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Iotization and palatalization in classical Tibetan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

Walter Simon
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Extract

When surveying the examples listed below it will be noticed that there are no examples of iotized dental s(tem) i(nitial)s, the likely reason being that after dental s. i.s an original y was absorbed in the ensuing process of (full) palatalization. In the case of guttural s. i.s, however, we witness in some cases both the retention of y and its absorption by palatalization. This can be illustrated by the presence of such doublets as skyon-pa ‘to put astride ~ gśon-pa (IIA, ex. 4) or skyuṅ-ka (<*sklyuṅ-ka) ‘jackdaw’ ~ lćuṅ-ka (IIA, ex. 2).

Type
Notes and Communications
Information
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 38 , Issue 3 , October 1975 , pp. 611 - 615
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1975

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References

1 See ‘Ear, sharp and hearing—a Tibetan word family’, in Boyce, M. and Gershevitch, I. (ed.), W. B. Henning memorial volume (referred to as HMV in notes 29–32), London, 1970, 406–8.Google Scholar

2 Concerning the simplification of skl- or skr- to sk- see ‘Loss of l or r’, BSOAS, xxxvii, 2, 1974, 44–5.Google Scholar

3 Note the difference in meaning between the two words taken over by Jäschke from Csoma's dictionary, but ignored by him.

4 rgya ‘extent, width, size’, rgyaṅ ‘far’, and rgyaṅ-ma ‘distance’ are further cognates.

5 cf. also skam-pa or rkam-pa ‘to desire, long for’.

6 cf. also gril ‘roll’, sgril-ba ‘to wind or wrap round’, ẖgril-ba ‘to be twisted or wrapped round’, ril-po ‘round’ and skyil-ba ‘to bend’; note also the loss of r in the latter word, owing to iotization.

7 cf. also the etymon gos ‘garment, dress’ of gon-pa, and the further derivative skyon-pa ‘to put astride’ (from gyon-pa) and its palatalized form gśon-pa ‘to put astride’, as well as źon-pa ‘to mount’ and bźon-pa ‘riding beast, carriage’. See also IIA, ex. 4, and n. 12.

8 mgu-ba (with vowel alternation) is a further cognate.

9 The ‘perfect’ form of ẖgyed-pa is bgyes (<*bgyeds), so an earlier *ẖgeds may be assumed for ẖges-pa, which is the causative of ẖgas-pa. skyed-pa ‘to generate, procreate, produce, form, cause’ and skye-ba ‘to be born’ may perhaps be further cognates.

10 From the semantic point of view cf. Latin superare for rgyal-ba and German ‘hinüber sein’ for brgyal-ba.

11 Concerning the iotized m- in pre-classical Tibetan see above, p. 612.

12 This meaning does not occur in Jäschke's dictionary, but has been listed (with an example) by Das.

13 Further cognates are bye in bye-brag ‘difference, diversity’, ẖbye-ba ‘to open, divide, separate’, and ẖbyed-pa ‘to open, separate, keep asunder’.

14 cf. the phrase nyon ma moṅs-sam ‘had you to experience any hardship ?’, ex. 5 of IIB, and p. 614, n. 28.

15 See BSOAS, xxxvii, 2, 1974, 444, IIA(a).Google Scholar

16 See BSOAS, Ibid., 444, IIA(b).

17 See BSOAS, Ibid., p. 444, n. 13.

18 See BSOAS, Ibid., p. 445, n. 15. źon-pa ‘to mount’ and bźon-pa ‘riding beast, carriage’ are palatalized derivatives of gyon-pa ‘to put on, wear’. See also above IA, ex. 6, and p. 612, n. 5.

19 dgod-pa, rgod-pa ‘to laugh’, as well as dga-ba, dgyes-pa, and mgu-ba ‘to rejoice’ are further cognates, cf. AM, xix, 1, 1974, 87 (IA, 5) and 93 (IVA, 4).

20 cf. also ẖgebs-pa ‘to cover, protect, disguise’.

21 cf. also mjal-ba ‘to meet’.

22 cf. also rga ‘old’ and AM, loc. cit., 93 (IVA, 6).

23 Also rdzud-pa.

24 reṅ ‘stiff’, ẖgreṅ-ba ‘to stand’, ẖgroṅ-ba ‘(resp.) to die’, and ro ‘body’ are further cognates.

25 While l‘abs ‘opportunity, chance’ belongs with stabs ‘mode, manner, way’, t‘ob-pa ‘to obtain’, etc., see AM, loc. cit., 94 (IVC, 1) and 99 (XC, 2); the occurrence of c‘abs seems to be limited to the above phrase.

26 About other cognates see AM, loc. cit., 91 (IIIC, 2) and 96 (VIC, 1).

27 lce, the common word for ‘tongue’, also belongs here.

28 cf. above IB, ex. 2, and p. 613, n. 14.

29 snyan-pa ‘renown, glory, fame’, snyad ‘malicious or false accusation’, and snyad-pa ‘to relate, report’ are further cognates. See also HMV (see above, p. 611, n. 1), 406–8.

30 cf. HMV, 406–8.

31 cf. HMV, 406–8.

32 cf. HMV, 406–8.

33 See also AM, loc. cit, 95 (VA, 4, and VIB, 2).

34 See also AM, loc. cit., p. 92, n. 26.

35 See also AM, loc. cit., 99 (XB, 2).

36 See also AM, loc. cit., 88 (IC, 8). śel-ba ‘crystal, glass’ is a further cognate.