Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:42:23.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Simulium damnosum and its Relation to Onchocerciasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

D. J. Lewis
D. J. Lewis
Affiliation:
Medical Entomologist, Stack Medical Research Laboratories, Khartoum.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Observations were made chiefly in the southern Sudan, particularly at Mvolo where human onchocerciasis is common. The country and climate are briefly described.

Methods are described at some length.

The distribution of S. damnosum and places where it is known to be abundant are shown on a map. It does not appear to exist at the Fola Rapids.

Changes in certain organs were studied, chiefly in relation to the approximate estimation of age and (particularly in the case of the mid-gut and peritrophic membrane) to the movements of microfilariae. Recently emerged flies can frequently be readily detected by the clarity of the halteres (in which glycogen has not yet been stored) and the presence of abundant fat body, and by less conspicuous features such as the absence of an old peritrophic membrane. The oesophageal diverticulum often contains plant sugars and particles of grit but never blood.

The peritrophic membrane is formed at the time of a blood meal by the epithelium of the expanding part of the mid-gut. It is a laminated chitinous envelope completely surrounding the blood and remains unbroken for 24 hours or more. When very large numbers of microfilariae are ingested they appear to prevent the completion of the membrane so that blood quickly passes to the hind-gut.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 43 , Issue 4 , January 1953 , pp. 597 - 644
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1953

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, C. & Lehucher, P. (1940). Premuier cas d'onchocercose cutanée observé en Tunisie.—Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis, 29, pp. 105–112.Google Scholar
Austen, E. E. (1909). Illustrations of African blood-sucking flies other than mosquitoes and tsetse-flies. 221 pp. London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bequaert, J. C.(1929). The insect carrier of Onchocerca volvulus in Liberia.—4th int. Congr. Ent., 2, pp. 605–607.Google Scholar
Bequaert, J. C. (1934). Notes on the black-flies or Simuliidae, with special reference to those of the Onchocerca region of Guatemala.—In Strong, R. P. & others. Onchocerciasis …—Contr. Dep. Med. Harvard Univ., no. 6, pp. 175–224.Google Scholar
Bequaert, J. C. (1938). Onchocerciasis in Africa and Central America. Part IV. The black-flies, or Simuliidae of the Belgian Congo.—Amer. J. trop. Med., 18, suppl.pp. 116–136.Google Scholar
Blacklock, D. B. (1926 a). The development of Onchocerca volvulus in Simulium damnosum.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 20, pp. 1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blacklock, D. B. (1926 b). The further development of Onchocerca volvulus Leuckart in Simulium damnosum Theob.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., pp. 203–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloss, J. F. E. (1949). Filaria in the Sudan.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 43, pp. 236–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broun, A. F. & Massey, R. E. (1929). Flora of the Sudan.—London.Google Scholar
Bryant, J. (1935). Endemic retino-choroiditis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and its possible relationship to Onchocerca volvulus.—Trans. R.Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 28, pp. 523–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, J. J. C.(1949). Studies on human onchoceriasis and Simulium in Nyanza Province, Kenya. I. Distribution and incidence of O. volvulus.—J. Helminth., 23, pp. 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christle, J. R.Ed. (1941). An introduction to nematology. Section II. Part II, pp. 243–372.—Babylon, NY., Chitwood.Google Scholar
Christophers, S. R. Sir (1947). Mosquito repellents. Being a report of the work of the Mosquito Repellent Enquiry, Cambridge 1943–5.—J. Hyg., 45, pp. 176–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christopers, S. R. Sir, Sinton, J. A. & Covell, G. (1939). How to do a malaria survey.—Hlth Bull., Delhi, no 14, 4th edn., 208pp.Google Scholar
Clausen, C. P. (1940). Entomophagous insects.—New York, McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Craig, C. F. (1932). The possible chemotactic effect of the salivary secretions of certain insects upon microfilariae.—Science, 75, pp. 561–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cruickshank, A.(1936). Onchocerca volvulus … in the southern Anglo-Egyptian Sudan …—Thesis, 61 pp. Aberdeen. (Helminth. Abstr.,3,p.191)Google Scholar
Dampf, A. (1942). La Cerretera Panamericana y el problema de la oncocercosis.—Bol. Ofic. saint. pan-amer., 21, pp. 753–758.Google Scholar
Dethier, V. G. (1947). Chemical insect attractants and repellents.—289 pp. Philadelphia, Pa., Blakiston.Google Scholar
D'Hooge, M. (1934). Contribution à l'étude de l'onchocercose humaine dans l'Uélé.—Ann. Soc. Belge Méd. trop., 14 pp. 153–180.Google Scholar
Enderlein, G. (1921). Das System der Kriebelmücken (Simuliidae).—Dtsch. tierärztl. Wschr., 29, pp. 197–200.Google Scholar
Fain, A. (1950). Simulies d 'élevags et de capture du Ruanda-Urundi.—Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 43, pp.228–239.Google Scholar
Gibbins, E. G. (1936). Uganda Simuliidae.—Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 85, pp. 217–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbins, E. G.(1938). The mouth-parts of the female in Simulium damnosum Theobald, with special references to the transmission of Onchocerca volvulus Leuckart.—Ann. trop. Med. parasit., 32, pp. 9–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, P. A. (1939). The distribution of insects, spiders, and miters in the air. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agri., no. 673, 150 pp.Google Scholar
Goldman, L. (1944). American onchocericasis.—Arch. Derm. Syph., 50, pp. 385–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, R. M. & Lumsden, W. H. R. (1939). A study of the behaviour ofthe mouth-parts of mosquitoes when taking up blood from living tissue; together with some observations on the ingestion of microfilariae.—Ann. trop. Med. parasit., 33, pp. 259–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegner, R., Root, F. M., Augustine, D. L. & Huff, C. G. (1938). Parasitology, with special reference to man and domesticated animals.—New York, Appleton-Century.Google Scholar
Hinman, E. H. (1933). The use of insects and other arthropods in medicine.—J. trop. Med. Hyg., 36, pp. 128–134.Google Scholar
Hissette, J. (1932). Mémoire sur l'Onchocerca volvulus “Leuskart” et ses manifestations ocularies au Congo Belge.—Ann. Soc. belge Méd. trop., 12, pp. 433–529.Google Scholar
Hoare, C. A. (1931). The peritrophic membrane of Glossina and its bearing upon the life-cycle of Trypanosoma grayi.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 25, pp. 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, M. H. & sarkies, J. W. R. (1951). The length of exposure to infestation and the danger of contracting onchocerciasis.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 45, pp. 73–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurst, H. E. & Black, R. P. (1945). The Nile Basin, 4, 3rd suppl.—Cairo.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, K. G. (1947). Microfilariae in the vitreous (onchocerciasis).—Bull. Soc. Ophtal. Egypte., 40, pp. 91–92.Google Scholar
Khalil, M. (1938). The life-history of Wuchereria bancrofit in Egypt, its pathogenicity and control, including a new theory to account for filarial periodicity and the mechanism of the pathological manifestations.—3e Congr. int. Méd. trop., Amsterdam. 1938, 1, pp. 258–271.Google Scholar
Khalil, M. (1939). Eye lesions due to onchocerca infection in Egypt.—Bull. Soc. Ophtal. Egypte., 32, pp.1–8.Google Scholar
Kirk, R. (1947). Observations on onchocerciasis in the Bahr-el-Ghazal Province of the Sudan.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 41, pp. 357–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirk, R. & Lewis, D. J. (1951). The Phlebotominate of the Ethiopian Region.—Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 102, pp. 383–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laigret, J. (1929). Onchocercose humaine et éléphantiasis au Soudan français.—Bull. Soc. exot., 22, pp. 499–506.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1948). The Simuliidae of the Anglo-Egyptain Sudan.—Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 99, pp. 475–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. J. (1950). A peritrophic memberane in Simulium.—Nature., 165, p.978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, P. F. (1951). The Culex pipiens complex. Introduction.—Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 102, pp. 331–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohammed, A. S. (1931). The transmission of human and bovine onchocerciasis.—Ann. trop. Med. parasit., 25, pp. 509–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrice, H. A. (1949). The development of Sudan communications. Part II. Rivers in the north.—Sudan Notes., 30, pp. 164–178.Google Scholar
Nagaty, H. F. (1942). On some parasites collected in Egypt from food mammals.—J. Egypt. med. Ass., 25, pp. 110–111.Google Scholar
Nagaty, H. F. (1949). A revised list of the helmimth parasites of man and food mammals in Egypt.—J. Egypt. med. Ass., 32, pp. 423–425.Google Scholar
O'Connor, F. W. & Beatty, H. (1936). The early migrations of Wuchereria bancrofti in Culex fatigans.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 30, pp. 125–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pantin, C. F. A. (1946). Notes on microscopical technique for zoologists.—Cambridge.Google Scholar
Patton, W. S. & Evans, A. M. (1929). Insects, tickes, mites and venomouse animals of medical and verterinary importantance.Part I. medical.—786 pp. Liverpool.Google Scholar
Pratt, I. & Newton, W. L. (1946). The migration of infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti within the mosquito host and their rate of escape under laboratory conditions.—J. Parastit., 32, pp. 272–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pringle, J. W. S. (1948). The gyroscopic mechanism of the halteres of Diptera.—Phil. Trans., (B) 233, pp. 347–384.Google Scholar
Rempel, J. G. & Arnason, A. P. (1947). An account of three successive outbreaks of the black fly, Simulium arcticum, a serious livestock pest in Saskatchewan.—Sci. Agric., 27, pp. 428–445.Google Scholar
Ridley, H. (1945). Ocular onchocerciasis, including an investigation in the Gold Coast.—Brit. J. Ophthal., Monogr. Suppl., 10, 58 pp.Google Scholar
Rubtzov, I. A. (1940). Faune de l'URSS. Insectes diptères. Vol. VI no. 6. Fam. Simuliidae.—Inst. Zool. Acad. Sci. URSS, N.S. no. 23, 533 pp.Google Scholar
Russell, P. F., West, L. S. & Manwell, R. D. (1949). Practical malariology. Philadelphia, Saunders.Google Scholar
Schweinfurth, G. (1873). The heart of Africa. Three years travels and adventures in the unexplored regions of central Africa from 1868 to 1871. Vol. I.—London.Google Scholar
Schweinfurth, G.Ed. (1888). Emin Pasha in central Africa; being a collection of his letters and journals. Transl—547 pp. London.Google Scholar
Smart, J. (1935). The internal anatomy of the black-fly, Simulium oranatum Mg.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 29, pp. 161–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smart, J. (1944). The British Simuliidae with keys to the species in the adult, pupal and larval stages.—Sci. Publ. Freshwater biol. Ass. Brit. Emp., no. 9, 57 pp.Google Scholar
Steinhaus, E. A. (1946). Insect microbiology.—763 pp. Ithaca N.Y., Comstock.Google Scholar
Steinhaus, E. A. (1949). Principles of insect pathology.— 757 pp. New York, McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Steward, J. S. (1937). The occurrence of Onchocerca gutturosa Neumann in cattle in England, with an account of its life history and development in Simuliuin ornatum Mg.—Parasitology, 29, pp. 212–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stigand, C. H. (1923). Equatoria. The Lado Enclave.— 253 pp. London.Google Scholar
Strickland, E. H. (1911). Some parasites of Simulium larvae and their effects on the development of the host.—Biol. Bull., 21, pp. 302–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strickland, E. H. (1913).—Further observations on the parasites of Simulium larvae.—J. Morph., 24, pp. 43–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, R. P. (1937). Onchocerciasis in Central America and Africa.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 30, pp. 487–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, R. P. (1938). Onchocerciasis in Africa and Central America. Part I.—Amer. J. trop. Med., 18, suppl. pp. 1–57.Google Scholar
Strong, R. P. (1944). Stitt's diagnosis, prevention and treatment of tropical diseases.—7th edn., 2 vols. London, Lewis.Google Scholar
Strong, R. P., Sandground, J. H., Bequaert, J. C. & Muñoz Ochoa, M. (1934). Onchocerciasis with special reference to the central American form of the disease.—Contr. Dep. trop. Med. Harvard Univ., no. 6, 234 pp.Google Scholar
Sudan Medical Service. (1950). Annual Report for 1948.Google Scholar
Sudan Veterinary Service. (1947). Annual Report for 1945.Google Scholar
Thompson, W. R. (1943). A Catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 1. Part 2.—Belleville, Ont., Imp. Parasite Serv.Google Scholar
Tothill, J. D.Ed. (1948). Agriculture in the Sudan.— 974 pp. London, Oxford Univ. Pr.Google Scholar
Travis, B. V., Morton, F. A. & Cochran, J. H. (1946). Insect repellents used as skin treatments by the Armed Forces.—J. econ. Ent., 39, pp. 627–630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underhill, G. W. (1940). Some factors influencing feeding activity of Simuliids in the fieid.—J. econ. Ent., 33, pp. 915–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Den Berghe, L. (1941 a). Recherches sur l'Onchocercose au Congo Beige. ler Mémoire. La transmission d'Onchocerca volvulus par les simuiies.—Ann. Soc. beige Méd. trop., 21, pp. 63–76.Google Scholar
Van Den Berghe, L. (1941 b). II e mémoire. Les vers adultes et leur localisation chez l'homme.—Ann. Soc. beige Méd. trop., pp. 167–187.Google Scholar
Van Den Berghe, L. (1941 c). IIIe mémoire. Les aspects ciniques de l'onchocercose humaine.—Ann. Soc. beige Méd. trop., pp. 261–291.Google Scholar
Vargas, L. (1942). Algunas consideraciones sobre el desarrollo de Onchocerca volvulus en los simúlidos.—Rev. Inst. Salubr. Enferm. trop., Méx., 3, pp. 57–65.Google Scholar
Wanson, M. & Henrard, C. (1945). Habitat et comportement larvaire du Simulium damnosum Theobald.—Rec. Tray. Sci. méd. Congo beige, no. 4, pp. 113–121.Google Scholar
Wanson, M., Henrard, C. & Peel, E. (1945). Onchocerca volvulus Leuckart. Indices d'infection des simulies agressives pour l'homme. Cycle de développement chez Simulium damnosum Theobald.—Rec. Tray. Sci. med. Congo beige, no. 4, pp. 122–138.Google Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1930). Some notes on the physiology of insects related to human disease.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 23, pp. 553–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1939). The principles of insect physiolog.—434 pp. London, Methuen.Google Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1949). The utilization of reserve substances in Drosophila during flight.—J. exp. Biol. 26, pp. 150–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodman, H. M. (1948). Filariasis in the southern Sudan.—E. Afr. med. J., 25, pp. 95–104.Google ScholarPubMed
Woodman, H. M. (1949). Filaria in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 42, pp. 543–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodman, H. M. (1950). Filaria in the Sudan.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 43, pp. 549–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, Y. F. (1931). A contribution to the biology of Simulium (Diptera).—Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., 13, pp. 543–599.Google Scholar