Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T01:45:01.794Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Characterisation of DDT and Pyrethroid Resistance in Trinidad and Tobago populations of Aedes aegypti

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 January 2011

K.A. Polson ,
S.C. Rawlins ,
W.G. Brogdon  and
D.D. Chadee
K.A. Polson
Affiliation:
The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
S.C. Rawlins
Affiliation:
Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC), Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobgao
W.G. Brogdon
Affiliation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
D.D. Chadee*
Affiliation:
The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
*
*Author for correspondence Fax: 1 868 663 5241 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Insecticide resistance is an important factor in the effectiveness of Aedes aegypti control and the related spread of dengue. The objectives of this study were to investigate the status of the organochlorine dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroid (permethrin and deltamethrin) resistance in Trinidad and Tobago populations of Ae. aegypti and the underlying biochemical mechanisms. Nine populations of Ae. aegypti larvae from Trinidad and Tobago were assayed to DDT and PYs using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) time-mortality-based bioassay method. A diagnostic dosage (DD) was established for each insecticide using the CAREC reference susceptible Ae. aegypti strain and a resistance threshold (RT), time in which 98–100% mortality was observed in the CAREC strain, was calculated for each insecticide. Mosquitoes which survived the DD and RT were considered as resistant, and the resistance status of each population was categorised based on the WHO criteria with mortality <80% indicative of resistance. Biochemical assays were conducted to determine the activities of α and β esterases, mixed function oxidases (MFO) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) enzymes which are involved in resistance of mosquitoes to DDT and PYs. Enzymatic activity levels in each population were compared with those obtained for the CAREC susceptible strain, and significant differences were determined by Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey's non-parametric tests (P<0.05). The established DDs were 0.01 mg l−1, 0.2 mg l−1 and 1.0 mg l−1 for deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT, respectively; and the RTs for deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT were 30, 75 and 120 min, respectively. All Ae. aegypti populations were resistant to DDT (<80% mortality); two strains were incipiently resistant to deltamethrin and three to permethrin (80–98% mortality). Biochemical assays revealed elevated levels of α-esterase and MFO enzymes in all Ae. aegypti populations. All, except three populations, showed increased levels of β-esterases; and all populations, except Curepe, demonstrated elevated GST levels.

Metabolic detoxification of enzymes is correlated with the manifestation of DDT and PY resistance in Trinidad and Tobago populations of Ae. aegypti. The presence of this resistance also suggests that knock down (kdr)-type resistance may be involved, hence the need for further investigations. This information can contribute to the development of an insecticide resistance surveillance programme and improvement of resistance management strategies aimed at combatting the spread of dengue in Trinidad and Tobago.

