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Ribāṭs in Mecca during the medieval period: a descriptive study based on literary sources

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2009

Richard T. Mortel
Richard T. Mortel
Affiliation:
King Saud University, Riyadh
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Extract

The Islamic institution of the ribāṭ appears to have made its initial appearance along the North African coast, in what is today Tunisia, during the second/eighth century. In the first phase of its development, the ribāṭ was essentially a fortress located at a sensitive point along the Islamic frontier, garrisoned by pious individuals who envisaged their vocation as participation in the jihād, the defence of the lands of Islam against external foes.

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Articles
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 61 , Issue 1 , February 1998 , pp. 29 - 50
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Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1998

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References

1 For a discussion of the ribāt, cf. G. Marcais, ‘Ribāṭ’, in the Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st. ed. (hereafter EI1), cf. also art. ‘Ribāṭ’ in Ei2; Άbd Allāh al-Fa'r, Taṭawwur al-kitābāt wa'l-nuqūsh fī 'l-Ḥijāz mundhu fajr al-Islām ḥattā muntaṣaf al-qarn al-sābi al-Hijrī (Jedda, 1405 A.H./1984); 285–6.

2 Marcais, in EI 1, preferred to date this transformation substantially later, to the sixth/twelfth century, but the following discussion will show that the earliest Meccan ribāṭ—datable to the year 395/1004–5—was already an institution radically different from its North Africanantecedents and essentially in the form in which it was to persist at least until the end of the Mamluk era in 923/1517.

3 cf. Amīn, Muhammad Muhammad, al-Awqāf wa/l-hayāh al-ijtimā'iyya fī Miṣr, 648–923/1250–1517, dirāsa ta'rīkhiyya wathā'iqiyya (Cairo, 1980), 204–21.Google Scholar

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5 The ribāṭ of al-Muwaffaq, or, as it was also known, the ribāṭ al-Maghāriba (cf. infra), existed until at least 1980; cf. al-Fa'r, Taṭawwur, 319.

6 cf. ibid., passim, with relevant photographs and sketches.

7 cf. Άbd Allāh Άqīl Άqawī, ‘al-Mu'arrikh Taqī al-Dīn al-Fāsī wa kitābuhu“Shifa' al-gharām bi-akhbāral-Balad al-Ḥarām”, ’ in Dirāsāt ta'rīkh al-Jazīra at-Άrabiyya, I, part 2, Maṣādir ta'rīkh al-Jazīra al-Άrabiyya, ed. Abdelgadir M. Abdalla, Sami al-Sakkar and Richard T. Mortel (Riyadh, 1979), 61–7.

8 cf. Nāṣir b. Sa'd al-Rashīd, ‘Banū Fahd, mu'arrikhū Makka al-Mukarrama wa'l-ta'rīf bi-makhṭūṭ al-Najm b. Fahd “Itḥāf al-warā fī akhbār Umm al-Qurā”, ’ in Dirāsāt ta'r‛kh al-Jazīra al-Άrabiyya, i, part 2, 69–90.

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25 , al-Fāsī, Shifā', I, 535Google Scholar; idem, 'Iqd, I, 122, where the name of the founder of the ribāṭ is given as 'al-Dawazī'.

26 This date has been derived from internal evidence in both works; cf. Shifā', II, 335; 'Iqd, IV, 153, for the latest date mentioned in either work.

27 Arabic Sabta; cf. Yāqūt, , Mu'jam, III, 182–3.Google Scholar

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29 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 535Google Scholaridem, 'Iqd, I, 122. for the Ḥizāmiyya district of Mecca, cf. al-Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, II, 81, 91–2.

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32 al-Fa'r, Tatawwur, 287.

33 cf. Richard T. Mortel, ‘The Kiswa: its origins and development from pre-Islamic times until the end of the Mamluk period’, Ages, 3/2, 1988, 38.

34 al-Fāsī, 'Iqd, IV, 385–6. For further information on the career of the Iranian merchant Rāmisht, cf. S. M. Stern, ‘Rāmisht of Sīrāf, a merchant millionaire of the twelfth century’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1967, 10–14, which also includes a discussion of this ribāt. I have elected to follow Stern's vocalization of the name of this merchant, as opposed to the version ‘Rāmusht’ found in al-Fāsī, 'Iqd, IV, 385.

35 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 530Google Scholar; al-Fa'r, Tatawwur, 287.

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37 The mithqāl refers to a theoretical gold standard coin weighing 4.25 grams, or to a real dinar whose weight was intended to be 4.25 grams; cf. Jere L. Bacharach, ‘The dinar versus the ducat’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 4, 1973, 80, 83–5.

38 al-Fāsī, , 'Iqd, IV, 155.Google Scholar

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48 cf. his biography in al-Mundhiri, Takmila, I, 351; Khallikān, Abū 'l-Άbbās Shams al-Dīn Ahmad b. Muhammad b., Wafāyāt al-a'yān wa anbā' abnā' al-zamān (Beirut, 1968–72), III, 162Google Scholar; al-Kātib, al-Ἱmād al-Aṣfahānī, Kharīdat al-qasr wa jarīdat al-'asr, qism shu'arā' Misr (Cairo, n.d.), I, 35–54Google Scholar; al-Nuwayrī, Shihāb al-Dīn Ahmad b. Άbd al-Wahhāb, Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab (Cairo, 1923– ), VIII, 1–51Google Scholar; al-Subkī, Άbd al-Wahhāb b. Άlī, Țabaqāt al-Shāfi'iyya al-kubrā (Beirut, n.d.), IV, 253–4Google Scholar; al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn Ahmad b. Άlī, al-Sulūk li-ma'rifat duwal al-mulūl, (Cairo, 1956–73), I, 153–4Google Scholar; , Ibn Taghrī Birdī, Nujūm, VI, 156–8Google Scholar; al-īImād, Ibn, Shadharāt, IV, 324–7.Google Scholar

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50 ibid., I, 527; idem, 'Iqd, I, 118. Bāb al-Janā'iz (the Door of Funerals); funeral processions customarily exited the Haram by this door, and proceeded northwards to the cemetery of al-Ma'la; cf. al-Fāsī, Shifā', I, 381; Rifat, Mir'āt, I, 230; El-Hawary and Wiet, Matèriaux, 54.

51 al-Fa'r, Tatawwur, 296–302.Google Scholar

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53 al-Fa'r, Tatawwur, 296–302.Google Scholar

54 , al-Fāsī, Shifā', I, 527–8Google Scholar; , al-Fa'r, Taṭawwur, 298.Google Scholar

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57 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 533Google Scholar; idem, 'Iqd, I, 120; VII, 83–4. For the reign of Kilij Arslān, cf. Holt, 171–2.

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62 al-Fāsī, Shifā', I, 528. 'Uṭayfa b. Abī Numayy ruled Mecca at times independently and at others jointly with his brother Rumaytha, from 719/1319 until 737/1336–37; cf. Mortel, Richard, al-Ahwāl al-siyāsiyya wa'l-iqtisādiyya bi-Makka fī l-'asr al-Mamlīkī (Riyadh, 1985), 79–89.Google Scholar

63 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 529.Google Scholar For Bāb al-'Umra, cf. ibid., I, 383; Rifat, Mir'at, I, 233; El-Hawary and Wiet, Matèriaux, 13, 14, 60.

64 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 529Google Scholar; idem, 'Iqd, I, 119; VI, 35.

65 al-Fāsī, , Ta'rīkh 'Iqd, VI, 36.Google Scholar

66 ibid., VI, 34.

67 Abū, MuhammadĀAbd Allāh, al-Tayyib, Bā, Makhrama, Ta'rīkh thaghr ĀAdan(Leiden, 1936), II, 132.Google Scholar

68 cf. al-Fāsī, , 'Iqd, VI, 34Google Scholar, where al-Zanjīlī is referred to as t he ‘ amir of the two Ḥarams’ in a waqf document seen by al-Fāsī himself.

69 ibid., VI, 334–5.

70 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 528–9Google Scholar; idem, 'Iqd, I, 119.

71 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 528Google Scholar; idem, 'Iqd, I, 119.

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84 al-Fāsī, , 'Iqd, VI, 204–5Google Scholar

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87 For Bāb Ibrāhīm, cf. Rif'at, Mir'āt, I, 233; Ei-Hawary and Wiet, Matériaux, 59.

88 al-Fa'r, TaṠawwur, 318–19.

89 al-Fāsī, Shifā', I, 536; idem, 'Iqd, VI, 204–5; al-Fa'r, TaṠawwur, 319–20.

90 Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Tuḥfa, 140.

91 al-Fāsī, , 'Iqd, IV, 104.Google Scholar

92 ibid., VI, 107; cf. his biography in ibid., VI, 106–7; al-Sakhāwī, Ḍaw', V, 148.

93 El-Hawary and Wiet, Matèriaux, 15.

94 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 534Google Scholar; idem, 'Iqd, I, 121.

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105 al-Fāsī, 'Iqd, III, 324–5; Ibn, Fahd, Itḥāf, III, 60.Google Scholar Wādī Marr al-ẓahrān intersected the old road to Madina 24kms, or more than one day's travel in the pre-modern era, north of Mecca. Cf. al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad, Isma'īl, Abu, 'l-Fidā, Taqwīm al-buldān (Paris, 1840), 95Google Scholar; al-Bilādī, , Mu'jam ma'ālim al-Hijāz, VIII, 102Google Scholar; Mortel, Richard T., ‘Maṣādir al-tamwīn al-ghidhā'ī li-imārat Makka (358/969–923/1517)’, Majallat Kulliyyat al-Ādāb, Jami'at al-Malik Su'ūd, 12/1, 1985, 196.Google Scholar Nakhia al-Shāmiyya, another major wadi of the Hijaz, opened into Wādī Marr 43kms north of Mecca; cf. Abu '1-Fida, Taqwīm, 95; al-Qalqashandī, , 1E62;ubḥ, IV, 259Google Scholar; al-Bilādī, , Mu'jam ma'alim al-Ḥijaz, IX, 42Google Scholar; Mortel, ‘Masadir’, 196–7.

106 Ibn Baṭṭīta, Tuḥfa, 148; Rumaytha b. Abl Numayy ruled Mecca intermittently from 701/1301 until his death in 746/1345; at times he reigned as sole amir, and at other times in concert with one of his brothers, Ḥumayḍa or 'Uṭayfa; cf. Mortel, Aḥwāl, 66–92.

107 Ibn, Fahd, Ithāf, IV, 318.Google Scholar

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110 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 535Google Scholar; idem, 'Iqd, I, 122.

111 al-Fāsī, , Shifaā', I, 529Google Scholar; idem, 'Iqd, I, 119. For Bāb al-Sudda, cf. al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 383–4Google Scholar; Rifat, , Mir'āt, I, 234Google Scholar; El-Hawary and Wiet, Matériaux, 60.

112 al-Fā, Shifā', I, 532Google Scholar;

113 ibid., I, 121; idem, Shifā', I, 534.

114 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 532.Google Scholar

115 Ibn Baṭṭuta, Tuḥfa, 141.

116 al-Fāsī, , 'Iqd, V, 109.Google Scholar

117 cf. his biographical notice in al-Sakhāwī, , Ḍaw', VIII, 260–2.Google Scholar The term khawājā, as used in Mecca, was a title of respect, bestowed on a prominent merchant by his peers, in recognition of his wealth and influence; cf. Richard, T.Mortel, ‘The mercantile community of Mecca during the late Mamlūk period’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd. series, 4/1, 1994, 17ff.Google Scholar

118 Ibn, Fahd, Ithaf, IV, 527.Google Scholar For Bāb, Ta'rīkh'AlīGoogle Scholar, cf. al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 382Google Scholar;Rifat, , Mir'āt, I, 231Google Scholar; El-Hawary and Wiet, Matériaux, 55.

119 al-Fāsī, , Iqd, III, 239–240.Google Scholar

120 cf. El-Hawary and Wiet, Matériaux, 16.

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125 cf. El-Hawary and Wiet, Matériaux, 6, 12, 13, 14; al-Bilādi, , Mu'jam ma'ālim al-Ḥijaz, V, 18.Google Scholar

126 Ibn, Ḥajar, Durar, III, 284–5.Google Scholar

127 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 532Google Scholar; idem, 'Iqd, I, 409–10.

128 Ibn, Fahd, Ithāf, III, 311.Google Scholar

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137 Ḥasan b.'Ajlan's lengthy reign, 798/1395–818/1415; 819/1416–829/1426, was of pivotal significance in the history of the amirate of Mecca, in that it witnessed the de facto imposition of Mamluk hegemony over Mecca and Jedda; cf. Mortel, Ahwal, 119–40; Ahmad, al-Sibā'ī, Ta'rikh Makka (4th. ed., Mecca, 1979), 290–300.Google Scholar For an in-deptri contemporary biography of Ḥasan b. 'Ajlān, cf. al-Fāsī, , 'Iqd, IV, 86–155.Google Scholar

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151 al-Fāsī, , Shifā', I, 536Google Scholar; idem, 'Iqd, I, 122.

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163 Relevant aspects of this relationship have been summarized in Mortel, Richard T., ‘Prices in Mecca during the Mamluk period’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 32, 1989, 279–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

164 al-Nahrawālī, , I'lam, 151–2.Google Scholar

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