T.L. 267–304. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cragg, W. 2012. “Ethics, Enlightened Self-Interest, and the Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights: A Critical Look at the Justificatory Foundations of the UN Framework,” Business Ethics Quarterly 22(1): 9–36.Google Scholar
Cutler, A.C. 1999. “Locating ‘Authority’ in the Global Political Economy,” International Studies Quarterly 43(1): 59–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De George, R.T. 2010. Business Ethics. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Di Norcia, V. 1989. “The Leverage of Foreigners: Multinationals in South Africa,” Journal of Business Ethics 8(11): 865–71.Google Scholar
Donaldson, T. 1989. The Ethics of International Business. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Donaldson, T. 2003. “De-Compacting the Global Compact,” Journal of Corporate Citizenship 11: 69–72.Google Scholar
Donnelly, J. 2003. Universal Rights in Theory and Practice. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Dubbink, W., and van Liedekerke, L. 2009. “A Neo-Kantian Foundation of Corporate Social Responsibility,” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 12(2): 117–36.Google Scholar
Elkington, J., and Hartigan, P. 2008. The Power of Unreasonable People: How Social Entrepreneurs Create Markets that Change the World. Boston: Harvard Business Press.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2001. Promoting a European Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility: Green Paper. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publication of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Feinberg, J. 1973. Social Philosophy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Feinberg, J. 1980. Justice, and the Bounds of Liberty. Essays in Social Philosophy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinberg, J. 1992. Freedom and Fulfillment. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forcese, C. 2001. “ATCA’s Achilles Heel: Corporate Complicity, International Law and the Alien Tort Claims Act,” Yale Journal of International Law 26: 487–515.Google Scholar
Frankena, W.K. 1973. Ethics, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Frankental, P. 2002. “The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a Corporate Code of Conduct,” Business Ethics: A European Review 11(2): 129–33.Google Scholar
Frankental, P., and House, F. 2000. Human Rights—Is It Any of Your Business? London: Amnesty International UK and The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum.Google Scholar
Frey, B.A. 1997. “The Legal and Ethical Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations in the Protection of International Human Rights,” Minnesota Journal of Global Trade 6: 153–88.Google Scholar
Gibney, M., and Skogly, S. 2010. Universal Human Rights and Extraterritorial Obligations Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Goodpaster, K.E. 2010. “Corporate Responsibility and Its Constitutents,” in The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics, ed. Brenkert, G.G. and Beauchamp, T.L. 126–57. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1998. “Kant”s Idea of Perpetual Peace: At Two Hundred Years” Historical Remove,” in The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, ed. Cronin, C. and De Greiff, P. 165–202. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hart, S.L. and Christensen, C.M. 2002. “The Great Leap: Driving Innovation from the Base of the Pyramid,” Sloan Management Review 44(1): 51–56.Google Scholar
Heald, M. 1970. The Social Responsibilities of Business: Company and Community 1900–1960. Cleveland: The Press of Case Western Reserve University.Google Scholar
Hindman, H.D., and Smith, C.G. 1999. “Cross-Cultural Ethics and the Child Labor Problem,” Journal of Business Ethics 19(1): 21–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, W.M., and McNulty, R.E. 2009. “International Business, Human Rights, and Moral Complicity: A Call for a Declaration on the Universal Rights and Duties of Business,” Business and Society Review 114(4): 541–70.Google Scholar
Howen, N. 2005a. “Responsibility and Complicity from the Perspective of International Human Rights Law,” in The 2005 Business and Human Rights Seminar Report: Exploring Responsibility and Complicity, ed. Shinn, M. 12–15. London: Business and Human Rights Seminar Ltd.Google Scholar
Howen, N., 2005b. “‘Voluntary or Mandatory: This Is (Not) the Question’: A Comment,” Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik 6(3): 321–23.Google Scholar
Hsieh, N. 2004 “The Obligations of Transnational Corporations: Rawlsian Justice and the Duty of Assistance,” Business Ethics Quarterly 14(4): 643–61.Google Scholar
Hsieh, N. 2009 “Does Global Business Have a Responsibility to Promote Just Institutions?,” Business Ethics Quarterly 19(2): 251–73.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 1999a. The Enron Corporation: Corporate Complicity in Human Rights Violations. New York: Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/enron/.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 1999b. The Price of Oil: Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria’s Oil Producing Communities. New York: Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/.Google Scholar