Keywords

Aedes aegyptiinsecticide resistanceDDTpyrethroidsTrinidadTobago
Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 101 , Issue 4 , August 2011 , pp. 435 - 441
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Belkin, J.N., Heinemann, S.J. & Page, W.A. (1970) Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae). XXI. The Culicidae of Jamaica. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 6(1), 143–184.Google Scholar
Brogdon, W.G. (1984a) Mosquito protein microassay. I. Protein determinations from small portions of single mosquito homogenates. Comparative Biochemical Physiology 79B, 457–459.Google Scholar
Brogdon, W.G. (1984b) Mosquito protein microassay. II. Modification for potential use. Comparative Biochemical Physiology 79B, 461–464.Google Scholar
Brogdon, W.G. & McAllister, J.C. (1998a) Insecticide resistance and vector control. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, 605–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brogdon, W.G. & McAllister, J.C. (1998b) Simplification of adult mosquito bioassays through use of time-mortality determinations in glass bottles. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 14(2), 159–164.Google ScholarPubMed
Brogdon, W.G., McAllister, J.C. & Vulule, J. (1997) Heme peroxidase activity measured in single mosquitoes identifies individuals expressing the elevated oxidase mechanism for insecticide resistance. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 13, 233–237.Google Scholar
CDC (Centers for Disease Control) (2004) Evaluating mosquitoes for insecticide resistance: a web based instruction. Available online at http:www.cdc.gov/ncidod/wbt/resistance/assay/larval/index.htm (accessed 5 September 2004).Google Scholar
Chadee, D.D., Cornell, N.K., Le Maitre, A. & Ferreira, S.B. (1984) Surveillance for Aedes aegypti in Tobago, W.I. Mosquito News 44, 490–492.Google Scholar
Davidson, G. & Zahar, A.R. (1973) The practical implications of resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 49, 465–483.Google ScholarPubMed
Diabate, A., Baldet, T., Chandre, F., Akogbeto, M., Guiguemde, T.R., Darriet, F., Brengues, C., Guillet, P., Hemingway, J., Small, G. & Hougard, J.M. (2002) The role of agricultural use of insecticides in resistance to pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Burkino Faso. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67, 617–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilkes, C.D., Kellett, F.R.S. & Gillette, H.P.S. (1956) Yellow fever in Trinidad and the development of resistance in Aedes aegypti Linn, to DDT formulations. West Indian Medical Journal 5, 73–89.Google Scholar
Hemingway, J., Boddington, R.G., & Harris, J. (1989) Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera; Culicidae) from Puerto Rico. Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, 123–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mekuria, Y., Gwinn, T.A., Williams, D.C. & Tidwell, M.A. (1991) Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti from Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 7, 69–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Paeporn, P., Supaphathom, K., Srisawat, R., Komalamisra, N., Deesin, V., Ya-umphan, P. & Leeming, S.S. (2004) Biochemical detection of pyrethroid resistance mechanism in Aedes aegypti in Ratchaburi province, Thailand. Tropical Biomedicine 21(2), 145–151.Google ScholarPubMed
PAHO (Pan American Health Organization) (1994) Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in the Americas. Guidelines for Prevention and Control. Pan American Health Organization Scientific Publication no. 548. Washington, DC, USA, Pan American Health Organization.Google Scholar
Polson, K., Rawlins, S. & Hylton, H. (2002) Relative sensitivity of Various Caribbean strains of Aedes aegypti larvae to insecticides based on a simple bioassay. Resistant Pest Management Newsletter 11(2), 13–16.Google Scholar
Rawlins, S.C. (1998) Spatial distribution of insecticide resistance in Caribbean populations of Aedes aegypti and its significance. Pan American Journal of Public Health 4(4), 243–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reiter, P., Amador, M.A. & Colon, N. (1991) Enhancement of the CDC ovitrap with hay infusion for enhanced monitoring of Aedes aegypti populations. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 7(1), 52–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Rodríguez, M.M., Bisset, J.A., Ruiz, M. & Soca, A. (2002) Cross resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides induces by selection with temephos in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Cuba. Journal of Medical Entomology 39, 882–888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodríguez, M.M., Bisset, J.H.A., De Armas, Y., & Ramos, F. (2005) Pyrethroid insecticide-resistant strain of Aedes aegypti from Cuba induced by deltamethrin selection. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 21(4), 437–445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodríguez, M.M., Bisset, J.A. & Fernandez, D. (2007) Levels of insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from some Latin American countries. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 23(4), 420–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rongsriyam, Y. & Busvine, J.R. (1975) Cross-resistance in DDT-resistant strains of various mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 65, 459–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, J., Nathan, M.B., Ragoonanansingh, R., Rawlins, S., Gayle, C., Chadee, D.D. & Lloyd, L.S. (1995) Community participation in dengue prevention and control: a survey of knowledge, attitudes and practice in Trinidad and Tobago. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 53(2), 111–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turusov, V., Rakitsky, V. & Tomatis, L. (2002) Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): Ubiquity, persistence, and risks. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(2), 125–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaughan, A., Chadee, D.D. & FFrench-Constant, R. (1998) Biochemical monitoring of organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides resistance in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Trinidad. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 12, 318–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vulule, J.M., Beach, R.F., Atieli, F.K., McAllister, J.C., Brogdon, W.G., Roberts, J.M., Mwangi, R.W. & Hawley, W.A. (1999) Elevated oxidase and esterase levels associated with permethrin tolerance in Anopheles gambiae from Kenyan villages using permethrin-impregnated nets. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13, 239–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO (World Health Organization) (1981) Instructions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides. WHO/VBC/81.807. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization.Google Scholar
WHO (World Health Organization) (1998) Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vectors, bioefficacy and persistence of insecticides on treated surfaces, WHO/CDS/CPC/MAL/98.12, Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization.Google Scholar
WHO (World Health Organization) (2008) Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Factsheet No. 117. Available online at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/ (accessed 4 February 2010).Google Scholar
Yan, G., Chadee, D.D. & Severson, D.W. (1998) Evidence for genetic hitchhiking effect associated with insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti. Genetics 148, 793–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed