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Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Ṣamad al-ʿĀmilī's draft letter to his teacher: The culture of scholarly correspondence and the Islamic republic of letters in the sixteenth century
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 May 2020
Abstract
This study focuses on a draft letter by Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Ṣamad al-ʿĀmilī (d. 984/1576) for his teacher Zayn al-Dīn al-ʿĀmilī (d. 965/1558); both were prominent Twelver Shiite jurists from the region of Jabal ʿĀmil in what is now Lebanon. Yūsuf Ṭabājah, who first published the text, argued that Ḥusayn wrote the letter while he was in Iraq c. 957/1550 and that it describes Zayn al-Dīn's legal work al-Rawḍah al-bahiyyah. It is argued here that the book in question is more likely Zayn al-Dīn's work Tamhīd al-qawāʿid, on legal and grammatical maxims, and that the letter dates to c. 958/1551. The text provides insight into the relationship between Ḥusayn and Zayn al-Dīn and the culture of scholarly correspondence.
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- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 83 , Issue 2 , June 2020 , pp. 201 - 223
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- Copyright © SOAS University of London 2020
References
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7 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”.
8 Mukhtārī, Riḍa, “Nāmah-ī az pedar-e Shaykh Bahāʾī kheṭāb beh Shahīd-i Thānī”, Nushkah-Pazhūheshī 3, Fall 1385 sh./2016, 625–6Google Scholar.
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10 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 177. Mukhtārī divides it into just three paragraphs, Mukhtārī, “Nāmah-ī az pedar-e Shaykh Bahāʾī”, 625.
11 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 176–7.
12 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 176–7.
13 Ṭabājah, “Tatimmat al-Riḥlah al-ʿIrāqiyyah”; Ṭabājah, “Risālat al-Shaykh Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd al-Ṣamad al-ʿĀmilī”; Stewart, “Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Al-Ṣamad's flight from Lebanon to Iraq”; Stewart, “An episode in the ʿĀmilī migration”.
14 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 177.
15 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 177, 179 n. 24.
16 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 177, 179 n. 23.
17 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 177, 179 n. 23.
18 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 176, 178 n. 11.
19 Stewart, “The Ottoman execution”, 323–4.
20 The published text reads taradat, which seems to have no meaning, or perhaps taraddat which means “to fall, to deteriorate” and so does not fit the context. The word is evidently corrupt. I propose tafarradat “to be unique, peerless”, which would go with the following preposition bi- in the text, but the reading remains uncertain. A similar possibility is farudat “to be unique”.
21 Reading arshaq for arshaf in the text.
22 al-ʿĀmilī, ʿAlī, al-Durr al-manthūr min al-maʾthūr wa-ghayr al-maʾthūr, 2 vols (Qum: Maṭbaʿat Mihr, 1978), 2: 183–4Google Scholar.
23 See the bibliography of Zayn al-Dīn in ʿAlī al-ʿĀmilī, al-Durr al-manthūr, 2: 183–90.
24 Stewart, “The Ottoman execution”, 325.
25 On legal maxims in general, see Rabb, Intisar A., Doubt in Islamic Law: A History of Legal Maxims (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015)Google Scholar.
26 Khalīfah, Ḥājjī, Kashf al-ẓunūn ʿan asāmī al-kutub wa-l-funūn, 2 vols (Istanbul: Maarif Matbaası, 1941), 2: 1357–60Google Scholar.
27 Muḥsin al-Amīn, Aʿyān al-shīʿah, 10 vols (Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, 1984), 7: 155. Muḥsin al-Amīn reports that al-Shahīd al-Thānī states explicitly in the introduction to Tamhīd al-qawāʿid that he was inspired by the works of al-Isnawī, but such a statement does not appear in the introduction of the published work.
28 al-ʿĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn, Tamhīd al-qawāʿid (Mashhad: Būstān-i Kitāb, 2009)Google Scholar.
29 Reading talkhīṣ for talakhkhuṣ in the text.
30 Reading fī for min in the text.
31 That is, the work al-Qawāʿid wa'l-fawāʾid, by al-Shahīd al-Awwal Muḥammad b. Makkī al-Jizzīnī (d. 786/1384).
32 ʿAlī al-ʿĀmilī, al-Durr al-manthūr, 2: 185–6.
33 ʿAlī al-ʿĀmilī, al-Durr al-manthūr, 2: 184–5.
34 ʿAlī al-ʿĀmilī, al-Durr al-manthūr, 2: 151.
35 Akkach, Letters of a Sufi Scholar, 27.
36 Stewart, “Flight from Lebanon to Iraq”, 99–103.
37 Akkach, Letters of a Sufi Scholar, 27.
38 al-Musawi, Muhsin J., The Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters: Arabic Knowledge Construction (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
39 On tawjīh see al-Hāshimī, al-Sayyid Aḥmad, Jawāhir al-balāghah fī al-maʿānī wa-l-bayān wa-l-badīʿ (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1994), 281Google Scholar.
40 al-Musawi, The Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters, 2–3, 67, 141–6, 259–60.
41 al-Musawi, The Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters, 137–41, 145.
42 Maurice A. Pomerantz, “A Maqāmah on the Book Market of Cairo in the 8th/14th century: the ‘Return of the Stranger’ of Ibn Abī Ḥaǧalah (d. 776/1375)”, pp. 179–207 in Papoutsakis, Nefeli and Hees, Syrinx von (eds), The Sultan's Anthologist – Ibn Abī Ḥaǧalah and His Work (Baden-Baden: Ergon Verlag, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
43 On patron–client relationships in Islamic societies, see the classic study of Mottahedeh, Roy P., Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Orfali, Bilal, “Employment opportunities in literature in tenth-century Islamic courts”, pp. 243–50 in Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.), Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018 (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
44 On hierarchy among both Sunni and Shiite jurists, see Stewart, Devin J., “Islamic juridical hierarchies and the office of Marji‘ al-Taqlid”, pp. 137–57 in Clarke, Linda (ed.), Shiʿite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions (Binghamton, NY: Global Publications, 2001)Google Scholar.
45 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 178.
46 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 176.
47 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 178.
48 On this system from several centuries earlier in Damascus, see Chamberlain, Michael, Knowledge and Social Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190–1350 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)Google Scholar.
49 One of the main motivations behind a number of medieval works denouncing the employment of Jews and Christians by Islamic governments was precisely the idea that they were preventing the employment of more qualified Muslim candidates. See Ibrāhīm al-Nābulusī, ʿUthmān b., The Sword of Ambition: Bureaucratic Rivalry in Medieval Egypt, trans. Yarbrough, Luke (New York: New York University Press, 2016)Google Scholar.
50 Stewart, “Flight from Lebanon to Iraq”, 94.
51 Stewart, “Flight from Lebanon to Iraq”, 89, 102.
52 Stewart, “An episode in the ʿĀmilī migration”, 501–2.
53 Stewart, “The first Shaykh al-Islam”.
54 Stewart, Devin J., “Polemics and patronage in Safavid Iran: the debate on Friday prayer during the reign of Shah Tahmasb”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 72/3, 2009, 425–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 431–41.
55 Stewart, “An episode in the ʿĀmilī migration”, 495–6.
56 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 176, 177, 179 n. 24.
57 Ṭabājah, “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 178.
58 A reference to al-Lumʿah al-Dimashqiyyah, a Twelver Shiite legal manual by Muḥammad b. Makkī al-Jizzīnī.
59 A reference to al-Tabṣirah fī uṣūl al-fiqh, a work on legal hermeneutics by the Shāfiʿī jurist Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī (d. 476/1083).
60 A reference to al-Kāfiyah, a work on syntax by the famous grammarian and Mālikī jurist Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249).
61 A reference to the famous manual of Ḥanafī law, al-Hidāyah, by Burhān al-Dīn al-Marghīnānī (d. 593/1197).
62 A reference to al-Shāfiyah, a work on morphology by the famous grammarian Ibn al-Ḥājib.
63 A reference to any of a number of works with al-Durar “pearls” in the title, such as Ibn Ḥajar's biographical work al-Durar al-kāminah fī aʿyān al-miʾah al-thāminah.
64 A reference to al-Bayān, a work on law and ḥadīth by Muḥammad b. Makkī al-Jizzīnī (d. 786/1384), or perhaps to the famous rhetorical work Kitāb al-Bayān wa-l-tabyīn, by al-Jāḥiẓ (d. 255/868).
65 This is a reference to al-Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-Ṭabrisī's (d. 548/1154) Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, a major Shiite tafsīr work, as Ṭabājah notes: “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 178 n. 12.
66 This is a reference to Kanz al-ʿirfān fī fiqh al-Qurʾān, by Miqdād al-Suyūrī (d. 826/1423), a student of al-Shahīd al-Awwal, as Ṭabājah notes: “Min Risālah li-l-Shaykh Ḥusayn”, 178 n. 13.
67 An allusion to the title of al-Zamakhsharī's (d. 538/1144) famous tafsīr, al-Kashshāf ʿan ḥaqāʾiq al-tanzīl.
68 Perhaps an allusion to Kitāb al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī, a Twelver Shiite work on law, by Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī (d. 598/1202).
69 Perhaps an allusion to the title Kitāb Badāʾiʿ al-ṣanāʾiʿ fī tartīb al-sharāʾiʿ, a work on law by the Ḥanafī jurist al-Kāsānī (d. 587/1191).
70 Perhaps an allusion again to al-Bayān, a work by Muḥammad b. Makkī al-Jizzīnī (d. 786/1384).
71 An allusion to Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-l-kalām, a short text on logic and theology by Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390), or perhaps an allusion to al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī's (d. 460/1067) Tahdhīb al-aḥkām, one of the four canonical ḥadīth collections of the Twelver Shiites.
72 An allusion to al-Muhadhdhab, a standard manual of Shāfiʿī law by Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī (d. 476/1083).
73 This passage puns on several of the works of the famous philosopher Avicenna (d. 429/1037), the Shifāʾ, his major compendium of philosophy, the Qānūn, his work on medicine, and al-Ishārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt.
74 Perhaps an allusion to the title Irshād al-adhhān ilā aḥkām al-īmān, a well-known book on Twelver Shiite law by al-ʿAllāmah al-Ḥillī (d. 726/1325).
75 Perhaps an allusion to Tanqīḥ al-fuṣūl fī ikhtiṣār al-Maḥṣūl fī l-uṣūl, a commentary by the Mālikī jurist al-Qarāfī (d. 684/1285) on the Maḥṣūl of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1209), or to Tanqīḥ al-uṣūl, a Ḥanafī work on legal hermeneutics by Ṣadr al-Sharīʿah ʿUbayd Allāh b. Masʿūd al-Bukhārī (d. 747/1346–47).
76 A reference to any number of works devoted to qawāʿid or legal maxims, such as Qawāʿid al-aḥkām fī masāliḥ al-anām by ʿIzz al-Dīn b. ʿAbd al-Salām (d. 660/1262), or to Qawāʿid al-aḥkām, a work on law by al-ʿAllāmah al-Ḥillī (d. 726/1325).
77 Perhaps an allusion to al-Mabānī fī al-maʿānī by Ibn al-Ṣāʾigh al-Ḥanafī (d. 776/1375).
78 Perhaps an allusion to a famous manual of Ḥanafī uṣūl al-fiqh, al-Tawḍīḥ, by Ṣadr al-Sharīʿah (d. 747/1347).
79 An allusion to the standard Shāfiʿī legal manual, Minhāj al-ṭālibīn, by al-Nawawī (d. 676/1277).
80 Perhaps an allusion to al-ʿAllāmah al-Ḥillī's biographical work, Khulāṣat al-aqwāl fī aḥwāl al-rijāl.
81 An allusion to the famous rhetorical manual, al-Īḍāḥ of al-Qazwīnī (d. 739/1338).
82 Probably an allusion to al-Fāʾiq fī gharīb al-ḥadīth by al-Zamakhsharī.
83 An allusion to the title of the most famous manual of Arabic rhetoric in the late middle ages, al-Sakkākī's (d. 626/1229) Miftāḥ al-ʿulūm.
84 Perhaps an allusion to Lubāb al-fiqh, a work on Shāfiʿī law by Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī (d. 478/1085).
85 Perhaps an allusion to the title al-Wasīlah ilā nayl al-faḍīlah, a work on Twelver Shiite law by Abū Jaʿfar ʿImād al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Ḥamzah al-Ṭūsī (fl. 13th c.).
86 Perhaps an allusion to a famous work devoted to the Shiite Imams, Kashf al-ghummah ʿan maʿrifat al-aʾimmah, by Bahāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-Irbilī (d. 692/1293).
87 Perhaps an allusion to the title al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-maʿānī wa'l-bayān wa'l-badīʿ by Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Ibn Mālik (d. 686/1287).
88 Ṭabājah notes that “suns” here might refer to earlier ʿulamāʾ “scholars of the religious sciences” (Ṭabājah, 178 n. 17).
89 Perhaps a reference to al-Īḍāḥ fī ʿulūm al-balāghah, a work on rhetoric by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī (d.739/1338).
90 Perhaps a reference to the concise legal work Jumal al-ʿilm wa-l-ʿamal, by al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā (d. 436/1044).
91 Reading nukābiduhu, with Mukhtārī. Ṭabājah has nukāyiduhu.
92 Perhaps an allusion to Kitāb al-Talwīḥ, Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī's commentary on Tanqīḥ al-uṣūl, a Ḥanafī work on legal hermeneutics by Ṣadr al-Sharīʿah ʿUbayd Allāh b. Masʿūd al-Bukhārī (d. 747/1346–47).
93 Perhaps an allusion to Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ, a legal work by al-ʿAllāmah al-Ḥillī.
94 Perhaps an allusion to Kitāb al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī, a Twelver Shiite work on law, by Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī (d. 598/1202).
95 An allusion to Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyyah ʿalā madhhab al-Imāmiyyah, a legal manual by al-ʿAllāmah al-Ḥillī.
96 An allusion to Maqāṣid al-ṭālibīn fī uṣūl al-dīn, a well-known manual of theology by Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390). He wrote his own commentary on the text, known as Sharḥ al-Maqāṣid.
97 Mukhtārī has ʾukhrā here for ʾaḥrā, apparently a typographical error.
98 An allusion to Avicenna's philosophical compendium al-Ishārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt.
99 Perhaps an allusion to al-Mufaṣṣal, a well-known grammatical work by al-Zamakhsharī (d. 538/1144).
100 Perhaps an allusion to any of a number of works termed Masālik al-mamālik, and dealing with geography, topography, and travel routes, such as Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār, by Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī (d. 749/1349).
101 Mukhtārī has intaṣabtu ijrāʾ al-dhuyūl here. I believe the correct text is intaṣabtu ajurru l-dhuyūl, as Ṭabājah has it.
102 Probably a reference to Kitāb al-Tanwīh bi-faḍl al-Tanbīh, by ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. Muḥammad al-Mawṣilī (d. 671/1272–73), a commentary on the Shāfiʿī legal manual al-Tanbīh, by Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī (d. 476/1083).
103 Perhaps an allusion to al-Bayān, a work by al-Shahīd al-Awwal Muḥammad b. Makkī al-Jizzīnī (d. 786/1384).
104 Perhaps an allusion to al-Lumʿah al-dimashqiyyah, a legal work by al-Shahīd al-Awwal Muḥammad b. Makkī al-Jizzīnī (d. 786/1384).
105 A reference to al-Mufaṣṣal, a well-known grammatical work by al-Zamakhsharī (d. 538/1144).
106 A reference to Kashf al-ghummah ʿan maʿrifat al-aʾimmah, by Bahāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-Irbilī (d. 692/1293).
107 Perhaps an allusion to al-Mukhtaṣar al-nāfiʿ, a standard manual of Twelver Shiite law by al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī (d. 676/1277), or to the Mukhtaṣar of Ibn al-Ḥājib, a standard text on legal hermeneutics.
108 Perhaps an allusion to Lawāmiʿ al-asrār fī sharḥ Maṭāliʿ al-anwār, a well-known work on logic by Quṭb al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 766/1364).
109 A reference to Kitāb al-Mawāqif fī ʿilm al-kalām, by ʿAḍud al-Dīn al-Ījī (d. 756/1356), the most studied manual of theology in pre-modern times.
110 A reference to Jalāl al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī's work on rhetoric Talkhīṣ al-Miftāḥ, and abridgement of al-Sakkākī's Miftāḥ al-ʿulūm.
111 A reference to al-ʿAllāmah al-Ḥillī's work on legal hermeneutics, Mabādiʾ al-uṣūl.
112 A reference to the Maqāmāt of Abū Muḥammad al-Qāsim b. ʿAlī al-Ḥarīrī (d. 516/1122), a tremendously popular literary work known for its demonstration of rhetorical skill.
113 Perhaps a reference to al-Bayān, a work on law and ḥadīth by Muḥammad b. Makkī al-Jizzīnī (d. 786/1384).
114 An allusion to al-Nashr fī al-qirāʾāt al-ʿashr, a work on the variant readings of the Quran by Abū al-Khayr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Jazarī (d. 833/1429).
115 Perhaps an allusion to al-ʿAllāmah al-Ḥillī's biographical work, Khulāṣat al-aqwāl fī aḥwāl al-rijāl.
116 Both Ṭabājah and Mukhtārī supply ʾin “if” after lā gharwa “no wonder”.
117 Perhaps an allusion to Tanqīḥ al-fuṣūl fī ikhtiṣār al-Maḥṣūl fī l-uṣūl, a commentary by the Mālikī jurist al-Qarāfī (d. 684/1285) on the Maḥṣūl of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1209), on legal hermeneutics, or to Tanqīḥ al-uṣūl, a Ḥanafī work on legal hermeneutics by Ṣadr al-Sharīʿah ʿUbayd Allāh b. Masʿūd al-Bukhārī (d. 747/1346–47).
118 A reference to al-Mujmal fī al-lughah, a well-known lexical work by Aḥmad b. Fāris (d. 395/1004).
119 A reference to Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī's longer commentary on Jalāl al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī's Talkhīṣ, on rhetoric.
120 Perhaps an allusion to any of a number of works termed Masālik al-mamālik, and dealing with geography, topography, and travel routes, such as Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār, by Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī (d. 749/1349). Ṭabājah states that this paragraph indicates an apology on the part of Ḥusayn for not responding at greater length regarding his master's book (Ṭabājah 179 n. 24).
121 A reference to al-Kāfiyah, a work on syntax by the famous grammarian and Mālikī jurist Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249).
122 A reference to al-Shāfiyah, a work on morphology by Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249).
123 Perhaps a reference to al-Risālah al-wāfiyah li-madhhab ahl al-Sunnah fī al-iʿtiqādāt wa-uṣūl al-diyānāt, a work on doctrine by Abū ʿAmr ʿUthmān b. Saʿīd al-Dānī (d. 444/1053).
124 Ṭabājah suggests al-shāfiyah for what he judges to be al-sāmiyah in the text, to match the preceding rhyme-word, al-kāfiyah, and the immediately following word al-wāfiyah. Mukhtārī reads the word in the manuscript as al-shāfiyah, and not al-sāmiyah, as do I. Ṭabājah has shihābikum al-shāfiyah al-wāfiyah “your curing, abundant shooting star”, while Mukhtārī has shufaʿāʾikum al-shāfiyah al-wāfiyah “your curing, abundant intercessors”. Neither can be correct. The masculine singular noun shihāb “meteor, shooting star” should not be modified by a feminine adjective. The correct word must be a plural, but shufaʿāʾ “intercessors” would apply to humans so usually requires a plural masculine adjective. What is required is an inanimate plural referring to some quality of Zayn al-Dīn, to be parallel with alṭāf “kindnesses”. I believe the intended word is shaʿfātikum or shaʿafātikum “your light rains”, the plural of shaʿfah “light rain”. This would refer figuratively to Zayn al-Dīn's generosity, and so form a fitting pair with alṭāf in both form and meaning.
125 Perhaps a reference to al-Maṭālib al-ʿāliyah bi-zawāʾid al-masānīd al-thamāniyah, a work on ḥadīth by Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (d. 852/1449).
126 A reference to al-Taysīr fī al-qirāʾāt al-sabʿ, a work on Quranic readings by Abū ʿAmr ʿUthmān b. Saʿīd al-Dānī (d. 444/1053).
127 A reference to Kashf al-ghummah ʿan maʿrifat al-aʾimmah, by Bahāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-Irbilī (d. 692/1293).
128 A reference to al-Qānūn, on medicine, by Avicenna (d. 428/1037).
129 A reference to Mukhtalif al-shīʿah, a work on disputed points of the law by al-ʿAllāmah al-Ḥillī (d. 726/1325).
130 A reference to Muntahā al-maṭlab fī taḥqīq al-madhhab, a work on Twelver Shiite law by al-ʿAllāmah al-Ḥillī (d. 726/1325).
131 A reference to Ṭawāliʿ al-anwār min maṭāliʿ al-anẓār, a work on theology by Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Bayḍāwī (d. 685/1286).
132 A reference to Maqāṣid al-ṭālibīn fī uṣūl al-dīn, a manual of theology by Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390).
133 A reference to Maṭāliʿ al-anwār, a work on logic by Sirāj al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Abī Bakr al-Urmawī (d. 682/1283).
134 A reference to Maṣābīḥ al-sunnah, a collection of ḥadīth by al-Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-Baghawī (d. c. 516/1122).
135 A reference to Mishkāt al-maṣābīḥ, an expanded version of al-Baghawī's Maṣābīḥ al-sunnah, by Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Khaṭīb al-Tibrīzī (d. 741/1340–41).