Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T00:02:35.399Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Tabanidae of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

D. J. Lewis
D. J. Lewis
Affiliation:
Medical Entomologist, Stack Medical Research Laboratories, Khartoum.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Seventy species of Tabanids occur in the Sudan. Many of the inhabitants are pastoralists, and the Tabanids have a profound effect on them, largely by causing them to remove their animals from infested areas in the rains and to undertake extensive annual migrations. New problems will arise when economic development involves permanent settlement of certain infested areas. This paper sets out the problem, and satisfactory control measures have yet to be devised.

The country is briefly described.

The section on individual species consists mainly of lists of localities which are shown on maps.

In a general discussion of distribution faunal areas are designated for discussing Tabanids in the Sudan. The composition of the Tabanid fauna, which is mainly Ethiopian, is described. Types of habitat are indicated, and distribution is discussed in relation to systematic position. The area in which Tabanids are abundant, and their seasonal prevalence, are indicated.

There are brief references to habits, particularly the attraction to inanimate objects and the fact that some species bite man on some occasions and not others.

The economic effect, namely, the direct effect of bites and probable role of the flies in the transmission of cattle and camel trypanosomiasis and human loiasis, are described, mainly from published sources.

The effect of Tabanids on the distribution and annual migrations of pastoral tribes is described. Attacks by flies on domestic animals and the search for pasture and water are the main causes of the very extensive rainy season migrations which are shown on a map.

The problem of control is very briefly discussed.

Additional information on some of the foregoing subjects is given in notes on faunal areas.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 44 , Issue 1 , May 1953 , pp. 175 - 216
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1953

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anon. (1911). The Bahr el Ghazal Province. A. E. Sudan Handb.Ser. 1, London, H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Anon. (1926). Report on the … administration … of the Sudan in 1925.—London, H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Abbott, P. H. (1950). A survey of signs of nutritional ill-health among the Azande of the southern Sudan.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 43, pp. 477–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acland, P. B. E. (1932). Notes on the camel in the eastern Sudan.— Sudan Notes, 15, pp. 119–149.Google Scholar
Archibald, R. G. (1912). A trypanosome of cattle in the southern Sudan.—J. comp. Path., 25, pp. 292–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkey, O. F. H. (1934). The distribution of leprosy in the Sudan with reference to climate and diet.—Int. J. Leprosy, 2, pp. 193–200.Google Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1903). A monograph of the tsetse-flies …—319 pp. London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).Google Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1906). On some blood-sucking and other Diptera from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan …—2nd Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 51–66.Google Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1908 a). New African phlebotomic Diptera in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I. Tabanidae.—Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (8) 1, pp. 209–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1908 b) … Part II. Tabanidae (continued).—Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., pp. 401–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1908 c) … Part IV. Tabanidae (continued).—Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 2, pp. 274—301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1909). Illustrations of African blood-sucking flies other than mosquitoes and tsetse-flies.—221 pp. London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1910). New African phlebotomic Diptera … Part VII. Tabanidae (continued).—Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (8) 6, p. 337–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1911 a). A new species of Tabanus from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Bull. ent. Res., 1, pp. 291–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1911 b). Two new species of Tabanus from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Bull. ent. Res., 2, pp. 173–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1912 a). New genera and species of Tabanidae in the British Museum (Natural History).—Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (8) 9, pp. 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1912 b). New African species of Tabanus. Part I.—Bull. ent. Res., 2, pp. 279–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1920). A contribution to knowledge of the Tabanidae of Palestine.—Bull. ent. Res., 10, pp. 277–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1926). Zoological results of the Swedish Expedition to Central Africa 1921. Insecta. 19. Tabanidae et Glossininae (Diptera).—Ark. Zool., 18 B, no. 6, 4 pp.Google Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1939). Gad-flies. In Edwards, F. W., Oldroyd, H. & Smart, J.British blood-sucking flies, pp. 149–152. London, Brit.Mus. (Nat. Hist.).Google Scholar
Balfour, A. (1904). Biting and noxious insects other than mosquitoes.—1st Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 38–39.Google Scholar
Balfour, A. (1906). Biting and noxious insects other than mosquitoes.—2nd Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 29–50.Google Scholar
Balfour, A. (1908 a). Introduction.—3rd Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 15–25.Google Scholar
Balfour, A. (1908 b). Trypanosomiasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—3rd Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 27–35.Google Scholar
Balfour, A. (1911). Veterinary notes.—4th Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., A, pp. 343–352.Google Scholar
Becker, T. (1923). Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der von Werner unternommenen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Anglo-Aegyptischen Sudan (Kordofan) 1914. VI. Diptera.—Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 98, pp. 57–82.Google Scholar
Bedford, H. W. (1936 a). Entomological Section Agricultural Research Service. Veterinary Entomology.—Rep. agric. Res. Serv. Sudan, 1935, pp. 94–95. (Rev. appl. Ent., (B) 25, p. 78.)Google Scholar
Bedford, H. W. (1936 b). Report on Medical Entomology.—Rep. Sudan med. Serv., 1935, pp. 80–82.Google Scholar
Bedford, H. W. (1937). Entomological Section. Agricultural Research Service. Veterinary Entomology.—Rep. agric. Res. Serv. Sudan, 1936, pp. 51–52. (R.A.E., (B) 26, p. 174.)Google Scholar
Bedford, H. W. (1938). Medical entomology.—Rep. Sudan med. Serv., 1937, pp. 77–83.Google Scholar
Bennett, S. C. J. (1929). Camel trypanosomiasis in the Sudan.—Pan.-Afr. agric. vet. Conf., Pretoria, 1929, Pap. vet. Sect., pp. 10–15.Google Scholar
