Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T22:33:30.835Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of seasonal acclimation on cold tolerance and biochemical status of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller, last instar larvae

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 May 2014

M. Heydari  and
H. Izadi
M. Heydari
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Protection, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
H. Izadi*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Protection, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
*
*Author for correspondence Phone: +983913202012 Fax: +983913202046 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, a pest of Punica granatum, overwinters as a larva. In this study, physiological changes, water content, cold hardiness and supercooling points (SCPs) in relation to ambient temperature in the overwintering period (October to March) and changes of these factors between diapausing (February) and non-diapausing (September) larvae were studied. Pupae that were derived from diapausing larvae (April) and  from non-diapausing larvae (August) were also compared. Total body sugar, lipid and protein contents increased with decrease in the temperature and reached the highest levels (12.82, 1.99 and 6.11 mg g−1 body weight, respectively) in February, but glycogen content decreased and reached the lowest level (1.12 mg g−1 body weight) in February. There were significant differences in the levels of these compounds between diapausing and non-diapausing larvae, and pupae that were derived from diapausing and non-diapausing larvae. Trehalose and myo-inositol contents increased during diapause and reached the highest levels (0.50 and 0.07 mg g−1 body weight, respectively) in February. There were significant differences in the levels of these compounds between diapausing and non-diapausing larvae, but the differences between pupae that were derived from diapausing and non-diapausing larvae were not significant. The SCP of diapausing larvae (−17.3 °C) was significantly lower than in the non-diapausing larvae (−12.0 °C). SCP decreased gradually in autumn and reached the lowest level in the middle of winter. Changes of cold hardiness were inversely proportional to SCP changes. The lowest levels of water (65%) and weight (43.13 mg) were recorded in January and March, respectively. Most probably, lipids play a role as energy reserve, and low-molecular weight carbohydrates and polyols provide cryoprotection for overwintering larvae of the carob moth. Since the overwintering larvae die at temperatures above the SCP, the carob moth larvae were found to be a chill-intolerant insect.

Keywords

carob mothdiapausecold hardinesssupercooling point
Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 104 , Issue 5 , October 2014 , pp. 592 - 600
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Al-Izzi, M.A.J., Al-Maliky, S.K., Younis, M.A. & Jabbo, N.F. (1985) Bionomics of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on pomegranates in Iraq. Environmental Entomology 14, 149–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aruda, A.M., Baumgartner, M.F., Reitzel, A.M. & Tarrant, A.M. (2011) Heat shock protein expression during stress and diapause in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Journal of Insect Physiology 57, 665–675.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baust, J.G. & Rojas, R.R. (1985) Insect cold hardiness: facts and fancy. Journal of Insect Physiology 31, 755–759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behroozi, E., Izadi, H., Samih, M.A. & Moharamipour, S. (2012) Physiological strategy in overwintering larvae of pistachio white leaf borer, Ocneria terebinthina Strg. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Rafsanjan, Iran. Italian Journal of Zoology 79, 44–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bemani, M., Izadi, H., Mahdian, K., Khani, A. & Samih, M.A. (2012) Study on the physiology of diapause, cold hardiness and supercooling point of overwintering pupae of the pistachio fruit hull borer, Arimania comaroffi. Journal of Insect Physiology 58, 897–902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denlinger, D.L. (1991) Relationship between cold hardiness and diapause. pp. 174–198in Lee, R.E. & Denlinger, D.L. (Eds) Insects at Low Temperature. New York, Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denlinger, D.L. (2000) Molecular regulation of insect diapause. pp. 259–275in Storey, K.B. & Storey, J.M. (Eds) Environmental Stressors and Gene Responses. Amsterdam, Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duman, J.G., Bennett, V., Sformo, T., Hochstrasser, R. & Barnes, B.M. (2004) Antifreeze proteins in Alaskan insects and spiders. Journal of Insect Physiology 50, 259–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goto, M., Fuji, M., Suzuki, K. & Sakai, M. (1998) Factors affecting carbohydrate and free amino acid content in overwintering larvae of Enosima leucotaeniella. Journal of Insect Physiology 44, 87–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goto, M., Li, Y.P., Kayaba, S., Outani, S. & Suzuki, K. (2001) Cold hardiness in summer and winter diapause and post-diapause pupae of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae L. under temperature acclimation. Journal of Insect Physiology 47, 709–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, D.A. & Denlinger, D.L. (2011) Energetics of insect diapause. Annual Review of Entomology 56, 103–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, E.N. & Bauce, E. (1998) Time of diapause initiation, metabolic changes and overwintering survival of the spruce bud worm Choristonura fumiferana. Ecological Entomology 23, 160–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, R.D., Gan, Y.L., Kong, X.H. & Ge, F. (2008) Physiological and endocrine differences between diapausing and non-diapausing larvae of the pine caterpillar Dendrolimus tabulaeformis (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Zoological Studies 47, 96–102.Google Scholar
Hodek, I. (2012) Adult diapause in Coleoptera. Psyche 249081, 1–10.Google Scholar
Hou, M., Lin, W. & Han, Y. (2009) Seasonal changes in supercooling points and glycerol content in overwintering larvae of the Asiatic rice borer from rice and water-oat plants. Environmental Entomology 38, 1182–1188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khani, A. & Moharamipour, S. (2011) Cold hardiness and supercooling capacity in the overwintering larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Journal of Insect Science 10(83), 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khani, A., Moharamipour, S. & Barzegar, M. (2007) Cold tolerance and trehalose accumulation in overwintering larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). European Journal of Entomology 104, 385–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostal, V. & Simek, P. (2000) Overwintering strategy in Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera): the relations between life-cycle, chill tolerance and physiological adjustments. Journal of Insect Physiology 46, 1321–1329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kostal, V., Sula, J. & Simek, P. (1998) Physiology of drought tolerance and cold hardiness of the Mediterranean tiger moth, Cymbalophora pudica during summer diapause. Journal of Insect Physiology 44, 165–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostal, V., Slachta, M. & Simek, P. (2001) Cryoprotective role of polyols independent of the increase in supercooling capacity in diapausing adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera: Insecta). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology (B) 130, 365–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, R.E. (1991) Principles of insect low temperature tolerance. pp. 17–46in Lee, R.E. & Denlinger, D.L. (Eds) Insects at Low Temperature. New York, Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, R.E. (2010) A primer on insect cold-tolerance. pp. 3–34in Denlinger, D.L. & Lee, R.E. (Eds) Low Temperature Biology of Insects. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehmann, P., Lyytinen, A., Sinisalob, T. & Lindstrom, L. (2012) Population dependent effects of photoperiod on diapause related physiological traits in an invasive beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Journal of Insect Physiology 58, 1146–1158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y.P., Oguchi, S. & Goto, M. (2002) Physiology of diapause and cold hardiness in overwintering pupae of the apple leaf miner Phyllonorycter ringoniella. Physiological Entomology 27, 92–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markwell, M.A.K., Haas, S.M., Bieber, L.L. & Tolbert, N.E. (1978) A modification of the Lowry procedure to simplify determination in membrane and lipoprotein samples. Analytical Biochemistry 87, 206–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michaud, M.R. & Denlinger, D.L. (2004) Molecular modalities of insect cold survival: current understanding and future trends. pp. 32–46in Morris, S. & Vosloo, A. (Eds) Animals and Environments. Amsterdam, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Morey, A.C., Hutchison, W.D., Venette, R.C. & Burkness, E.C. (2012) Cold hardiness of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae. Environmental Entomology 41, 172–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mozaffarian, F., Sarafrazi, A., Nouri Ganbalani, G. & Ariana, A. (2007) Morphological variation among Iranian populations of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller, 1839) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Zoology in the Middle East 41, 81–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neven, L.G. (1999) Cold hardiness adaptations of codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Cryobiology 38, 43–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordin, J.H., Cui, Z. & Yin, C.M. (1984) Cold-induced glycerol accumulation by Ostrinia nubilalis larvae is developmentally regulated. Journal of Insect Physiology 30, 563–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pullin, A.S. (1992) Diapause metabolism and changes in carbohydrates related to cryoprotection in Pieris brassicae. Journal of Insect Physiology 38, 319–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pullin, A.S., Bale, J.S. & Fontaine, X.L.R. (1991) Physiological aspects of diapause and cold tolerance during overwintering in Pieris brassicae. Physiological Entomology 16, 447–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadeghi, R., Izadi, H. & Mahdian, K. (2012) Energy allocation changes in overwintering adults of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Neotropical Entomology 41, 493–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slachta, M., Berkova, P., Vambera, J. & Kostal, V. (2002) Physiology of cold-acclimation in non-diapausing adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera). European Journal of Entomology 99, 181–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storey, K.B. & Storey, J.M. (1991) Biochemistry of cryoprotectants. pp. 64–93in Lee, R.E. & Denlinger, D.L. (Eds) Insects at Low Temperature. New York, Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsumuki, H. (1990) Environmental adaptations of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis and the blue alfalfa aphid, Acyrthosiphon konodi to seasonal fluctuations. pp. 273–278in Hoshi, M. & Yamashita, O. (Eds) Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction. Amsterdam, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Warburg, M.S. & Yuval, B. (1997) Effect of energetic reserves on behavioral patterns of Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Oecologia 112, 314–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watanabe, M. & Tanaka, K. (1999) Cold tolerance strategy of the freeze-intolerant chrysomelid, Aulacophora nigripennis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in warm-temperate region. European Journal of Entomology 96, 175–181.Google Scholar
Yocum, G.D. (2001) Differential expression of two HSP70 transcripts in response to cold shock, thermoperiod, and adult diapause in the Colorado potato beetle. Journal of Insect Physiology 47, 1139–1145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zachariassen, K.E. (1985) Physiology of cold tolerance in insects. Physiological Review 65, 799–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed