Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T15:56:06.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) eradication by aerial (helicopter) spraying of persistent insecticides in Nigeria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

U. Spielberger ,
B. K. Na'isa  and
U. Abdurrahim
U. Spielberger
Affiliation:
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Division, Federal Livestock Department, P.M.B. 2005, Kaduna, Nigeria
B. K. Na'isa
Affiliation:
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Division, Federal Livestock Department, P.M.B. 2005, Kaduna, Nigeria
U. Abdurrahim
Affiliation:
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Division, Federal Livestock Department, P.M.B. 2005, Kaduna, Nigeria
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The technique of applying persistent insecticides (largely dieldrin or endosulfan) from the air by helicopter against Glossina spp. in northern Nigeria is described. In the Guinea savanna vegetation zone, a high degree of discrimination was practised. Where the riverine species G. tachinoides Westw. and G. palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) only were present, spraying was confined to the fringing forest vegetation along drainage lines and in flood plains. Where the savanna species G. morsitans submorsitans Newst. was also present, Isoberlinia woodlands were also sprayed in swaths along the outside edges and penetrating swaths at maximum intervals of 200 m; the denser vegetation encircling the many flat-topped hills was also sprayed, as well as the main tracks and cattle routes. The more undifferentiated woodlands in the southern Guinea savanna zone were sprayed as a grid with swaths at intervals of 150 to 200 m. The degree of discrimination varied according to the fly species and density of the vegetation; usually 5 to 16% of the totally infested area was actually sprayed. So far, approximately 10 000 km2 have been reclaimed from tsetse by this technique. The degree of reinvasion encountered per annum was approximately 25% of each project area. All reinfested areas have been successfully resprayed. Costs averaged approximately 18 Naira/ha actually sprayed or 2 Naira/ha of reclaimed area in the northern Guinea savanna zone. In the southern Guinea savanna zone, the reclaimed area averaged 3 Naira/ha. The ultra-low-volume spraying technique was introduced in 1972, and this has gradually replaced the conventional spraying technique using emulsion concentrates and booms and nozzles. The ULVA-Bals single-disc atomisers were modified and improved so that droplet sizes within a range of 70 to 200 μm volume median diameter can be produced as required. Many insecticides have been tested in the laboratory, preliminary tests on permethrin indicate; that it may prove to be a useful alternative to dieldrin and endosulfan.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 67 , Issue 4 , December 1977 , pp. 589 - 598
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1977

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barlow, F.. & Hadaway, A. B.. (1974). Some aspects of the use of solvents in ULV formulations.—Br. Crop Prot. Court. Monogr. no. 11, 84–93.Google Scholar
Coutts, H. H.. (1975). The formulation and application of dieldrin for residual deposits in a tsetse eradication scheme. pp. 360–364 in ISCTRC Fourteenth Meeting Dakar 1975.—378 pp. Nairobic OAU/STRC. (Publication no. 109.)Google Scholar
Davies, H.. (1964). The eradication of tsetse in the Chad river system of Northern Nigeria.—appl. Ecol. 1, 387–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, H.. (1967). Tsetse flies in Northern Nigeria. A handbook for junior control staff.—268 pp. Nigeria, Ibadan University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, H.. (1971). Further eradication of tsetse in the Chad and Gongola river systems in north-eastern Nigeria.—J. appl. Ecol. 8 563–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keay, R. W. J.. (1953). An outline of Nigerian vegetation.— 2nd edn55 pp. Lagos, Government Printer.Google Scholar
Koeman, J. H., Boer, W. M. J.Den, Feith A. F.de Jong, H. H.Spliethoff, P. C., Na'isa, B. K.. & Spielberger, U.. (1958). (unpublished). Three years observation on side effects of helicopter applications of insecticides used to exterminate Glossina species in Nigeria.Google Scholar
Koeman, J. H., Rijksen, H. D., Smiesmnaisa, B. K.. & MacLennan, K. J. R.. (1971). Faunal changes in a swamp habitat in Nigeria sprayed with insecticide to exterminate Glossina.—Neth. J. Zool. 21, 434–463.Google Scholar
MacLennan, K. J. R.. & COOK, M. G.. (1972). The resting behaviour of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. in the northern Guinea vegetation zone in relation to control using insecticides.—Entomologist. 105, 144–152.Google Scholar
MacLennan, K. J. R.. & Na'isa, B. K.. (1971). The current status and future prospects regarding tsetse extermination in Nigeria. pp. 303–309 in ISCTRC Thirteenth Meeting Lagos 7–11.IX.1971.—328 pp. Niamey OAU/STRC. (Publication no. 105.)Google Scholar
Scholz, E., Spielberger, U.. & Ali, J.. (1976). The night resting sites of the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera Glossinidae) in northern Nigeria.— Bull. ent. Res. 66 443—452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spielberger, U.. & Abdurrahim, U.. (1971). Pilot trial of discriminative aerial application of persistent dieldrin deposits to eradicate Glossina morsitans submorsitans in the Anchau and Ikara forest reserves Nigeria. pp. 271–281 in ISCTRC Thirteenth Meeting Lagos 7–11.IX.1971.—328 pp. Niamey OAU/STRC. (Publication no. 105.).Google Scholar
Spielberger, U.. & Abdurrahim, U.. (1974?). Eradication of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. and G. palpalis (R.-D.) in the northern Guinea savanna vegetation zone in northern Nigeria by aerial (helicopter) spraying of insecticides: operation in the Galma river area. pp. 329–343 in Control programs for trypanosomes and their vectors. Proceedings of the Colloquium Paris 12–15 March 1974.— 387 pp. Maisons-Alfort Institut d'Élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux.Google Scholar
Spielberger, U.. & Na'isa, B. K.. (1975). Aerial application of insecticides by helicopter against Glossina spp. Field trials with tetrachlorvinphos bromophos dieldrin and Hostathion in northern Nigeria. pp. 341–359in ISCTRC Fourteenth Meeting Dakar 1975.— 378 pp. Nairobi OAU/STRC. (Publication no. 109.)Google Scholar
Spielberger, U.. & Sivers, P Von. (1970). Hubschraubereinsatz zur Tsetse-fliegenbekämpfung in der Republik Niger.—Berl. Münch. tieräritl. Wschr. 83 338–341.Google ScholarPubMed