Bennett, S. C. J. (1933). The control of camel trypanosomiasis.—J. comp. Path., 46, pp. 67–77, 174–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bequaert, J. (1930). Medical and economic entomology.—In Strong, R. P. Ed. The African Republic of Liberia and the Belgian Congo., 2, pp. 797–1001. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Pr.Google Scholar
Berry, W. J. (1928). The Arabs of Kordofan: a study in adaptation.—Scot. Geogr. Mag., 44, pp. 278–292.Google Scholar
Bloss, J. F. E. (1949). Filaria in the Sudan.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 43, pp. 236–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulenger, G. A. (1907). The fishes of the Nile. —In Anderson, J.Zoology of Egypt, 3–4,578 pp. London.Google Scholar
Boyns, B. M. (1947). Sudanese cattle as milk producers.—Emp. J. exp. Agric, 15, pp. 27–41.Google Scholar
Broun, A. F. & Massey, R. E. (1929). Flora of the Sudan. London.Google Scholar
Buxton, P. A. (1948). Trypanosomiasis in eastern Africa,1947.—44 pp. London, Colon.Off.Google Scholar
Buxton, P. A. (1949). Notes on trypanosomiasis and tsetse in the southern parts of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—[Publ.] Bur. interafr. Tsétsé, Léopoldville, no. 85, 11 pp., multigraph.Google Scholar
Cameron, A. E. (1926). Bionomics of the Tabanidae (Diptera) of the Canadian prairie.—Bull. ent. Res., 17, pp. 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, G. D. H. (1925). A naturalist in East Africa… —187 pp. Oxford, Clarendon Pr.Google Scholar
Chapman, A. (1921). Savage Sudan, its wild tribes, big-game and bird-life. London.Google Scholar
Colvin, R. C. (1939). Agricultural Survey of Nuba Mountains. Khartoum.Google Scholar
Comyn, D. C. E. (1911). Service and sport in the Sudan. London.Google Scholar
Crawford, J. C. (1911). Descriptions of new Hymenoptera. 2.—Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., 40, pp. 439–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruickshank, A. (1936). Tropical diseases of the southern Sudan: their distribution and significance.—E. Afr. med. J., 13, pp. 172–177.Google Scholar
Darling, F. F. (1941). A herd of red deer a study in animal behaviour.— 2nd edn.Oxford.Google Scholar
Darling, F. F. (1947). Natural history in the highlands and islands.— 303 pp. London.Google Scholar
DrDomizio, G. (1918). Una tripanosomiasi del dromedario eritreo (Gudhò). Cenni sulle mosche ematofage della Colonia Eritrea.—Clin. vet., Milano, 41, pp. 391–413. (R.A.E., (B) 7, p. 125.)Google Scholar
Drew, C. M. (1911). Final report of the Sudan Sleeping Sickness Commission, 1909–10.—Bull. Sleep. Sickn. Bur., 3, pp. 85–87.Google Scholar
East Africa High Commission. (1951). Virus Research Institute Annual Report for 1950. Nairobi.Google Scholar
Edwards, F. W., Oldroyd, H. & Smart, J. (1939). British blood-sucking flies.—156 pp. London, Brit.Mus. (Nat. Hist.).Google Scholar
Efflatoun, H. C. (1930). A monograph of Egyptian Diptera. Part III. Family Tabanidae.—Mém. Soc. ent. Égypte, 4, fasc. 1, pp. 1–114.Google Scholar
Enderlein, G. (1925). Studien an blutsaugenden Insekten. I. Grundlagen eines neuen Systems der Tabaniden.—Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 11, pp. 253–409.Google Scholar
Evans, J. T. R. (1948). Trypanosoma congolense infection in cattle in the Sudan: treatment with dimidium bromide (Phenanthridinium 1553).—Vet. Rec., 60, pp. 418–420.Google Scholar
Evans, J. T. R. (1949). Rinderpest and trypanosomiasis.—Sudan wild Life, 1, pp. 7–9.Google Scholar
Evans, J. T. R. (1950 a). Bovine trypanosomiasis in the Sudan: mass treatment with antrycide.—Vet. Rec., 62, pp. 59–60.Google Scholar
Evans, J. T. R. (1950 b). Control of bovine trypanosomiasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—[Publ.] Bur. interafr. Tsétsé, Léopoldville, no. 113/0, multigraph.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1933). The Nuer: tribe and clan.—Sudan Notes, 16, pp. 1–53.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1938). Economic life of the Nuer: cattle. (Part II).—Sudan Notes, 21, pp. 31–77.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1940). The Nuer: a description of the modes of livelihood and political institutions of a Nilotic people. Oxford.Google Scholar
Ferraro, G. (1917). I ditteri ematofaghi della Colonia Eritrea incriminati della trasmissione delle tripanosomiasi locali.—Clin. vet., Milano, 40, pp. 487–493.Google Scholar
Fry, W. B. (1911). Animal trypanosomiases in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—4th Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., A, pp. 41–56.Google Scholar
Gleichen, A. E. W., Count. Ed. (1905). The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: a compendium prepared by officers of the Sudan Government… —2 vols. London.Google Scholar
Gordon, R. M., Chwatt, L. J. & Jones, C. M. (1948). The results of a preliminary entomological survey of loiasis at Kumba, British Cameroons… —Ann.trop. Med. Parasit., 42, pp. 364–376.Google Scholar
Gordon, R. M., Kershaw, W. E., Grewe, W. & Oldroyd, H. (1950). The problem of loiasis in West Africa…. —Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 44, pp. 11–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, A. J. (1905). The source of the Blue Nile… London.Google Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1940). Studies on the behaviour of Trypanosoma evansi in tsetse-flies with special reference to its phylogeny.—Parasitology, 32, pp. 105–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1947). Tsetse-borne trypanosomiases outside their natural boundaries. —In Rodhain, J.Liber Jubilaris, pp. 267–277. Brussels, Soc.beige Méd.trop.Google Scholar
Hoare, C. A. & Bennett, S. C. J. (1937). Morphological and taxonomic studies on mammalian trypanosomes. III… —Parasitology, 29, pp. 43–56.Google Scholar
Hodgkin, R. A. (1951). Sudan geography. London, Longman, Green.Google Scholar
Jefferson, J. H. K. (1949). The Sudan's grain supply.—Sudan Notes, 30, pp. 77–98.Google Scholar
Keen, B. A. (1946). The agricultural development of the Middle East. 126 pp. London, H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
King, H. H. (1908). Report on economic entomology. 3rd Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 201–248.Google Scholar
King, H. H. (1910 a). Some observations on the bionomics of Tabanus par, Walker, and Tabanus taeniola, Pal. de Beauv. Bull. ent. Res., 1, pp. 99–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, H. H. (1911 a). Some observations on the bionomics of Tabanus ditaeniatus, Macquart, and Tabanus kingi, Austen. Bull. ent. Res., pp. 265–274.Google Scholar
King, H. H. (1911 b). Report of the Entomological Section… 4th Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., B, pp. 95–150.Google Scholar
King, H. H. (1914). Further notes on the bionomics of Tabanus ditaeniatus, Macq., and Tabanus taeniola, P. de B.—Bull. ent. Res., 5, pp. 247–248.Google Scholar
King, H. H. (1926). A note on the bionomics of Tabanus fasciatus niloticus, Aust.—Bull. ent. Res., 16, p. 359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, R. H. (1927). Trypanosomiasis of camels in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: diagnosis, chemotherapy, immunity.—J. comp. Path., 40, pp. 59–71, 118–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kröber, O. (1925). Egyptian Tabanidae.—Bull. Soc. ent. Égypte, 9, pp. 77–137.Google Scholar
Kröber, O. (1927). Die Chrysopsarten Afrikas.—Zool. Jahrb., Abt. I. Syst., 53, pp. 175–268.Google Scholar
Kröber, O. (1929). Neue Dipteren aus Aegypten aus den Familien Tabanidae, Therevidae, Omphralidae u. Conopidae.—Bull. Soc. ent. Égypte, 13, pp. 73–84.Google Scholar
Kröber, O. (1939). Katalog der palaearktischen Tabaniden… —Acta Inst. Mus. zool. Univ. Athenien, 2, pp. 57–245.Google Scholar
Lampen, G. D. (1933). The Baggara tribes of Darfur.—Sudan Notes, 16, pp. 97–118.Google Scholar
Lampen, G. D. (1935). The Baggara tribes.—In Hamilton, J. A. de C. Ed. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from within, pp. 130–139. London.Google Scholar
Lampen, G. D. (1950). History of Darfur.—Sudan Notes, 31, pp. 177–209.Google Scholar
Leese, A. S. (1927). A treatise on the one-humped camel in health and in disease. 382 pp. Stamford, Lincs., Haynes.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1947). General observations on mosquitos in relation to yellow fever in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Bull. ent. Res., 37, pp. 543–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, D. J. (1948). The Simuliidae of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 99, pp. 475–496.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1949). The tsetse fly problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Sudan Notes, 30, pp. 179–210.Google Scholar
Lloyd, W. (1910). Notes on Kordofan Province. Geogr. J., 35, pp. 249–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacMichael, H. A. (1922). A history of the Arabs in the Sudan… —1. Cambridge.Google Scholar
MacMichael, H. A.(1934). The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. London.Google Scholar
MacMichael, H. A. (1935). The coming of the Arabs to the Sudan.—In Hamilton, J. A. de C. Ed. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from within, pp. 40–60. London.Google Scholar
Marchand, W. (1920). The early stages of Tabanidae (Horse-flies).—Monogr. Rockefeller Inst. med. Res., no. 13, 203 pp.Google Scholar
Martoglio, F. (1913). Sulle tripanosomiasi del dromedario eritreo.—Ann. Igiene (sper.), (N.S.) 23, pp. 229–234.Google Scholar
Matheson, R. (1950). Medical entomology.—2nd edn., 612 pp. New York. Comstock.Google Scholar
Mellor, J. E. M. (1932). Notes from Zanzibar, Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda, and the Sudan: August to December, 1928.—Ent. mon. Mag. 68, pp. 234–252.Google Scholar
Morison, C. G. T., Hoyle, A. C. ' Hope-Simpson, J. F. (1948). Tropical soil—vegetation catenas and mosaics… —J. Ecol., 36, pp. 184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neave, S. (1906). Report of travelling pathologist and naturalist.—2nd Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 183–204.Google Scholar
Neave, S. A. (1915). The Tabanidae of southern Nyasaland with notes on their life-histories.—Bull. ent. Res., 5, pp. 287–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikol'Skaya, M. N. (1948). Species of the genus Telenomus (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), parasites of the eggs of Tabanids. [In Russian.]—Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, (N.S.) 62, pp. 729–732.(R.A.E., (B) 39, p. 161.).Google Scholar
Oldroyd, H. (1952). The Horse-flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the Ethiopian Region. Vol. I. Haematopota & Hippocentrum.—London, Brit.Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 226 pp.Google Scholar
Paul, A. (1950). Notes on the Beni Amer.—Sudan Notes, 31, pp. 223–245.Google Scholar
Peel, S. (1904). The binding of the Nile and the new Sudan. London.Google Scholar
Philip, C. B. (1951). The Tabanidae (Horseflies) of Minnesota, with special reference to their biologies and taxonomy.—Tech. Bull. Minn, agric. Exp. Sta., no. 80, 132 pp.Google Scholar
Philip, C. B. (1948). Notes on Egyptian Tabanidae with comment on certain supraspecific categories of Old World Tabanidae.—Bull. Soc. Fouad ler Ent., 32, pp. 77–83.Google Scholar
Postiglione, E. (1935). Il servizio veterinario e le più gravi malattie diffusibili del bestiame nelle nostre Colonie dellAfrica Orientale.—Clin. vet., Milano, 58, pp. 614–711. (R.A.E., (B) 24, p. 86.)Google Scholar
Pricolo, A., & Ferraro, G. (1918). Circa il tripanosoma del camello della Colonia Eritrea. Clin. vet., Milano, 41, pp. 522–524.Google Scholar
Reid, J. A. (1930). Some notes on the tribes of the White Nile Province.—Sudan Notes, 13, pp. 149–210.Google Scholar
Reid, J. A. (1935). The nomad Arab camel breeding tribes of the Sudan… In Hamilton, J. A. de C. Ed. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from within, pp. 113–129. London.Google Scholar
Ricardo, G. (1908). Descriptions of thirty new Species of Tabani from Africa and Madagascar.—Ann. Mag. nat Hist., (8) 1, pp. 311–333.Google Scholar
Sandon, H. (1951). The problems of fisheries in the area affected by the Equatorial Nile Project.—Sudan Notes, 32, pp. 5–36.Google Scholar
Scott, J. R. (1947). Kinana cattle.—Sudan Notes, 28, pp. 181–183.Google Scholar
Sudan Government (1944). Report of the Soil Conservation Committee.Google Scholar
Sudan Government (1948). Report on the administration of the Sudan in 1946. Khartoum.Google Scholar
Sudan Veterinary service. (1924-1947). Annual reports for the years 1923 to 1946. Khartoum.Google Scholar
Surcouf, J. M. R. (1924). Les tabanides de France et des pays limitrophes.—Encycl. Ent., (A) 5, pp. 261, Paris, Lechevalier.Google Scholar
Surcouf, J. M. R.Ricardo, G. (1909). Etude monographique des Tabanides d' Afrique (groupe des Tabanus).—26O pp. Paris, Masson.Google Scholar
Tetley, H. (1918). The structure of the mouth-parts of Pangonia longirostris in relation to the probable feeding-habits of the species.—Bull. ent. Res., 8, pp. 253–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theobald, F. V. (1904). Second report on economic zoology.—197 pp. London. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titherington, G. W. (1927). The Raik Dinka of Bahr el Ghazal Province.—Sudan Notes, 10, pp. 159–209.Google Scholar
Tothill, J. D. Ed. (1948). Agriculture in the Sudan.—974 pp. London, Oxford Univ. Pr.Google Scholar
Twinn, C. R., Hocking, B., McDuffie, W. C. & Cross, H. F. (1948), A preliminary account of the biting flies at Churchill, Manitoba.—Canad. J. Res., (D) 26, pp. 334–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Saceghem, R. (1916). Contribution àl'étude de Ia transmission du Trypanosoma cazalboui.—Bull. Soc. Path. exot., 9, pp. 569–573.Google Scholar
Wenyon, C. M. (1908). Report of travelling pathologist and protozoologist.—3rd Rep. Wellcome trop. Res. Lab., pp. 121–168.Google Scholar
Whitfield, F. G. S. (1939). Air transport, insects and disease.—Bull. ent. Res. 30, pp. 365–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830). Aussereuropäische zweiflügelige Insekten, 2.Google Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1950). The principles of insect physiology.—4th. edn.. 544 pp. London, Methuen.Google Scholar
Woodman, H. M. (1936). Filariasis.—Rep. Sudan med. Serv. 1935, pp. 67–68.Google Scholar
Woodman, H. M. (1948). Filariasis in the southern Sudan.—E. Afr. med. J., 25, pp. 95–104.Google ScholarPubMed
Woodman, H. M. (1949). Filaria in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 42, pp. 543–558.Google Scholar
Woodman, H. M. (1950). Filaria in the Sudan.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 43, pp. 549–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodman, H. M.Bokhari, A. (1941). Studies on Loa loa and the first report of Wuchereria bancrofti in the Sudan.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 35, pp. 77–92.Google Scholar
Worthington, E. B. (1946). Middle East Science.—239 pp. London, H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Worthington, E. B. (1950). Geography and the development of East Africa.— Geogr. J., 116, pp. 29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zumpt, F. (1949). Medical and veterinary importance of horse-flies.— S. Afr. med. J. 23, pp. 359–362.Google Scholar