Article contents
The development of a modern prose style in Arabic literature1
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009
Extract
The Arab literary establishment of the period immediately preceding the nineteenth century had reached such stability in social status, such homogeneity in education, and such unanimity in cultural values that it was no longer searching for innovative ideas, and of its men of letters—poets and prose writers alike—it expected not originality but consummate skill in the use of words. The prose that it favoured was not only rhymed, but laden with tropes, especially those developed in the branch of Rhetoric known as badī, which concerns itself not so much with imagery as with verbal artifices2 (such as the paronomasia, the double entendre, the palindrome) of which by then over 150 varieties had been devised.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 52 , Issue 1 , February 1989 , pp. 65 - 76
- Copyright
- Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1989
References
2 Technically known as ‘schemes’. See Cachia, P., ‘From sound to echo: the values underlying late badī literature’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 108, 2, 04–06 1988, 219–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
3 Published in A.H. 1275/A.D. 1858-1859Google Scholar.
4 Άl-maqāma al-Mişriyya ' in Majma‘ al-Bahrayn (Beirut, Matba‘at al-Ābā’al-Yasūiyyīn, (1872), 220Google Scholar.
5 A leading member of the Banū Shaybān, said to have claimed a share of the booty even when he had not participated in a raid, and when humoured, to have asked for a share for his wife, then one for his camel.
6 By ‘Alī al-Darandah-1ī, ‘ al-Hawī’ al-Jawwī’, as quoted in Muhammad ‘Abd al-Ghanī, Hasan and ‘Abd al-‘Azīz, al-Disūqī, Rawdat al-Madāris: Nash'atuhā wa ’ttijāhātuhā ’l-Adabiyya wa ’l-’Ilmiyya (Cairo, al-Hay’a al-Misriyya al-‘Āmma li '1-Kitāb, 1975), 234Google Scholar.
7 Sulāfat al-Nadīm, vol. 1 (Cairo, Matba‘at al-Hindiyya, 1914), 24 ffGoogle Scholar.
8 Gibb, H. A. R., Studies in the civilization of Islam (London, 1962), 251Google Scholar.
9 Hāshim, Yāghī, al-Naqd al-Adabī al-Hadīth fī Lubnān, vol. 1 (Cairo, Ma‘ārif, 1968), 102Google Scholar.
10 The references that follow are from the edition of Naslb Wahlba al-Khazin (Beirut, Maktabat al-Iiaya, n.d.)Google Scholar.
11 Muhammad ‘Abd al-Ghanī Hasan and ‘Abd al-‘Azīz al-Disūqī, op. cit., 63
12 See Cachia, P., ‘The use of the colloquial in modern Arabic literature’, JAOS, 87, 1, 1967, 12–22Google Scholar.
13 Ahmad Samīr's introduction to Sulāfat al-NadīmGoogle Scholar.
14 In ‘al-Lugha wa ’1-Inshā’’, al-Ustādh, Yr. 1, No. 9, 1892, 169–84Google Scholar.
15 Sulāfat al-Nadīm, vol. 2, 86Google Scholar.
16 Tahrār al-Mar'a (Cairo, Ma‘ārif, 1970), 114Google Scholar.
17 ‘Abd Allāh Salīm Yāzijī in al-Hilāl, Yr. 3, No. 17, 1895, 659Google Scholar.
18 Jurjī Zaydān, ‘Kuttāb al-‘Arabiyya wa Qurrā'uhā’, al-Hilāl, Yr. 6, No. 4, 1897, 126Google Scholar.
19 Jān Jāk Rūsū (Cairo, 1965), 210Google Scholar.
20 Al-Mu'allāfal al-Kāmila, ed. Salmā ’l-Haffār, al-Kuzbarī (Beirut, Mu’assasat Nawfal, 1982), vol. 2, 389Google Scholar.
21 Jamīl Jabr (comp.), Mayy Ziyāda fī Mudhakkarātihā, Dār al-Rīhānā, Kitāb al-Shahr, 6–7, n.d., 105–6Google Scholar.
22 Al-Nazarāt (Cairo, al-Maktaba al-Tijāriyya al-Kubrā, n.d.), vol. 1, 85Google Scholar.
23 See Jaroslav, Stetkevych, The modern Arabic literary language (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1970)Google Scholar.
24 Al-Adab li ’l-Sha‘b (Cairo, Maktabat al-Anglū ’1-Mișriyya, 1956), especially p. 41Google Scholar.
25 Falsafat Ibn Khaldūn al-Ijtimā‘iyya (Muhammad ‘Abd Allāh ‘Inān's translation of ‘Étude analytique et critique de la philosophie sociale d’lbn Khaldoun’, Doctoral dissertation, University of Paris (Cairo, al-I‘timād, 1925), 28–9Google Scholar.
26 Interview in al-Talaba al-‘Arab, Yr. 5, No. 182, 1966Google Scholar.
27 Fusūl fī ’l-Adab wa ’l-Naqd (Cairo, Ma‘ārif, 1945), 20–21Google Scholar.
28 Discussion at Fu’ād Academy of the Arabic Language, 26 12. 1949, reported in al-Risāla, Yr. 18, No. 863, 1950, 122–4Google Scholar.
29 Du‘ā’ al-Karawān (Cairo, Ma‘ārif, 1946), 40Google Scholar.
30 Fikrafa ’btisāma (Cairo, Dār al-‘Urūba, n.d.), 14–15Google Scholar.
31 See e.g. Anwar, al-Jindī, al-Shu‘ūbiyya fī ’l-Adab al-‘Arabī al-Hadīth (Cairo, Dār al-I‘tiṣām, n.d., but not earlier than 1970), especially pp. 216, 221, and 229Google Scholar.
32 Mudhakkirāt Tālib Bi‘tha, Cairo, al-Kitāb al-Dhahabī, 11 1965, p. 9Google Scholar.
33 al-ṣafqa (Cairo, Maktabat al-Ādāb, [1965])Google Scholar.
34 Cairo, Maktabat al-Anglū ’1-Miṣriyya, 1960Google Scholar.
35 Cairo, al-Kitāb al-Dhahabī, February 1963Google Scholar.
36 Khuṭuṭ al-Ṭūl... Khuṭūū al-‘Arḍ (Beirut, Dār al-Ṭalī`a, 1983), 221Google Scholar.
37 Arḍ—Arḍ (Beirut, Dār al-Masīra), 1980, 62Google Scholar.
38 Awrāq Shābb ‘Āsha mundh Alf ‘Āmm (Cairo, Madbūlī, [1969])Google Scholar. Also al-Zaynī Barakāt (Cairo, Madbūlī, 1980), translated into French by Jean-François Fourcade (Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1985)Google Scholar.
39 As in al-Ghītanīs, ‘Mudhakkira Idāhiyya hawl Wāqi‘a Raqm 106 Qism al-Jamāliyya’, in al- Ḥiṣār min Thalāth Jihāt (Damascus, Ittiḥād al-Kuttāb al-‘Arab, 1975), 119–35Google Scholar.
40 See Sasson, Somekh, Lughat al-Qissa fī Adab Yūsuf Idrīs (Acre, Tel-Aviv University and Sarūjī Press, 1984)Google Scholar.
41 ‘ ‘Ala Waraq Silūfān’, in his Bayt min Laḥm (Cairo, ‘Ālam al-Kutuh, 1971), 37Google Scholar.
42 Chapter vii of Qā‘ al-Madīna, translated in In the eye of the beholder, ed. Roger, Allen (Minneapolis, Bibliotheca Islamica, 1978)Google Scholar.
43 Muqaddima li ’l-Shi‘r al-‘Arabī (Beirut, Dār al-‘Awda, 1971), 100Google Scholar.
44 Al-Maqāmāt al-Aswāniyya (Cairo, Maktabat al-Anglū ’1-Miṣriyya, 1970), 2Google Scholar.
- 2
- Cited by