Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:46:39.410Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Phenotypic plasticity of pigmentation and morphometric traits in Pnigalio soemius (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2007

U. Bernardo ,
P.A. Pedata  and
G. Viggiani
U. Bernardo*
Affiliation:
CNR – Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante – Sezione di Portici, Via Università 133, 80055Portici, Italy
P.A. Pedata
Affiliation:
CNR – Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante – Sezione di Portici, Via Università 133, 80055Portici, Italy
G. Viggiani
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Via Università 100, 80055Portici, Italy
*
*Fax: +39 081 7758122 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Species of the genus Pnigalio Schrank are ectoparasitoids on several pest insects. Most species are polyphagous parasitoids of lepidopteran and dipteran leafminers. Despite their potential economic importance, information on intraspecific phenotypic variability is insufficient. Pnigalio soemius (Walker) was reared at five different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30°C) on mature larvae of one of its natural hosts, Cosmopterix pulchrimella Chambers (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae), to investigate the influence of temperature on size, colour and other morphological traits, and to measure the range of variation of several characters. Thermal developmental reaction norms, which represent the effect of temperature during growth and development on the value of some adult traits, were produced. The results confirmed the influence of temperature on numerous characters and that these characters had a larger range of variation than realized previously in the construction of taxonomic keys to species. In particular, the number and position of the costulae on the propodeum and colour of the gaster were affected by rearing temperature.

Keywords

developmental reaction normgastral pigmentationmorphologyPnigalio soemiussize variationtaxonomy
Type
Research Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 97 , Issue 1 , February 2007 , pp. 101 - 109
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ananthakrishnan, T.N. (2005) Perspective and dimension of phenotypic plasticity in insects. pp. 1–23in Ananthakrishnan, T.N. & Whitman, D. (Eds) Insect phenotypic plasticity diversity of responses. Enfield, New Hampshire, Science Publishers, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Askew, R.R. (1968) Hymenoptera 2. Chalcidoidea Section (b). Handbooks for the identification of British insects 8(2)b. 39 pp.Google Scholar
Askew, R.R. (1971) Parasitic insects. 316 pp. New York, American Elsevier.Google Scholar
Ateyyat, M.A. (2002) Parasitoid complex of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, on lemon in the central Jordan Valley. BioControl 47, 33–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, D. (1994) Temperature and organism size – a biological law for ectotherms? Advances in Ecological Research 25, 1–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, B.A., Brunner, J.F. & Turner, W.J. (1988) Variations in colour, size, and thoracic morphology of Pnigalio species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizing Phyllonorycter elmaella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Utah and Washington. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81, 516–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardo, U., Pedata, P.A. & Viggiani, G. (2005) Influenza della temperatura su alcuni caratteri morfologici e cromatici in Pnigalio soemius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Atti XX Congresso Nazionale Italiano di Entomologia, Perugia, Assisi 12–18 June 2005, p. 30.Google Scholar
Bernardo, U., Pedata, P.A. & Viggiani, G. (2006) Life history of Pnigalio soemius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and its impact on a leafminer host through parasitization, destructive host-feeding and host-stinging behavior. Biological Control 37, 98–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezemer, T.M., Harvey, J.A. & Mills, N.J. (2005) Influence of adult nutrition on the relationship between body size and reproductive parameters in a parasitoid wasp. Ecological Entomology 30, 571–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouček, Z. (1958) A study of central European Eulophidae, I: Eulophinae (Hymenoptera). Sborník Entomologického Oddeleni Národního Muzea v Praze 33, 117–170.Google Scholar
Capy, P., David, J.R. & Robertson, A. (1988) Thoracic trident pigmentation in natural populations of Drosophila simulans: a comparison with Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity 61, 263–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chow, A. & Heinz, K.M. (2005) Using hosts of mixed sizes to reduce male-biased sex ratio in the parasitoid wasp, Diglyphus isaea. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 117, 193–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, J.R., Capy, P., Payant, V. & Tsakas, S. (1985) Thoracic trident pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster: differentiation of geographical populations. Genetics, Selection and Evolution 17, 211–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
