Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T15:43:18.619Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Toxicity of DDT to Man and Animals

A Report on the Work Carried out at the Royal Naval School of Tropical Hygiene, Colombo, and a Review of the World Literature to January 1947

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

F. M. G. Stammers  and
F. G. Sarel Whitfield
F. M. G. Stammers
Affiliation:
Senior Entomologist to the Medical Director General of the Navy.
F. G. Sarel Whitfield
Affiliation:
Senior Entomologist to the Medical Director General of the Navy.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

It may be stated that the summation of microscopical evidence of harmful effect upon the exposed rats and rabbits as a result of their 28 days' exposure to continuous DDT aerosol as described was nil.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 38 , Issue 1 , May 1947 , pp. 1 - 73
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1947

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anon. (1944). DDT: a new synthetic insecticide.–Brit. med. J., no. 4362, pp. 217–218.Google Scholar
Anon. (1944a). New insecticide does double duty.–Florida Gr., 52, no. 3, p. 4.Google Scholar
Anon. (1944b). N.P.C.A. meets in Chicago. [Address by W. E. Dove.]–Soap and sanit. Chem., 20, no. 11, pp. 107, 109.Google Scholar
Anon. (1945). Further results with DDT.–Brit. med. J., no. 4416, p. 260.Google Scholar
Anon. (1945a). Toxicity and irritancy under tropical conditions of preparations containing DDT.–C.D.R.E., India, Note no. 63. Interim Rep. no. 3.Google Scholar
Anon. (1946). Toxicity of DDT.–Brit. med. J., no. 4445, p. 398.Google Scholar
Abbot, O. D.,Ahmann, C. F. & Overstreet, M. R. (1939). Effect of avitaminosis A on the human blood picture.—Amer. J. Physiol., 126, pp. 254–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annand, P. N. (1944). Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology & Plant Quarantine, Agricultural Research Administration 19[42–]43. 58 pp. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Annand, P. N. & others. (1944). Tests conducted by the Bureau of Entomology & Plant Quarantine to appraise the usefulness of DDT as an Insecticide.—J. econ. Ent., 37, pp. 125–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Australia. (1944). Entomological investigations. —18th Rep. Coun. sci. industr. es Aust. 1943–44, pp. 14–20.Google Scholar
Babcock, O. G. (1944). DDT for the control of goat lice.—J. econ. Ent., 37, p. 138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balaban, I. E. (1946). DDT poisoning.—Brit. med. J., no. 4438, p. 147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biden-Steele, K. & Stuckey, R. E. (1946). Lancet, Aug. 17, 1946, p. 235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blakeslee, E. B. (1944). DDT as a barn spray in stable fly control.—J. econ. Ent., 37, pp. 134–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buxton, P. A. (1945). Experiments with DDT in solutions and emulsions against mosquito larvae in West Africa.—Bull. ent. Res., 36, pp. 165–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buxton, P. A.. (1945a). Trop. Dis. Bull., 20, p. 90.Google Scholar
Calvery, H. O. (1945). Toxicity of DDT by oral, parenteral and cutaneous administration.—Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 47, pp. 31–32.Google Scholar
Calvery, H. O.. (1945a). Tolerance figure suggested for DDT.—A.I.F. News, 3, no. 3, p. 3.Google Scholar
Calvery, H. O.. (1945b). DDT is poisonous.—Food Packer, 26, no. 5, pp. 61–62.Google Scholar
Calvery, H. O. & Neal, P. A. (1946). The toxicity of DDT, solvents, emulsifiers, activators, and other adjuvants mentioned in this report.—Misc. Publ. U.S. Dep. Agric., no. 606, pp. 69–71.Google Scholar
Cameron, G. R. (1945). Risks to man and animals from the use of DDT.—Brit. med. Bull., 3, pp. 233–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, G. R. & Burgess, F. (1945). The toxicity of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichlorethane (DDT).—Brit. med. J., 1945, pp. 864–871.Google Scholar
Case, R. A. M. (1945). Toxic effects of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) 1,1,1-trichloretharie (DDT) in man.—Brit. med. J., no. 4432, pp. 842–845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chit Thoung, U. (1946). Poisonous effects of DDT on humans.—Indian med. Gaz., 81, p. 432.Google ScholarPubMed
Chopra, R. N. & Chopra, G. S. (1939). The present position of hemp-drug addiction in India.—Indian med. Res. Mem., no. 31, 119 pp.Google Scholar
Cox, A. J. (1944). Drug aspects of DDT.—Calif. Citrogr., 30, no. 1, pp. 6, 22–23, 26–27.Google Scholar
Cox, A. J. (1946). Resumé of DDT for agriculture.—Agric. Chemicals, 2, pp. 22–25, 29–35, 62–64Google Scholar
Dangerfield, W. G. (1946). Toxicity of DDT to man.—Brit. med. J., no. 4435, p. 27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, G. C. (1946). The agricultural applications of DDT, with special reference to the importance of residues.—Conf. Toxic. DDT, pp. 15–29. Biol. Sub. Comm. Nat. Res. Coun., Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Domenjoz, R. (1944). Propriétés d'un nouvel insecticide, le Neocide, Geigy; contribution à la théorie des toxiques de contact.—Schweiz. med. Wschr., 74, pp. 952–958.Google Scholar
Draize, J. H. (1946). The chronic toxicity of DDT to mammals.—Conf. Toxic. DDT, pp. 7–10. Biol. Sub. Comm. Nat. Res. Coun., Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Draize, J. H., Nelson, A. A. & Calvery, H. O. (1944). The percutaneous absorption of DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane) in laboratory animals.—J. Pharmacol., 82, pp. 159–166.Google Scholar
Draize, J. H. & others. (1944). Summary of toxicological studies of the insecticide DDT, 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane.—Chem. Engng News, 22, pp. 1503–1504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunbar, F. B. (1945). Not yet time for DDT tolerance.—A.I.F. News, 3, no. 5, p. 7.Google Scholar
Dunn, J. E., Dunn, R. C. & Smith, B. S. (1946). Skin-sensitizing properties of DDT for the guinea pig.—Publ. Hlth Rep., 61, pp. 1614–1620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eide, P. M., Deonier, C. C. & Burrell, R. W. (1945). The toxicity of DDT to certain forms of aquatic life.—J. econ. Ent., 38, pp. 492–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, M. M., Westfall, B. A. & Ellis, M. D. (1944). Toxicity of dichioro-diphenyl-trichiorethane (DDT) to goldfish and frogs.—Science, 100, no. 2604, p. 477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elmes, B. G. T. (1945). DDT treatment of mange (Scabies) in rabbits.—Lancet, May 5, 1945, p. 563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fennah, R. G. (1945). Preliminary tests with DDT against insect pests of food-crops in the Lesser Antilles.—Trop. Agriculture, 22, pp. 222–226.Google Scholar
Forbes, W. H., Johnson, R. E. & Consolazio, F. (1941). Leukopenia in Negro workmen.—Amer. J. med. Sci., 201, pp. 407–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginsburg, J. M. (1945). Toxicity of DDT to fish.—J. econ. Ent., 38, pp. 274–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouck, H. K. & Smith, C. N. (1944). DDT in the control of ticks on dogs.—J.econ. Ent., 37, p. 130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamblin, D. O. (1946). Toxicology of insecticides and fungicides.—Agric. Chemicals, 1, pp. 28–31.Google Scholar
Hill, K. R. (1946). DDT poisoning.—Brit. med. J., no. 4441, p. 255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, K. R. & Robinson, G. (1945). A fatal case of DDT poisoning in a child with an account of two accidental deaths in dogs.—Brit. med. J., no. 4432, pp. 845–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lackey, J. B. & Steinle, M. L. (1945). Effects of DDT upon some aquatic organisms other than insect larvae.—Publ. Hlth Rep. Suppl., no. 186, pp. 80–89.Google Scholar
Läuger, P., Pulver, R. & Montigel, G. (1945). On the mode of action of 4,4' dichlordiphenyl trichlormethyl methane (DDT Geigy) in the mammalian organism.—Helv. Physiol. Acta, 3, p. 405.Google Scholar
Läuger, P., Pulver, R., Montigel, G., Wiesmann, R. & Wild, H. (1946). Mechanism of intoxication of DDT insecticides in insects and warm-blooded animals.—24 pp., Geigy Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.Google Scholar
Lazar, T. (1946). DDT pancakes.—Brit. med. J., no. 4458, p. 932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lent, H. & De Oliveira, S. J. (1944). Nota preliminar sobre a ação do DDT (dicloro-difenil-tricloretana) em insetos transmissores da doença de Chagas.—Rev. brasil. Biol., 4, pp. 329–331.Google Scholar
Lepage, H. S. & Giannotti, O. (1944). Experiencias com o DDT.—Biológico, 10, pp. 353–366.Google Scholar
Lillie, R. D. & Smith, M. I. (1944). Pathology of experimental poisoning in cats, rabbits, and rats with 2,2-bis parachiorophenyl -1,1,1-trichioroethane.—Publ. Hlth Rep., 59, pp. 979–984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindquist, A. W., Knipling, E. F., Jones, H. A. & Madden, A. H. (1944). Mortality of bed bugs on rabbits given oral dosages of DDT & pyrethrum.—J. econ. Ent., 37, p. 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindquist, A. W., Madden, A. H & Knipling, E. F. (1944). DDT as a treatment for fleas on dogs.—J. econ. Ent., 37, p. 138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacCormack, J. D. (1945). Infestation & DDT.—Irish J. med. Sci., (6) no. 238, pp. 627–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackerras, I. M. & West, R. F. K. (1946). “DDT” poisoning in man.—Med. J. Aust., 1946, no. 12, pp. 400–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNamara, B. P., Bing, R. J. & Hopkins, F. (1946). Studies of chronic toxicity of DDT in the dog.—Fed. Proc., 5, p. 67.Google Scholar
Munro, J. A. & Knapp, R. (1945). Experiments with DDT conducted by North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station … cattle lice.—U.S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Ent., E 644h, p. 2.Google Scholar
Neal, P. A. (1945). DDT toxicity. A report on the toxicity to warm-blooded animals of aerosols, mists and dusting powders containing DDT.—Soap & Sanit. Chem., 21, no. 1, pp. 99–101, 111.Google Scholar
Neal, P. A.. (1946). The effects of exposure to DDT in man.—Conf. Toxic. DDT, pp. 11–15. Biol. Pub. Comm. Nat. Res. Counc., Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Neal, P. A. & others. (1944). Results of examinations of three men having relatively long continued occupational exposure to DDT.—44 pp. Industr. Hyg. Res. Lab., Nat. Inst. Hlth. U.S. Publ. Hlth Serv., Bethesda, Maryland.Google Scholar
Neal, P. A. & others. (1944a). Toxicity and potential dangers of aerosols, mists and dusting powders containing DDT.—Publ. Hlth Rep. Suppl., no. 177, 31 pp.Google Scholar
Neal, P. A., Sweeney, T. R., Spicer, S. S. & Von Oettingen, W. F. (1946). The excretion of DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane) in man, together with clinical observations.—Publ. Hlth Rep., 61, pp. 403–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neal, P. A. & Von Oettingen, W. F. (1946). Toxicity of DDT … a report on experimental studies.—Soap & Sanit. Chem., 22, no. 7, pp. 135–143.Google Scholar
Neal, P. A. & Von Oettingen, W. F.. (1946a). The toxicity and potential dangers of DDT to humans and warm-blooded animals.—Med. Ann. Distr. Columbia, 15, no. 1, pp. 15–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Neal, P. A., Von Oettingen, W. F., Dunn, R. C. & Sharpless, N. E. (1945). Toxicity & potential dangers of aerosols and residues from such aerosols containing three per cent. DDT. 2nd Report. Publ. Hlth Rep. Suppl., no. 183, 32 pp.Google Scholar
Nelson, A. A. & others. (1944). Histopathological changes following administration of DDT to several species of animals.—Publ. Hlth Rep., 59, pp. 1009–1020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ofner, R., Woodard, G. & Calvery, H. O. (1945). Studies on the metabolism of 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane.—Fed. Proc., 4, no. 1, p. 132.Google Scholar
Orr, L. W. & Mott, L. O. (1945). The effects of DDT administered to cows, horses and sheep.—J. econ. Ent., 38, pp. 428–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philips, F. S. (1946). The pharmacology of acute DDT-poisoning in mammals.—Conf. Toxic. DDT, pp. 2–7. Biol. Sub. Comm. Nat. Res. Counc., Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Philips, F. S. & Gilman, A. (1946). Studies on the pharmacology of DDT (2,2-bis(p-chloro-phenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane). I. The acute toxicity of DDT following intravenous injection in mammals with observations on the treatment of acute DDT poisoning.—J. Pharmacol., 86, pp. 213–221.Google Scholar
Philips, F. S., Gilman, A. & Crescitelli, F. N. (1946). II. The sensitization of the myocardium to sympathetic stimulation during acute DDT intoxication.—J. Pharmacol., 86, p. 222.Google Scholar
Prill, E. A., Hartzell, A. & Arthur, J. M. (1945). Insecticidal activity of some alkoxy analogs of DDT.—Science, 101, no. 2627, pp. 464–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quick, A. J. & Cooper, M. A. (1933). The synthesis of hippuric acid: a new test of liver function.—Amer. J. med. Sci., 185, pp. 630–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radcliffe, J. C. (1944). DDT.—Publ. Hlth News, Trenton, N.J., 27, pp. 118–119.Google Scholar
Roark, R. C. (1944). A list of publications on 2,2-bis(parachlorphenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane (called DDT) from 1874 to April 30, 1944, inclusive.—12 pp., U.S. Dep. Agric., Bur. Ent.Google Scholar
Roark, R. C. (1945). A second list of publications on DDT.—U.S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Ent., E660, 27 pp.Google Scholar
Roark, R. C. & McIndoo, N. E. (1944). A digest of the literature on DDT through April 30, 1944.—U.S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Ent., E631, 53 pp.Google Scholar
Roark, R. C. & McIndoo, N. E.. (1946). A second digest of the literature on DDT.—U.S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Ent., E687, 73 pp.Google Scholar
Rude, C. R. & Smith, C. L. (1944). DDT for the control of Gulf Coast and spinose ear ticks.—J. con. Ent., 37, p. 132.Google Scholar
Sarett, H. P. & Jandrof, B. J. (1946). Effect of chronic intoxication of rats with DDT on lipids and other constituents of the liver.—Fed. Proc., 5, p. 151.Google Scholar
Schmid, G. (1943). Versuche über Läusebekämpfung beim Pferd.—Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk., 85, pp. 206–209.Google Scholar
Shull, W. E., Holm, G. C., Beeson, W. M. & Manis, H. C. (1945). Hog lice control.—Circ. Idaho agric. Exp. Sta., no. 103, 7 pp.Google Scholar
Smith, M. I. & Stohlman, E. F. (1944). The pharmacologic action of 2,2-bis (parachiorphenyl)1,1,1-trichiorethane and its estimation in the tissues and body fluids.—Publ. Hlth Rep., 59, pp. 984–993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. I. & Stohlman, E. F. (1945). Further studies on the pharmacologic action of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) 1,1,1-trichlorethane (DDT).—Publ. Hlth Rep., 60, pp. 289–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stage, H. H. (1946). Facts and fallacies about DDT.—Mosq. News, 6, no. 1, pp. 1–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Stammers, F. M. G. & Whitfield, F. G. S. (1946). Toxicity of DDT to man.—Nature, 157, p. 658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stiff, H. A. & Castillo, J. C. (1945). The determination of 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,l-trichloroethane (DDT) in organs and body fluids after oral administration.—J. Biol. Chem., 159, pp. 545–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stohlman, E. F. (1945). Preliminary report on the identification of 2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) in the excreta of poisoned rabbits.—Publ. Hlth Rep., 60, pp. 350–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, E. L. (1945). Danger of inunction with DDT.—Lancet, Sept. 8, 1945, p. 320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Telford, H. S. (1944). Chicken louse control.—Soap & sanit. Chem., 20, no. 8, pp. 113, 139.Google Scholar
Telford, H. S. & Guthrie, J. E. (1945). Transmission of the toxicity of DDT through the milk of white rats and goats.—Science, 102, no. 2660, p. 647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telford, H. S. & Guthrie, J. E.. (1946). Toxicity of DDT sprays to livestock.—Soap & sanit. Chem., 22, no. 9, pp. 124–125, 133.Google ScholarPubMed
Tenhet, J. N. (1944). DDT to control the tobacco moth and the cigarette beetle.—J. econ. Ent., 37, pp. 147–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaz, S., Pereira, R. S. & Malheiro, D. M. (1945). Calcium in prevention and treatment of experimental DDT poisoning.—Science, 101, no. 2626, pp. 434–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Von Oettingen, W. F. & others. (1945). Appraisal of the toxicity and potential dangers of DDT aerosol No. 304.—U.S. Publ. Hlth Serv., Project no. T.217, 8 pp. processed.Google Scholar
Wasicky, R. & Unti, O. (1944). Dicloro-difenil-tricloro-etano (DDT) no combate às larvas de culicídeos.—Arq. Hig. Saúde publ. S. Paulo, 9, pp. 87–102.Google Scholar
Wells, R. W. (1944). DDT as a flyspray on range cattle.—J. econ. Ent., 37, pp. 136–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, T. F. & Campbell, G. A. (1944). DDT.—Industr. Chem. chem. Mfr, 20, pp. 461–465.Google Scholar
West, T. F. & Campbell, G. A.. (1946). DDT. The synthetic insecticide. Chapman & Hall, London.Google Scholar
White, W. C. & Sweeney, T. R. (1945). The metabolism of 2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane, DDT. 1. A metabolite from rabbit urine, di-(p-chlorophenyl) acetic acid; its isolation, identification and synthesis.— Publ. Hlth Rep., 60, pp. 66–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1945). A case of DDT poisoning in man.—Brit. med. J., no. 4397, p. 517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodard, G., Nelson, A. A. & Calvery, H. O. (1944). Acute and subacute toxicity of DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane) to laboratory animals.—J. Pharmacol., 82, pp. 152–158.Google Scholar
Woodard, G. & Ofner, R. (1946). Accumulation of DDT in the fat of animals in relation to dietary level and length of feeding.—Fed. Proc., 5, no. 1, p. 215.Google ScholarPubMed
Woodard, G., Ofner, R. & Montgomery, C. M. (1945). Accumulation of DDT in the body fat and its appearance in the milk of dogs.—Science, 102, no. 2642, pp. 177–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yarrow, H. (1946). [Letter about DDT.]—Letter to Evening Standard, Sept. 14, 1946.Google Scholar
Zinkernagel, R., Gasser, R. & Domenjoz, R. (1946). Ueber Getreide-konservierung. 2. Mitteilung. Insektenbekämpfung mit insektiziden Stäubemitteln.—Mitt. schweiz. ent. Ges., 19, pp. 653–691.Google Scholar