Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018
In the beginning of the 19th century Italy was in the forefront of psychiatric reform. The question as to whether it was Chiarugi (1759–1820) or Pinel (1745–1826) who was the first to unchain patients in mental hospitals has remained unanswered. With the death of Chiarugi, however, the age of enlightenment, which he had heralded, faded and conditions in Italian hospitals reverted to their former state.
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