David, J.R., Capy, P. & Gautier, J.P. (1990) Abdominal pigmentation and growth temperatures in Drosophila melanogaster: similarities and differences in the norms of reaction of successive segments. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3, 429–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, J.R., Gibert, P., Gravot, E., Pétavy, G., Morin, J.P., Karan, D. & Moreteau, B. (1997) Phenotypic plasticity and developmental temperature in Drosophila: analysis and significance of reaction norms of morphometrical traits. Journal of Thermal Biology 22, 441–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jong, P.W., Gussekloo, S.W.S. & Brakefield, P.M. (1996) Differences in thermal balance, body temperature and activity between non-melanic and melanic two-spot ladybird beetles (Adalia bipunctata) under controlled conditions. Journal of Experimental Biology 199, 2655–2666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Oliveira, C.M., Lopes, J.R.S., Dias, C.T.D.S. & Nault, L.R. (2004) Influence of latitude and elevation on polymorphism among populations of the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong and Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), in Brazil. Environmental Entomology 33, 1192–1199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsman, A. (1997) Thermal capacity of different colour morphs in the pygmy grasshopper Tetrix subulata. Annales Zoologici Fennici 34, 145–149.Google Scholar
Forsman, A. (2000) Some like it hot: intra-population variation in behavioral thermoregulation in colour-polymorphic pygmy grasshoppers. Evolutionary Ecology 14, 25–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsman, A. & Appelqvist, S. (1999) Experimental manipulation reveals differential effects of colour pattern on survival in male and female pygmy grasshoppers. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12, 391–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gauld, I.D. & Fitton, M.G. (1987) Sexual dimorphism in Ichneumonidae: a response to Hurlbutt. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 31, 291–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibert, P. & De Jong, G. (2001) Temperature dependence of development rate and adult size in Drosophila species: biophysical parameters. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14, 267–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibert, P., Moreteau, B., David, J.R. & Scheiner, S.M. (1998) Describing the evolution of reaction norm shape: body pigmentation in Drosophila. Evolution 52, 1501–1506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibert, P., Capy, P., Imasheva, A., Moreteau, B., Morin, J.P., Pétavy, G. & David, J.R. (2004) Comparative analysis of morphological traits among Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans: genetic variability clines and phenotypic plasticity. Genetica 120, 165–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilchrist, G.W. (1996) Quantitative genetic analysis of thermal sensitivity in the locomotor performance curve of Aphidius ervi. Evolution 50, 1560–1572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goulson, D. (1994) Determination of larval melanization in the moth, Mamestra brassicae, and role of melanin in thermoregulation. Heredity 73, 471–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, M.W.R.de, V. (1959) Keys to the British genera and species of Elachertinae, Eulophinae, Entedontinae and Euderinae (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 13, 169–204.Google Scholar
Graham, M.W.R.de, V. (1963) Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 15, 167–275.Google Scholar
Harvey, J.A. (2005) Factors affecting the evolution of development strategies in parasitoid wasps: the importance of functional constraints and incorporating complexity. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 117, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, A.A., Woods, R.E., Collins, E., Wallis, K., White, A. & McKenzie, J.A. (2005) Wing shape versus asymmetry as an indicator of changing environmental conditions in insects. Australian Journal of Entomology 44, 233–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsolver, J.G. (1996) Experimental manipulation of wing pigment pattern and survival in western white butterflies. American Naturalist 147, 296–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsolver, J.G. & Wiernasz, D.C. (1991) Seasonal polyphenism in wing-melanin pattern and thermoregulatory adaptation in Pieris butterflies. American Naturalist 137, 816–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lalonde, R.G. (2005) Egg size variation does not affect offspring performance under intraspecific competition in Nasonia vitripennis, a gregarious parasitoid. Journal of Animal Ecology 74, 630–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laudonia, S. & Viggiani, G. (1993) Effetto della temperatura sulla colorazione degli adulti di Encarsia partenopea Masi (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 50, 141–146.Google Scholar
Marriott, C.G. & Holloway, G.J. (1998) Colour pattern plasticity in the hoverfly, Episyrphus balteatus: the critical immature stage and reaction norm on developmental temperature. Journal of Insect Physiology 44, 113–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, C.D. (1970) The Nearctic species of Pnigalio and Sympiesis (Hym. Eulophidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 68, 1–121.Google Scholar
Moretau, B., Capy, P., Alonso-Moraga, A., Munoz-Serrano, A., Stockel, J. & David, J.R. (1995) Genetic characterization of geographic populations using morphometrical traits in Drosophila melanogaster: isogroups versus isofemale lines. Genetica 96, 207–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moretau, B., Imasheva, A.G., Morin, J.P. & David, J.R. (1998) Wing shape and developmental temperature in two Drosophila sibling species: different wing regions exhibit different norms of reaction. Russian Journal of Genetics 34, 183–192.Google Scholar
Morin, J.P., Moreteau, B., Pétavy, G. & David, J.R. (1999) Divergence of reaction norms of size characters between tropical and temperate populations of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12, 329–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mound, L.A. (2005) Fighting, flight and fecundity: behavioural determinants of Thysanoptera structural diversity. pp. 81–105in Ananthakrishnan, T.N. & Whitman, D. (Eds) Insect phenotypic plasticity diversity of responses. Enfield, New Hampshire, Science Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar
Pétavy, G., Morin, J.P., Moreteau, B. & David, J.R. (1997) Growth temperature and phenotypic plasticity in two Drosophila sibling species: probable adaptive changes in flight capacities. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10, 875–887.Google Scholar
Pétavy, G., Moreteau, B., Gibert, P., Morin, J.P. & David, J.R. (2001) Phenotypic plasticity of body size in Drosophila: effects of a daily periodicity of growth temperature in two sibling species. Physiological Entomology 26, 351–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pétavy, G., Moreteau, B., Gibert, P. & David, J.R. (2002) Phenotypic plasticity of body size in Drosophila: influence of a developmental thermoperiodic regime in two sibling species. Physiological Entomology 27, 124–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinto, J.D., Velten, R.K., Platner, G.R. & Oatman, E.R. (1989) Phenotypic plasticity and taxonomic characters in Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 82, 414–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pretorius, E. (2005) Using geometric morphometrics to investigate wing dimorphism in males and females of Hymenoptera – a case study based on the genus Tachysphex Kohl (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae). Australian Journal of Entomology 44, 113–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvo, A. & Valladares, G. (1995) Intraspecific size variation in polyphagous parasitoids (Hym.: Parasitica) of leaf miners and its relation to host size. Entomophaga 40, 273–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soares, A.O., Coderre, D. & Schanderl, H. (2003) Effect of temperature and intraspecific allometry on predation by two phenotypes of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environmental Entomology 32, 939–944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solensky, M.J. & Larkin, E. (2003) Temperature-induced variation in larval coloration in Danaus plexippus (Lepidopetra: Nymphalidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 96, 211–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statgraphics plus (1997) Version 3.0. Manugistics. Maryland, USA.Google Scholar
Teder, T. & Tammaru, T. (2005) Sexual size dimorphism within species increases with body size in insects. Oikos 108, 321–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Via, S., Gomulkiewicz, R., De Jong, G., Scheiner, S.M., Schlichting, C.D. & Van Tienderen, P.H. (1995) Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy. Tree 10, 212–217.Google ScholarPubMed
Viggiani, G. (1963) Osservazioni sulla morfo-biologia del Pnigalio mediterraneus Ferr. & Del. (Hym.: Eulophidae). Entomophaga 8, 191–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viggiani, G. (1999) Variations and biological traits of Coccophagus gossypariae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Biological Control 16, 43–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshimoto, C.M. (1983) Review of the North American Pnigalio Schrank (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Canadian Entomologist 115, 971–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaviezo, T. & Mills, N. (1999) Aspects of the biology of Hyssopus pallidus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the codling moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Environmental Entomology 28, 748–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar