The terms pharisaioi, gazarenoi, hupokritai: their semantic complexity and conceptual correlation1

M. Gertner

doi:10.1017/S0041977X00064661

The terms pharisaioi, gazarenoi, hupokritai: their semantic complexity and conceptual correlation1

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009

M. Gertner

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The three terms which have been made the subject of the following investigation are all to be found in Greek sources. Two of them, γαζαρηνοί and φαρισαῖοι, only occur in biblical or Jewish historical works written in Greek. The third, ὑποκριταί although an old Greek concept, gained prominence mainly because of its occurrence in the Greek Bible in connexion with φαρισαῖοι. The first two terms are but transliterated Hebrew concepts used by the Greek writers as untranslatable loan-words. The third term is an original Greek word.

Type: Articles
Information: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 26 , Issue 2 , June 1963 , pp. 245 - 268

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00064661 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1963

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^{page 246 note 1} cf. Assumption of Moses vii; Psalms of Solomon iv; Zadokite Document i, 14–20; vi,14–16; Hodayoth ii, 14–19; iv, 7–20; and (in the New Testament) Jude 10–16; 1 Tim. iv, 1–2; 2 Tim. iii, 1–6.

^{page 246 note 2} War I, v, 2; II, viii, 14; Ant., XVII, ii, 4.

^{page 246 note 3} Mishnah Yadayiym iv, 6–8; Tosephta Ḥagiygah iii; Mishnah Soṭtah iii, 4.

^{page 246 note 4} Babl. Qiddushiyn 66a; cf. Josephus, Ant., XIII, x, 5–6.

^{page 246 note 5} Babl. Soṭah 22b; Pal. Berakhoth ix, 5; Ibid., Soṭah v, 5.

^{page 246 note 6} Dan. ii, 27; v, 11; iv, 4; v, 7 (and iii, 2, 3, ).

^{page 246 note 7} Ps. cxxxvi, 13.

^{page 246 note 8} Pal.Shabbath xix, 1 ; Rosh ha-shanah iii, 9 ; Megillahi, 5 see J. Levy, Wōrterb., i, 319, ‘operateur’.

^{page 246 note 9} Pal. ‘Erubhiyn v, 5, ; Peney Mosheh, ‘cutters of planks’.

^{page 247 note 1} Babl. Kethubboth 104b, 105a.

^{page 247 note 2} Isa. xxx, 10; Dan. xi, 32; Ps. xii, 3.

^{page 247 note 3} Hodayoth iv, 10.

^{page 247 note 4} Rom. xvi, 17, 18; Delitzsch and Salkinsohn translated the terms by Targ. Isa. xxx, 10, renders by ‘good words’, but Syriac has ‘division’.

^{page 247 note 5} Zad. Doc. i, 18; Hodayoth ii, 32. In the Scrolls doreshey ḥalaqoth is the opposite of doresh ha-torah (Zad. Doc. vi, 7) and in Ben Sira (xxxii, 15) the hypocrite is contrasted with doresh torah.

^{page 247 note 6} Darash was no longer ‘seeking’ as in biblical times, see Gertner, M., ‘Terms of scriptural interpretation’, BSOAS, xxv, 1, 1962, 12Google Scholar.

^{page 247 note 7} 1 Tim. iv, 2; see Arndt-Gingrich, Greek-Engl. lex. of the New Testament, 852, ‘hypocritical preaching’.

^{page 247 note 8} Luke xii, 1; Matt, xvi, 12; xv, 3, 6; Mark vii, 5, 8, 9.

^{page 247 note 9} Matt, xxiii, 14; Mark xii, 40; Luke xx, 47; Matt, vi, 16.

^{page 248 note 1} Derekh 'ereṣ ii, Mekhilta, ed. Friedmann, 63a,…Gen. Rabba xlviii, 5, Qoheleth Rabba(on Eecles. v, 5), ;cf. LXX, Job xxxvi, 13, .

^{page 248 note 2} Geiger, A., Urschrift, Hebr. ed., Hebr, 48, 70Google Scholar; Hastings, , Enc. of rel. and ethics, VII, 63Google Scholar.

^{page 248 note 3} Maimonides, Mishnah comment., Soṭahiii, 4, Ḥagiygahii, 7; Rashiy, Ḥagiygah 18; ‘Arukh, s.v.; Kohler, K., Jewish enc., ix, 661Google Scholar.

^{page 248 note 4} Zeitlin, S., ‘The Pharisees’, JQR, NS, LII, 2, 1961, 105Google Scholar–8.

^{page 248 note 5} A. Geiger, op. cit., 70.

^{page 248 note 6} Lauterbach, J. Z., Rabbinic essays, 1951, 109Google Scholar.

^{page 248 note 7} J. Z. Lauterbach, op. cit., 46; cf. Babl. Qiddushiyn 66a; Josephus, Ant., XIII, x, 5–6; Hastings, Enc. of rel. and ethics, ix, 832Google Scholar.

^{page 248 note 8} Finkelstein, L., Ha-Perushim, 1950, p. 33Google Scholar, n. 119; see Tosephta Berakhoth iii, heretic sequalled with perushiym, ; Babl. Pesaḥiym 70b, perushiym standing for schismatics, .

Regarding the separation of the Perushiym from opposing schools, cf. Lauterbach, loc. cit. (from Sadducees), Zeitlin, op. cit. (from returned exiles), Klausner, J., Historiah Yisre'elith, III, 118Google Scholar (from the Essenes).

Doctrinal factions always call upon their adherents to separate from those belonging to another school of doctrine, cf. 2 Cor. vi, 14; Zadokite Doc. vi, 14, 15; see Eisler, R., The Messiah, Engl. ed., 1931, 252Google Scholar.

On the division among the Pharisees (Hillel and Shammay) see Ginzberg, L., On Jewish law and lore, 1962, 92Google Scholar.

^{page 249 note 1} Derenbourgh, J., Essai sur l'histoire de la Palestine, 1861, 70, 78, 454Google Scholar; cf. Josephus, , Bell. Jud., xviii, i, 3Google Scholar; Abhoth d. R. Nathan v, ; Babl. Sanhedriyn 82b, referring to ascetics; Babl. Bab. bathra 60 b, ascetics.

^{page 249 note 2} cf. Kittel, , Theol. Wörterb. z. NT., I, 181Google Scholar, and , ‘sect’ and ‘heretic ’; compare Tosephta Berakhoth iii (above, p. 248, n. 8).

^{page 249 note 3} All those (except Geiger), who explain Perushiym as ‘separatists’ hold that this derogatory name was given to them by their opponents, cf. Derenbourgh, op. cit., 454; Lauterbach, op. cit., 46, 109; Finkelstein, op. cit., 33; Zeitlin, op. cit., 105, 108; the present writer's suggestion as to the meaning of the name will prove it to have been a respectful designation of a professional occupation.

^{page 249 note 4} Rubin, S., Yalqut Shlomoh, 1896, 66Google Scholar; Manson, T. W., ‘Sadducee and Pharisee’, Bull. John Ryl. Libr., XXII, 1, 1938, 156Google Scholar.

^{page 249 note 5} G. Furlani, Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Ser. 8, Rendiconti, Classe di Scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, III, 5–6, 1948, 179. I am indebted to Professor G. R. Driver for drawing my attention to this important article; but even Furlani's almost exhaustive treatment of the concept cannot be considered as satisfactory without paying attention to the relevant early mishnaic terminology discussed below.

^{page 250 note 1} Dan. iii, 2, 3, Saadyah and AV (see also Ibn Ezra and Gesenius); Dan. ii, 27, Saadyah; Furlani, op. cit. (‘congiuratori’).

^{page 250 note 2} Vulgate, AV, Knox (‘prophets’).

^{page 250 note 3} Dupont-Sommer, A., Semitica, VII, 1957, 32Google Scholar; Burrows, M., The Dead Sea Scrolls, 1956, 350, 402Google Scholar; Licht, J., The Thanksgiving Scroll (Heb.), 1957, 68Google Scholar; Vermes, G., The Dead Sea Scrolls, 1962, 98, 156Google Scholar; Gaster, Th. H., The scriptures of the Dead Sea sect, 1957, 136Google Scholar; Molin, G., Lob aus der Wüste, 1957, 22Google Scholar; Rabin, C., The Zadokite Document, 1958, 4Google Scholar.

^{page 250 note 4} But C. Rabin, loc. cit., translates the phrase ‘they interpreted with smooth things’.

^{page 250 note 5} But see Brownlee's, W. H. suggestion in Biblical Archaeologist (American Schools of Oriental Research, Jerusalem, Baghdad), xiv, 3, 1951, 59Google Scholar, that ḥalaqoth is a derogatory play on halakhoth.

^{page 250 note 6} Ezek. xxxiv, 12; Tanḥuma Ḥuqqath, ed. Buber, xviii, .

^{page 251 note 1} 1 Kings iii, 25; Ps. cxxxvi, 13; Esther ii, 1.

^{page 251 note 2} Mishnah Yadayiym iv, 3, cf. Finkelstein, L., in Y. F. Boer jubilee volume, 1960, 38Google Scholar.

^{page 251 note 3} Lev. xxiv, 12; Num. xv, 34.

^{page 251 note 4} Dan. ix, 24; Lev. Rabba iv, 1 ; Babl. Sanhedriyn 108a ; 1 Kings xx, 40; Babl. Shabbath 98b ; Prov. xvi, 10, , Gesenius, ‘Entscheidung’; see Ibn Ezra there quoting Daniel's gazeriyn; Ezek. xvi, 25; Mishnah Kil'ayiym vi, 8 ‘t o cut’; Babl. Berakhoth 31a ‘decided’; Pesiqta d. B. Kahana, ed. Buber, p. 26a, equated with (1 Sam. xv, 33) ‘to cut’; Pal. Sanhedriyn i, 2, .

^{page 251 note 5} Siphre, ed. Friedmann, 49b ; Babl. Nedariym 37 , which is related with , an important midrashic term.

^{page 251 note 6} See Liddell-Scott, new ed., 1886.

^{page 251 note 7} Lev. xxiv, 12; Num. xv, 34; Neh. viii, 8 (); compare Ps. lxviii, 15, where Talmud Babl. Berakhoth 15b reads peresh and LXX translates . For gazar see Dan. iv, 21; Esther ii, 1; Ps. cxxxvi, 13; 1 Kings iii, 25.

^{page 251 note 8} Exod. xxxiii, 16, ‘distinguish’; Lev. xxii, 21, xxvii, 2, ‘pronounce’; Exod. xxxiv, 10, ‘wonder’.

^{page 251 note 9} Lev, xxii, 21; Neh. viii, 8; Ps. lxviii, 14.

^{page 252 note 1} See Rashiy, Ps. cxix, 14: (Targ.), (Rashiy).

^{page 252 note 2} Gen. xlix, 27; I Sam. xxx, 24, ‘divide’; Gen. xxvii, 11, ‘smooth’.

^{page 252 note 3} Prov. xxviii, 23; xxvi, 28; Isa. xxx, 10; Ezek. xii, 24; Ps. xii, 3.

^{page 252 note 4} Gen. Rabba lxv, 10 (on Gen. xxvii, 11), ḥalaq ‘smooth’ is identified with heleq ‘portion’; Babl. ‘Abhodah zarah 55a (on Deut. iv, 19) ḥalaq’ apportion’ is interpreted as ‘smooth’ ; see Targ- Jon. there, .

^{page 252 note 5} Ps. xii, 3; see Targum there on ḥalaqoth ‘smoothness’ and Syriac, ‘division’.

^{page 252 note 6} Hos. x, 2; cf. Gertner, M., ‘Midrashim in the NT’, Journal of Semitic Studies, VII, 2, 1962, 285–91Google Scholar.

^{page 252 note 7} Hodayoth iv, 10, 14.

^{page 252 note 8} Professor Tritton has drawn my attention to Nöldeke, Th., Neue Beiträge z. semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, 1910, 48Google Scholar-9, on Arabic munafiquna (‘Heuchler’, ‘Zweifler’), suggesting that the noun is based on Ethiopian (Geez) nafaqa, meaning ‘to divide, dissimulate, doubt’; the verb, says Nöldeke, stands for ‘das geteilte Herz, bei Paulus‘ (Rom. xvi, 17). This is, then, Hosea's ḥalaq libbam, which James (i, 8), similar to Midrash (Siphre Deut. vi, 5, ed. Friedmann, p. 73a), calls ; see Tosephta Berakhoth .

^{page 252 note 9} Jas. iii, 17; cf. Syriac there and Isa. xxx, 10 (and Ps. xii, 3), where Greek and Heb. are rendered as ).

^{page 253 note 1} cf. 2 Tim. ii, 15, ‘dividing the word of truth’, where the midrashic helkhrea obviously meant—a technique of shifting punctuation used to prove, for example, the doctrine of resurrection from the verse (Deut. xxxi, 16), ‘thou shalt sleep with thy fathers and rise’. Paul, emphasizing the uniqueness of Jesus' resurrection, countered his adversaries, arguing from that verse, by stressing that the quotation has been wrongly ‘divided’. That is what he meant by . The ‘word of truth’ is the Torah. See Gertner, M.,‘Terms of scriptural interpretation’, BSOAS, xxv, I, 1962, p. 14Google Scholar, n. 1, and Babl. Sanhedriyn 90b.

^{page 253 note 2} Neh. viii, 7; 2 Chron. xxx, 22.

^{page 253 note 3} Hos. x, 12; Ezra vii, 10; see Gertner, , ‘Terms’, BSOAS, xxv, 1, 1962, 4Google Scholar ff.

^{page 253 note 4} Lev. xxiv, 12; Num. xv, 34; Neh. viii, 8.

^{page 254 note 1} Babl. Sanhedriyn 87a, 88b, ; Tanḥuma on Exod. xxxi, 18, ; Tosephta Berakhoth iii, ; Mishnah Sheqaliym i, 5, ; Abhoth d. R. Nathan i, (whole books); Gen. Rabba on Gen. xlix, 4, (the word ).

^{page 254 note 2} Tanḥuma Noah, on Gen. viii, 16, Isaiah specified that God swore no more to cause a flood; see preceding note.

^{page 254 note 3} Tanḥuma Ḥuqqath, on Num. xxi, 17–19, ; Tanḥuma 'Emor, on Lev. xxiii, 40, ; Babl. Yebhamoth 21a, ; see the three preceding notes.

^{page 254 note 4} See Babl. Sanhedriyn 88b (Rashiy on Mishnah there), where the perush of the Sopheriym concerning Tephilliyn is based on a midrash ; Babl. Sanhedriyn 86b where the three courts putting forth their point use the expression .

^{page 254 note 5} The verb ‘to find’ is the technical expression in Midrash to designate the result of a midrashic interpretation, cf. Siphre Deut., ed. Friedmann, p. 87b,; Song of Sol. Rabba iv, 21,. See here p. 255, n. 1.

^{page 254 note 6} Zadokite Doc. ii, 9 (Rabin, p. 7), iv, 4 (Rabin, p. 15), ; War Scroll iv, 6, .

^{page 255 note 1} Zad. Doc. vi, 14, 18 (Rabin, 25), , where the expression ‘according to the finding’ shows the midrashic character of the perush; Zad. Doc. xiii, 6 (Rabin, 65), , referring to laws of impurity; see Pal. Pesaḥiym vi, 1, where Hillel put forward just this very same halakhah, that the priest's pronouncement is be dependent on the proper knowledge of the purity rules.

^{page 255 note 2} Manual of Disc, viii, 15; Zad. Doc. viii, 29; Zad. Doc. vi, 7; vii, 18–19; cf. Gertner, , ‘Terms’, BSOAS, xxv, 1, 1962, 11, 12Google Scholar.

^{page 255 note 3} Zad. Doc. xiii, 6; Neh. viii, 8.

^{page 255 note 4} cf. Gertner, M., ‘The Levites and the Masorah’, Vetus Testamertum, x, 3, 1960, 253Google Scholar; see Ps. xlvii, 8. For maskiyl as an exegetical expression see Babl. Nedariym 37b, is , i.e. the correct subdivision of the text; Babl. Pesaḥiym 117a, and Rashiy there.

^{page 255 note 5} See Bacher, Terminohgie, II, 43; Pal. Soṭah, i, 4,.

^{page 256 note 1} Graetz, H., Geschichte d. Juden, 5th ed., 1906, III, 2, p. 699Google Scholar, n. 12. His linguistic remarks there are confused, but he is right in saying that ‘pariysha’ is (also) an active form. See also Leszynsky, R., Die Sadduzaer, 1912, 27Google Scholar.

^{page 256 note 2} Josephus, Ant., XVII, ii, 4, and Leszynsky's important remarks about which he holds to mean ‘Erklaerung’ and not strict observance; cf. Acts xviii, 26.

^{page 256 note 3} Matt, xxiii, 13; Mark ii, 16; vii, 1–6.

^{page 256 note 4} Moore, G. F., Judaism, 1927, i, 62Google Scholar; Hastings, , Enc. of rel. and ethics, ix, 832Google Scholar.

^{page 256 note 5} Zeitlin, S., ‘The Pharisees’, JQR, NS, LII, 2, 1961, 98Google Scholar.

^{page 257 note 1} Prov. viii, 30; Mishnah Keliym xxvi, 5; see Segal, M. Z., Diqduq leshon ha-Mishnah, 1936, 75Google Scholar; compare Aramaic Targ. Onk. Num. xxxv, 31.

^{page 257 note 2} Dalman, G., Grammatik d. jüd.-pal. Aramäisch, 2nd ed., 1905, 152Google Scholar; Targ. Jon. Lev. xxi, 9; Lev. v, 1, Targ. Onk.

^{page 257 note 3} Targ. Lev. xxv, 26; cf. M. Z. Segal, op. cit., 133, stating that in mishnaic Hebr. passive participles often have active meanings.

^{page 257 note 4} Tosephta Ḥagiygah ii; Mishnah Horayoth i, 4; Tosephta Horayoth i; Pal. Horayoth i, 4; Siphre 104b and Babl. Sanhedriyn 87a (on Deut. xvii, 8); Gen. Rabba Ixx, 8 (on Gen. xxix, 2) and Song of Sol. Rabba iii, 13 (commenting on , 2 Kings xxv, 19).

^{page 257 note 5} Tosaphoth Babl. Sanhedriyn 16b; R. Tam, Babl. Berakhoth 4a; Maimonides, Mishnah comm., Sanhedriyn xi, 2; Ibid., Horayoth i, 4; ., Mamriym iii, 6; see Finkelstein, L., Ha-Perushim, 1950, 22Google Scholar; Albeck, Th., Zion, VIII, 2, 1943, 85Google Scholar ff.; Mishnah Horayoth, ed. Dvir, 1959, app.,504; Weis, P. R., Journ. of Jewish St., I, 4,1949,177Google Scholar; Ginzberg, L., Perushirnbi-Yerushalmi, 1941, III, 211Google Scholar; Mantel, H., Studies in the history of the Sanhedrim, 1961, 135Google Scholar ff.

^{page 258 note 1} S. Lieberman, , Hellenism in Jewish Palestine, 1950, p. 66Google Scholar, n. 153.

^{page 258 note 2} Torczyner-Ben-Yehudah, Thesaurus, 4922.

^{page 258 note 3} Eabinowitz, J., Leshonenu, XVIII, 1952, 25Google Scholar.

^{page 258 note 4} The passive form in Heb. corresponds to the passive form of Aram, pariysha; cf. Babl. Naziyr 29b, , where the passive form is also used in the active sense: a pronouncer of a vow, see Rashiy there; but see Kohut, ‘Arulch compl., s.v.

^{page 258 note 5} Babl. Berakhoth 4a, ,.

^{page 258 note 6} Babl. Horayoth 7a, ; Rashiy there has .

^{page 258 note 7} Gen. xlix, 26; Deut. xxxiii, 16, has ‘glorified’.

^{page 258 note 8} Jerus. Targ. Gen. xlix, 26; as to the synonymity of naziyr, pariysha, muphla', and rabh, compare also Isa. xxviii, 29, Targ. there; LXX Deut. xxxiii, 16, and 2 Chron. ii, 8; Lev. xxvii, 2, Jerus. Targ. there. See also Amos ii, 11, Targum and Rashiy.

^{page 259 note 1} See p. 246, n. 5.

^{page 259 note 2} Babl. and Pal. versions combined.

^{page 260 note 1} , Babl. and Pal. versions combined.

^{page 260 note 2} See Pal. Soṭah v, 5, , the same version Pal. Berakhoth, ix, 5.

^{page 260 note 3} Gen. XXXIV, .

^{page 260 note 4} .

^{page 260 note 5} .

^{page 260 note 6} .

^{page 260 note 7} .

^{page 260 note 8} .

^{page 260 note 9} .

^{page 260 note 10} ;.

^{page 261 note 1} Derenbourgh, Essai, 455; L. Goldschmidt in his German translation of the Talmud; Finkelstein, L., The Pharisees, 1940, p. 655Google Scholar, n. 52.

^{page 261 note 2} See the version of the Baraytha in Abhoth d. B. Nathan xxxvii, where eight types are enumerated.

^{page 261 note 3} See Song of Sol. Rabba (on Song of Sol. ii, 15), cf. Levy, J., Wörterb. Talmud u. Midr., i, 232Google Scholar, s.v.

^{page 261 note 4} Babl. Bab. meṣi‘a’ 19a,

^{page 262 note 1} Prov. vii, 10, ; Isa. iii,17,, LXX . In Prov., LXX has , which occasionally occurs as a synonym of , see Liddell-Scott, 480; see 1 Tim. ii, 9; 2 Thess. ii, 3: ‘means’ (AV); cf. also 1 Cor. vii, 31; Phil, ii, 7.

^{page 262 note 2} See Pal. Berakhoth, Wilnaed., the version of S. Sirillo, adloc; compare Targ. Onk. Lev. xiii, 3, for .

^{page 262 note 3} Targ. Isa. iii, 17, ; see Liddell-Scott, 1745.

^{page 262 note 4} 1 Cor. ix, 12.

^{page 262 note 5} See Strack-Billerbeck to 1 Cor. ix, 12; cf. Midrash Ps. xv, 5.

^{page 262 note 6} Luke xvi, 14; Matt, xxii, 14, 25; Mark, xii, 40; cf. 2 Tim. iii, 2; Assumption of Moses v, 5, 6; Zad. Doc. vi, 15, Jude 16 (all four without naming the accused).

^{page 262 note 7} Compare S. Krauss, Griechische u. lateinische Lehnworter in Talmud, 202, stating that in the Talmud there are Greek composites not to be found elsewhere (‘eine gewisse Anzahl nur im Jüdischen vorhandener Composita…den Griechischen…Wortschatz…bereichern’).

^{page 262 note 8} Ben Sira xix, 26; Charles, , Apocrypha, I, 384Google Scholar.

^{page 263 note 1} Babl. Soṭah 22b mistook for Heb. ‘mortar’, and this was taken as meaning the stooped Pharisee (like the pestle of the mortar).

^{page 263 note 2} cf. Josephus, Ant., XVIII, i, 3; see p. 249, n. 1.

^{page 263 note 3} 1 Mace, ii, 42; cf. LXX, Num. xv, 3.

^{page 263 note 4} 1 Pet. v, 2.

^{page 263 note 5} See LXX Gen. xxx, 38; LXX on Ps. li, 7; Babl. Soṭah 22b, ; Rashiy there, could also be ‘to feel lust’, Liddell-Scott, 1014.

^{page 263 note 6} LXX Ps. xlv, 8; Ps. cxix, 63; cf. R. N. Krochmal, Moreh nebhulchey ha-zeman, 163, referring this verse to the early ‘elders and sopheriym’.

^{page 263 note 7} Pal. Ḥagiygah iii, 6. Concerning ḥabheriym and Pharisees see Jewish encyc., VI, 121, s.v. ḥaber.

^{page 263 note 8} See p. 247, n. 8; cf. Matt, xv, 20; xxiii, 23.

^{page 263 note 9} Gen. xli, 42; Dan. v, 7.

^{page 263 note 10} 1 Esdras iii, 6; Charles, Apocrypha, I, 30.

^{page 264 note 1} Babl. Tamiyd 32a.

^{page 264 note 2} Prov. i, 9; Lev. Rabba xii, 3; Levy, J., Wörterb. Talmud, III, 158Google Scholar.

^{page 264 note 3} Babl. Soṭah 20a (Mishnah). One of the meanings of is ‘inspired’, in the sense of frenzied inspiration.

^{page 264 note 4} See Levy, J., Wörterb., III, 158Google Scholar, quoting Pesiqta.

^{page 264 note 5} 1 Pet. v, 2.

^{page 264 note 6} Pal. Soṭah v, 5; Job xv, 24.

^{page 264 note 7} 1 Cor. ix, 16.

^{page 264 note 8} Job xv, 34, Hexapla.

^{page 265 note 1} 1 Kings iii, 25; Esther ii, 1; Lev. xvi, 22 (Gesenius, ‘Beschnittensein’), Dan. iv, 21.

^{page 265 note 2} Pesiqta d. R. Kahana, ed. Buber, 40b; Siphra, ed. Friedmann, 112b.

^{page 265 note 3} Siphra beginning chapter; Babl. Pesaḥiym 66a; Mishnah Beṣah i, 6.

^{page 265 note 4} Strack, Introduction, 285, quoting Ezek. xli, 13, see also Lam. Rabba (on iv, 7), where gizrah is interpreted as gezerah; Lieberman, S., Hellenism in Jewish Palestine, 1950, 59Google Scholar (‘comparison’); Bacher, Term. (‘satzung’); Baer, Y., Zion, XXII, 1958, 146Google Scholar, 156.

^{page 265 note 5} Gertner, M., ‘Terms’, BSOAS, xxv, 1, 1962, 25Google Scholar.

^{page 265 note 6} cf. 1 Cor. ii, 13. 7 cf. p. 251, n. 2.

^{page 266 note 1} Babl. Kethubboth 104b, 105a; Ibid., 47b on (Exod. xxi, 10), which is a midrashic interpretation of the term, its plain meaning being ‘flesh’ of the body (see Mic. iii, 2, 3), see R. Eliezer b. Jacob there 48a also taking it as ‘body’.

^{page 266 note 2} See Furlani, op. cit., 190.

^{page 266 note 3} 1 Tim. vi, 3–4, and Babl. Soṭah 47b on the ‘proud’ who increase ‘strife’.

^{page 266 note 4} See Rom. xvi, 17; Pal. Shabbath xvi, 1 and above, p. 253, n. 1.

^{page 266 note 5} 1 Tim. iv, 1; Ibid., iv, 2.

^{page 267 note 1} Licht, J., The Thanksgiving Scroll, 74Google Scholar; Flusser, D., ‘Iyyuniym be-Megilloth, Jerusalem, 1957, 88Google Scholar.

^{page 267 note 2} See Yalqut Prov. III, 34, neziriym are called ḥakhamiym.

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The terms pharisaioi, gazarenoi, hupokritai: their semantic complexity and conceptual correlation1

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