International Chamber of Commerce / International Organization of Employers (ICC/IOE). 2004. Joint Views of the IOE and ICC on the Draft “Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regards to Human Rights. Paris; Geneva: ICC, IOE. http://www.reports-and-materials.org/IOE-ICC-views-UN-norms-March-2004.doc Google Scholar
International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP). 2002. Beyond Voluntarism: Human Rights and the Developing International Legal Obligations of Companies. Versoix: International Council on Human Rights Policy.Google Scholar
International Labour Office. 2007. The Promotion of Sustainable Enterprises. Report VI. International Labour Conference, 96th Session, Geneva.http://www.ilo.org/dyn/empent/docs/F1377429635/ILCSustainableEnterprises.pdf.Google Scholar
Jonas, H. 1984. The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jones, C. 2001. Global Justice: Defending Cosmopolitanism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jonker, J. 2005 “CSR Wonderland: Navigating between Movement, Community, and Organization,” Journal of Corporate Citizenship 20: 19–22.Google Scholar
Jungk, M. 2000. Deciding Whether to Do Business in States with Bad Governments. Co-penhagen: The Danish Centre for Human Rights.Google Scholar
Jungk, M. 2001. Defining the Scope of Business Responsibility for Human Rights Abroad. Copenhagen: The Danish Centre for Human Rights.Google Scholar
Kant, I. 1996. The Metaphysics of Morals, trans. Gregor, Mary Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kobrin, S.J. 2009. “Private Political Authority and Public Responsibility: Transnational Politics, Transnational Firms and Human Rights,” Business Ethics Quarterly 19(3): 349–74.Google Scholar
Kurlantzick, J. 2004. “Taking Multinationals to Court: How the Alien Tort Act Promotes Human Rights,” World Policy Journal 21(1): 60–67.Google Scholar
Leisinger, K.M. 2003. “Opportunities and Risks of the United Nations Global Compact: The Novartis Case Study,” Journal of Corporate Citizenship 11: 113–31.Google Scholar
Maitland, I. 2004. “The Great Non-Debate Over International Sweatshops,“ in Ethical Theory and Business. (7th edition), ed. Beauchamp, T.L. and Bowie, N. 597–607. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Margalit, A. 1996. The Decent Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mathews, J.T. 1997. “Power Shift,” Foreign Affairs 76(1): 50–66.Google Scholar
Matten, D., and Crane, A. 2005. “Corporate Citizenship: Toward an Extended Theoretical Conceptualization,” Academy of Management Review 30(1): 166–79.Google Scholar
Mayer, A.E. 2009. “Human Rights as a Dimension of CSR: The Blurred Line Between Legal and Non-Legal Categories,” Journal of Business Ethics 88: 561–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCorquodale, R. 2009. “Corporate Social Responsibility and International Human Rights Law,” Journal of Business Ethics 87(2): 385–400.Google Scholar
McCorquodale, R., and Simons, P. 2007. “Responsibility beyond Borders: State Responsibility for Extraterritorial Violations by Corporations of International Human Rights Law,” The Modern Law Review 70(4): 598–625.Google Scholar
Mena, S., de Leede, M., Baumann, D., Black, N., Lindeman, S. and McShane, L. 2010. “Advancing the Business and Human Rights Agenda: Dialogue, Empowerment, and Practical Engagement,” Journal of Business Ethics 93(1): 161–88.Google Scholar
Meyer, W.H. 2003. “Activism and Research on TNCs and Human Rights: Building a New International Normative Regime,” in Transnational Corporations and Human Rights. ed. Frynas, J.G. and Pegg, S. 33–52. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mill, J.S. 2001. Utilitarianism. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.Google Scholar
Miller, D. 2005. “Distributing Responsibilities,” in Global Responsibilities: Who Must Deliver on Human Rights, ed. Kuper, A. 95–115. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Monshipouri, M., Welch, C.E., and Kennedy, E.T. 2003. “Multinational Corporations and the Ethics of Global Responsibility: Problems and Possibilities,” Human Rights Quarterly 25(4): 965–89.Google Scholar
Muchlinski, P. 2001. “Human Rights And Multinationals: Is There A Problem?,” International Affairs 77(1): 31–47.Google Scholar
Muchlinski, P. 2012. “Implementing the New Corporate Human Rights Framework,” Business Ethics Quarterly 22(1): 145–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munchus, G., 1989. “Testing as a Selection Tool: Another Old and Sticky Managerial Human Rights Issue,” Journal of Business Ethics 8(10): 817–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, J. 2002. Building Partnerships: Cooperation between the United Nations System and the Private Sector. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. 2004. “The Public Role of the Private Enterprise: Risks, Opportunities, and New Models of Engagement,” Working Paper of the Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative. Cambridge, Mass.: John F. Kennedy School of Government.Google Scholar
Nolan, J., and Taylor, L. 2009. “Corporate Responsibility for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Rights in Search of a Remedy?,” Journal of Business Ethics 87(2): 433–51.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M.C. 2002. “Capabilities and Human Rights,” in Global Justice and Transnational Politics: Essays on the Moral and Political Challenges of Globalization ed. De Greiff, P. and Cronin, C. 117–49. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Oliver, D. and Fedtke, J. 2007. Human Rights and the Private Sphere: A Comparative Study. London: Routledge-Cavendish.Google Scholar
O‘Neill, O. 1996. Towards Justice and Virtue: A Constructive Account of Practical Reasoning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
O‘Neill, O. 2000. Bounds of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Palazzo, G., and Scherer, A.G. 2009. “Entfesselung und Eingrenzung - Konsequenzen einer global entfesselten ökonomischen Vernunft für die soziale Verantwortung der Unternehmen,” in Markt, Mensch und Freiheit: Wirtschaftsethik in der Auseinandersetzung, ed. Breuer, M., Mastronardi, P. and Waxenberger, B. 81–95. Bern: Haupt.Google Scholar
Pegg, S. 2003. “An Emerging Market for the New Millennium: Transnational Corporations and Human Rights,” in Transnational Corporations and Human Rights, ed. Frynas, J.G. and Pegg, S. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Pogge, T.W. 2002. World Poverty and Human Rights. Cambridge.: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Porter, M.E., and Kramer, M.R. 2011. “Creating Shared Value: How to Reinvent Capitalism—and Unleash a Wave of Innovation and Growth,” Harvard Business Review 89(1,2): 62–77.Google Scholar
Post, J. 1985. “Assessing the Nestle Boycott: Corporate Accountability and Human Rights,” California Management Review 27(2): 113–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, B. 2006. “In Reply to Sweatshop Sophistries,” Human Rights Quarterly 28(4): 1031–42.Google Scholar
Prahalad, C.K. 2005. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Wharton School Publishing.Google Scholar
Prahalad, C.K. and Hammond, A. 2002. “Serving the World’s Poor Profitably,” Harvard Business Review 80(9): 48–57.Google Scholar
Prahalad, C.K. and Hart, S.L. 2002. “The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid?,” Strategy and Business 26: 2–14.Google Scholar
Radin, T.J., and Calkins, M. 2006. “The Struggle against Sweatshops: Moving Toward Responsible Global Business,” Journal of Business Ethics 66(2,3): 261–72.Google Scholar
Ramasastry, A., 2002. “Corporate Complicity: From Nuremberg to Rangoon; An Examination of Forced Labor Cases and Their Impact on the Liability of Multinational Corporations,” Berkeley Journal of International Law 20(1): 91–159.Google Scholar
Ratner, S.R. 2001. “Corporations and Human Rights: A Theory of Legal Responsibility,” The Yale Law Journal 111(3): 443–545.Google Scholar
Robinson, M. 2003. “Foreword?,” in Business and Human Rights: Dilemmas and Solutions, ed. Sullivan, R. 9–12 Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing.Google Scholar
Ruggie, J.G. 2007. “Business and Human Rights: The Evolving International Agenda,” American Journal of International Law 101: 819–40.Google Scholar
Santoro, M.A. 2000. Profits and Principles. Global Capitalism and Human Rights in China. Ithaca, N.Y.: ornell University Press.Google Scholar
Santoro, M.A. 2003a. “Beyond Codes of Conduct and Monitoring: An Organizational Integrity Approach to Global Labor Practices,” Human Rights Quarterly 25(2): 407–24.Google Scholar
Santoro, M.A. 2003b. “How Nongovernmental Organizations and Multinational Enterprises Can Work Together to Protect Global Labor Rights,” in Rising above Sweatshops: Innovative Approaches to Global Labor Challenges, ed. Hartman, L.P., Arnold, D.G., and Wokutch, R.E. 101–18. Westport, Conn.: Praege.Google Scholar
Santoro, M.A. 2009. China 2020. How Western Business Can—and Should—Influence Social and Political Change in the Coming Decade. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Santoro, M.A. 2010. “Post-Westphalia and Its Discontents: Business, Globalization, and Human Rights in Political and Moral Perspective,” Business Ethics Quarterly 20(2): 285–97.Google Scholar
Scherer, A.G., and Palazzo, G. 2011. “A New Political Role of Business in a Globalized World: A Review and Research Agenda,” Journal of Management Studies 48(4): 899–931.Google Scholar
Scherer, A.G., Palazzo, G. and Baumann, D. 2006. “Global Rules and Private Actors: Toward a New Role of the Transnational Corporation in Global Governance,” Business Ethics Quarterly 16(4): 505–32.Google Scholar
Scherer, A.G., Palazzo, G. and Matten, D. 2009. “Introduction to the Special Issue: Globalization as a Challenge for Business Responsibilities,” Business Ethics Quarterly 19(3): 327–47.Google Scholar
Schermerhorn, J.R., 1999. “Terms of Global Business Engagement in Ethically Challenging Environments: Applications to Burma,” Business Ethics Quarterly 9(3): 485–505.Google Scholar
Seelos, C., and Mair, J. 2005. “Social Entrepreneurship: Creating New Business Models to Serve the Poor,” Business Horizons 48(3): 241–46.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2004. “Elements of a Theory of Human Rights,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 32(4): 315–56.Google Scholar
Sethi, S.P. 1987. The South African Quagmire: In Search of a Peaceful Path to Democratic Pluralism. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Shue, H. 1988. “Mediating Duties,” Ethics 98(4): 687–704.Google Scholar
Shue, H. 1996. Basic Rights. Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Simons, P. 2004. “Corporate Voluntarism and Human Rights: The Adequacy and Effectiveness of Voluntary Self-Regulation Regimes,” Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations 59(1): 101–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skogly, S.I. 2006. Beyond National Borders. States’ Human Rights Obligations in International Cooperation. Antwerpen: Intersentia.Google Scholar
Smith, T. 1994. “The Power of Business for Human Rights,” Business and Society Review 88: 36–38.Google Scholar
Tripathi, S. 2005. “International Regulation of Multinational Corporations,” Oxford Development Studies 33(1): 117–31.Google Scholar
Ulrich, P. 2008. Integrative Economic Ethics. Foundations of a Civilized Market Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2008a. Clarifying the Concepts of “Sphere of Influence” and “Complicity.” Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, John Ruggie. Human Rights Council, Eighth session, A/HRC/8/16, http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggie-companion-report-15-May-2008.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2008b. “Human Rights Council, Eighth Session.” Protect Respect and Remedy: A Framework for Business and Human Rights. Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, John Ruggie, A/HRC/8/5, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G08/128/61/PDF/G0812861.pdf?OpenElement.Google Scholar
Waddock, S., and Smith, N. 2000. “Relationships: The Real Challenge of Corporate Global Citizenship,” Business and Society Review 105(1): 47–62.Google Scholar
Walsh, J.P. 2005. “Book Review Essay: Taking Stock of Stakeholder Management,” Academy of Management Review 30(2): 426–52.Google Scholar
Weissbrodt, D. 2005. “Corporate Human Rights Responsibilities,” Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik 6(3): 279–97.Google Scholar
Weissbrodt, D., and Kruger, M. 2003. “Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights,” American Journal of International 97: 901–22.Google Scholar
Wells, C., and Elias, J. 2005. “Catching the Conscience of the King: Corporate Players on the International Stage,” in Non-State Actors and Human Rights, ed. Alston, P. 141–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Werhane, P.H. 1985. Persons, Rights, and Corporations. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Wettstein, F. 2009a. “Beyond Voluntariness, Beyond CSR: Making a Case for Human Rights and Justice,” Business and Society Review 114(1): 125–52.Google Scholar
Wettstein, F. 2009b. Multinational Corporations and Global Justice. Human Rights Obligations of a Quasi-Governmental Institution Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wettstein, F. 2010. “The Duty to Protect: Corporate Complicity, Political Responsibility, and Human Rights Advocacy,” Journal of Business Ethics 96(1): 33–47.Google Scholar
Wettstein, F. 2012. “Silence as Complicity: Elements of a Corporate Duty to Speak Out against the Violation of Human Rights,” Business Ethics Quarterly 22(1): 37–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wettstein, F., and Waddock, S. 2005. “Voluntary or Mandatory: That is (Not) the Question; Linking Corporate Citizenship to Human Rights Obligations for Business,” Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik 6(3): 304–20.Google Scholar
Whelan, G., Moon, J., and Orlitzky, M. 2009. “Human Rights, Transnational Corporations, and Embedded Liberalism: What Chance Consensus,” Journal of Business Ethics 87(2): 367–83.Google Scholar
White, J., 2004. “Globalization, Divestment and Human Rights in Burma,” Journal of Corporate Citizenship 14: 47–65.Google Scholar
Williams, O.F. 1986. The Apartheid Crisis. How We Can Do Justice in a Land of Violence San Francisco: Harper and Row Publishers.Google Scholar
Williams, O.F. 2004. “The UN Global Compact: The Challenge and the Promise,” Business Ethics Quarterly 14(4): 755–74.Google Scholar
Wood, S. 2012. “The Case for Leverage-Based Corporate Human Rights Responsibility,” Business Ethics Quarterly 22(1): 63–98.Google Scholar
Young, I.M. 2003. “From Guilt to Solidarity: Sweatshops and Political Responsibility,” Dissent 50(2): 39–44.Google Scholar
Young, I.M. 2004. “Responsibility and Global Labor Justice,” Journal of Political Philosophy 12(4): 365–88.Google Scholar