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Two Pali etymologies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

K. R. Norman
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Extract

It seems appropriate, as a contribution to a volume in honour of a scholar who in a long series of brilliant etymological studies has solved many problems in Indo-Aryan philology, to offer a paper suggesting new etymologies for two Pali compound words which seem to be incorrectly denned in the Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary.

Type
Research Article
Information
Bulletin of SOAS , Volume 42 , Issue 2 , June 1979 , pp. 321 - 328
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies 1979

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References

1 Abbreviations of titles of texts as in A critical Pāli dictionary. Other abbreviations: AMg. = Ardha-Māgadhi; BHS = Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit; CDIAL = Turner, R. L., Comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages London, 1966 Google Scholar; CPD = A critical Pāli dictionary, Copenhagen, 1924 ffGoogle Scholar.;CPS = Waldschmidt, E., Catusparisatsutra Berlin, 1952–1960 Google Scholar; cty/cties = commentary / commentaries; MIA = Middle Indo-Aryan; PED = Pali-English dictionary, London, 1925 Google Scholar; PTS = Pali Text Society; Pkt. = Prakrit; Skt. = Sanskrit.

2 See Norman, K. E., Elders' verses II, London, 1971, 131 (ad Thi 334)Google Scholar.

3 Childers, R. C., A dictionary of the Pali language, London, 1875 Google Scholar, s.v. vivattacclwddo.

4 See PED, s.v.vivatta-cchada.

5 ed. Rajendralāla Mitra, Calcutta, 1877, 118, 14–16.

6 tr. Rājendralāla Mitra, Calcutta, 1881–6, 141.

7 Thomas, E. J., The life of the Buddha as legend and history, London, 1927, 40 Google Scholar.

8 Kloppenborg, Ria, The sutra on the foundation of the Buddhist order, Leiden, 1973, 76 Google Scholar.

9 Jones, J. J., The Māhavastu III, London, 1956, 375 Google Scholar.

10 Waldschmidt, E., Das Mahāvadanasutra, Berlin, 1953, 95 Google Scholar.

11 Brough, J., The Gāndhārī Dharmapada, London, 1962, § 50 Google Scholar .

12 Norman, K. R., ‘The Gāndhārī version of the Dharmapada’, Buddhist studies in honour of I. B. Homer Dordrecht, 1974, 173 Google Scholar.

13 Buddruss, G., ‘Gandhari-Prakrit chada ”Ton”', St. II, 1975, I, 37–48 Google Scholar. See also CDIAL 12298 (śábda).

14 Pischel, R., Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen, Strassburg, 1900, § 211 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Geiger, W., Páli Literatur und Sprache Strassburg, 1916, § 40.1aCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 See Alsdorf, L., ‘The impious brahman and the pious candala’, Buddhist studies in honour of I. B. Horner, Dordrecht, 1974, 13 Google Scholar, n. 2.

17 Berger, H., Zwei Probleme der mittelindischen Lautlehre, Munich, 1955, 70 Google Scholar, n. 139.

18 Sn 178; Vv 613.

19 So printed by N. A. Jayawickrama at Vv 153 292 803 in his new edition (PTS, London, 1977). It could, however, equally well be analysed as saha + Indalca.

20 Geiger, op. eit., § 67.

21 s.v. ndh/uta.

22 Edgerton, F., BHS grammar, New Haven, 1953, § 4.67Google Scholar.

23 Edgerton, op. cit., § 21.80.

24 Pischel, op. cit., § 266.

25 Ghosal, S. N., ‘The euphonic-glide H in Prakrit’, JOI Baroda, ix, 3, 1960, 256–9Google Scholar.

26 See Jacobi, H., Jaina Sutras, pt. II (Sacred Books of the East, 45), Oxford, 1895, 35 Google Scholar, n. 2 and 154, n. 2.

27 Brough, op. cit., § 39; Burrow, T., The language of the Kharosthi documents from Chinese Turkestan, Cambridge, 1937, § 28(3)Google Scholar.

28 Mehendale, M. A., Historical grammar of inscriptional Prakrits, Poona, 1948, § 36Google Scholar.

29 Fausböll, V., The Sutta-nipata ( = Sacred Books of the East, 10, 2), Oxford, 1881, 26 Google Scholar.

30 Chalmers, Lord, Buddha's teachings, Cambridge (Mass.), 1932, 41 Google Scholar.

31 Hare, E. M., Woven cadences of early Buddhists, London, 1945, 26 Google Scholar.

32 See Norman, K. R., Elders' verses II, 57 (ad Thi 10)Google Scholar.

33 Schubring, W., Das Kalpa-sutra, Leipzig, 1905, 39 Google Scholar.

34 This etymology is not accepted by all. See Mayrhofer, M., Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Worterbuch des Altindischen III, Heidelberg, 1976, 528 Google Scholar(s.v.sthanuh).

35 Deśī-nāma-mālā, 1. 130.

36 Pischel, op. cit., § 120.

37 The root stubh occurs in Skt. only with a nasal infix at Dhātupātha 31.7: stumhhu niskdsane ' to stop, stupefy, expel' ( Monier-Williams, , SJct.—English dictionary, Oxford, 1899, s.v. stumbh)Google Scholar. The meaning ‘expel’ is not common in Skt. for the root ksubh, but it does occur, e.g. ksubdha ‘expelled (as a king)’ (Monier-Williams, op. eit., s.v.). It is more common in MIA, e.g. Pali nicchubhati ( < *nihlcsubhati) ‘to throw out’ (PED, s.v.) .

38 Kuiper, F. B. J., Proto-Munda words in Skt., Amsterdam, 1948, 155 Google Scholar, takesdukkha and duttha to be of Munda origin.

39 See CDIAL, p. 787, s.vv. SKR, *SKRT1, *SKRT2, and SKR.

40 See Monier-Williams, op. cit., s.v.

41 Meyer, J. J., Hindu tales, London, 1909, 71 Google Scholar, n. 1.

42 Meyer, , op. cit., 92 Google Scholar, n. 2.

43 s.v.udaka-ccheva.

44 Janert, K. L., ‘ Zu pratiksdpita in einer Mathurā-Inschrift’, IIJ, v, 4, 1962, 308 Google Scholar.

45 Norman, K. R., ‘The Gāndhārī version of the Dharmapada’, Buddhist studies in honour of I. B. Horner Dordrecht, 1974, 176 Google Scholar.

46 Meyer, , op. oit., 214 Google Scholar, n. 3.

47 Feer, L., The Samyutta-nikaya of the Sutta-pitaka I, London, 1884, 204, n. 5Google Scholar.

48 Monier-Williams quotes, op. cit., s.v. pathin, the masc. nom. pl. form pathayo. Since -ayo as the pi. of -in stem nouns can be paralleled in Pali (see Geiger, op. cit., § 95.3), it is clear that vyappathi is masc., not fern., as PED states (s.v.).

49 See Edgerton, F., BHS dictionary, New Haven, 1953 Google Scholar, s.v.vyavakirna.

50 Although CPD translates ākiṇṇa-ludda as ‘filled with cruelty, very fierce’, apparently taking ākinna in the sense of ‘filled’, the fact that Iudda does not mean ‘cruelty’ suggests that this is not very likely. The close proximity of the occurrences of this word (S I 205, 1* = Ja III 309, 8*)to those of ākīṇṇa-kammanta (see § 2.6) indicates that here too ākiṇṇa means ‘impure, rough’, and the compound as a whole means ‘rough and fierce’.

51 See PED, s.v.

52 CDIAL 12236 (*śakkata/*chakkata); 12241 (*iakara/*chakara); 12427 (śakara /*chikya); 12445 (śimba/*chimba); 12615 (śaimbya).

53 The replacement of vivatta- (or vivatta) by vivata doubtless occurred after the loss of the correct meaning of chadda, since a word meaning ‘uncovered, open’ made better sense with a word which seemed to mean ' covering ' than one meaning ‘rolling in different directions’.

54 Mhv V 278.

55 PED lists mitti (< Skt. uṛtti) but not *vutta (< Skt.vrita) Forms with -u- do occur in Pkt., e.g. vuttanta (< Skt.vrttdnia).

56 Turner, R. L., ‘Pali phāsu- and dātta-’, Collected papers 1912–1973 London, 1975, 430 Google Scholar.

57 cf. Sadd 495, 14–16: khīgatiyam. khiṇāti, atikhīṇo saro, khaṃ khāni; nakārassa ṇakārattaṃ. lattha khiṇātī ti gacchati; atikhīṇo ti atigato.