Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:00:04.515Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The sugarcane lophopid planthopper Pyrilla perpusilla (Homoptera: Lophopidae): a review of its biology, pest status and control

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

N.C. Kumarasinghe  and
S.D. Wratten
N.C. Kumarasinghe
Affiliation:
Division of Pest Management, Sugarcane Research Institute, Uda Walawe, Sri Lanka
S.D. Wratten*
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology and Animal Ecology, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
*
Prof. S.D. Wratten, Department of Entomology and Animal Ecology, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The biology, damage and control of the sugarcane pest Pyrilla perpusilla Walker are reviewed. The present systematic position, distribution and the range of alternative host plants are surveyed and the life cycle and the extent of damage caused by the pest are considered in detail. The factors influencing the abundance of the insect are discussed, with emphasis on their use in reducing the population of the pest. Much of the published data in this area is based on un replicated observations. However, potential biological control agents for the insect are evaluated with special reference to the most effective nymphal and adult ‘parasitoid’, the moth Epiricania melanoleuca (Fletcher). Many other potential biological control agents have received some study, but in most cases, little more than basic biological information on phenology and life cycle has been published. As considerable changes in chemical control practices over the past fifty years have occurred, these, together with other control methods such as agronomic, mechanical, cultural and host plant resistance approaches are discussed along with prospects for the future, sustainable control of the pest. Research areas which are in need of more work are identified: these are biological control and cultural practices. It is suggested that an integrated approach to future research should be made, incorporating at least host-plant resistance and predation.

Type
Review Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 86 , Issue 5 , October 1996 , pp. 485 - 498
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbas, H.M. & Khan, M.S. (1955) Insecticidal trials against Pyrilla (Pyrilla perpusilla Walk.) in N.W.F.P. Proceedings of the 7th Pakistan Science Conference36–38.Google Scholar
Agarwal, R.A. (1959) Insect resistance in Coimbatore canes – a review. Indian Sugar 8, 785–794.Google Scholar
Agarwal, R.A. (1969a) Morphological characteristics of sugarcane and insect resistance. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 12, 767–776.Google Scholar
Agarwal, R.A. (1969b) Pyrilla infestation in Western Uttar Pradesh. Indian Sugar 19, 337–339.Google Scholar
Ahmad, F., Tariq, Z.K. & Haque, H. (1970) Control of sugarcane Pyrilla and white fly by aerial application of emulsifiable concentrations at ultra-low-volume. PANS 16, 165–171.Google Scholar
Appanna, M., Usman, S. & Sastry, K.S.S. (1954) A note on the change in the status of the sugarcane leaf hopper, Dictyophora pallida (Don.) (Pyrilla perpusilla Walker) in Mysore. Mysore Agricultural Journal 30, 19–26.Google Scholar
Asre, R., Gupta, P.K. & Pawar, A.D. (1983) Control of sugarcane Pyrilla by its natural enemies. Indian Farming 33, 37–38.Google Scholar
Avasthy, P.N. (1973) Leaf hopper (Pyrilla perpusilla Walker) of sugarcane. Indian Sugar 23, 11–14.Google Scholar
Ayyar, T.V.R. (1984) Handbook of economic entomology for South India. 228 pp. India, International Books and Periodicals Supply Services.Google Scholar
Bagal, S.R. & Patel, G.A. (1956) The sugarcane leaf hopper or Pyrilla. pp. 69–71 in Crop pests and how to fight them. Bombay, India, Maharashtra Publishing.Google Scholar
Bains, V.K., Dilawari, V.K., Brar, R.S. & Dhaliwal, Z.S. (1982) A model for prediction of sugarcane Pyrilla outbreak in relation to high temperature during pre monsoon period in the Punjab. Indian Journal of Ecology 9, 298–302.Google Scholar
Bal, R.S., Dhaliwal, Z.S. & Bains, S.S. (1989) A note on the overwintering of Epiricania (Epipyrops) melanoleuca Fletcher (Epipyropidae: Lepidoptera). Journal of Insect Science 2, 155–157.Google Scholar
Bhatia, G.N. (1972) Massive aerial attack on sugarcane leaf hopper (Pyrilla spp.) by ULV application of malathion. Pesticides 6, 11–12.Google Scholar
Bindra, O.S. & Brar, R.S. (1978) Studies on the natural enemies of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker in the Punjab. Indian Sugar 28, 247–252.Google Scholar
Bindra, O.S., Singh, H. & Chaudhary, J.P. (1970) Ground application of ultra low volume sprays for the integrated control of sugarcane leaf hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. Indian Journal of Entomology 32, 4–6.Google Scholar
Box, H.E. (1953) List of sugarcane insects. 101 pp, London, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology.Google Scholar
Brar, R.S. (1981) The natural enemy complex of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker at Dhurai, Punjab. Indian Journal of Entomology 43, 441–443.Google Scholar
Brar, R.S. & Bains, S.S. (1979) Population dynamics of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker – Mortality factors. Indian Journal of Ecology 6, 110–121.Google Scholar
Brar, R.S. & Bains, S.S. (1980) Dispersion of eggs of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker during different seasons. Indian Journal of Ecology 7, 161–163.Google Scholar
Brar, R.S. & Bains, S.S. (1981) The response of Tetrastichus pyrillae Crawford in oviposition on different egg stages of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. Indian Journal of Entomology 43, 447–448.Google Scholar
Brar, R.S., Avasthy, P.N. & Kishan, Singh (1983) Sugarcane trash in relation to multiplication of Pyrilla and its parasitoid, Epipyrops melanoleuca Fletcher. Maharashtra Sugar 8, 35–37.Google Scholar
Butani, D.K. (1964) Sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla Walker – A review. Indian Sugarcane journal 9, 60–75.Google Scholar
Butani, D.K. (1972) Sugarcane and its problems – Parasites and predators recorded on insect pests of sugarcane in India. Indian Sugar 22, 17–31.Google Scholar
Chaudhary, J.P., Kaushik, S.K., Singh, R. & Mrig, K.K. (1987) Role of natural enemies in the suppression of sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 35, 15–19.Google Scholar
Chaudhary, J.P. & Sharma, S.K. (1988) Biological control of Pyrilla using parasites and predators. pp. 186–206. in David, H. & Easwaramoorthy, S. (Eds) Biological technology for sugarcane pest management. India, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore.Google Scholar
Chaudhary, J.P., Yadav, S.R. & Madan, Y.P. (1984) Effect of strip spraying of malathion on the population of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker, and its parasitoid Epipyrops melanoleuca Fletcher. Agricultural Science Digest 4, 123–125.Google Scholar
Chaudhary, N.A. & Ansari, M.A. (1988) Insect pests of sugarcane in Pakistan. Progressive Farming 8, 10–18.Google Scholar
Chaudhary, R.N. & Sharma, V.K. (1990) A note on Pyrilla perpusilla Walker on maize. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 18, 113–114.Google Scholar
Cheema, P.S. (1942) Effect of food on the longevity of Tetrastichus pyrillae Craw. Indian Journal of Entomology 4, 94–95.Google Scholar
Clausen, C.P. (1940) Entomophagous insects. 688 pp. London. McGraw-Hill Book Company.Google Scholar
Common, I.F.B. (1990) Moths of Australia. 535 pp. Australia. Melbourne University Press.Google Scholar
Cotterell, G.S. (1954) Notes on insects injurious to crops in Afganistan. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 2, 53–55.Google Scholar
Dean, G.J. (1979) The major insect pests of rice, sugarcane and jute in Bangladesh. PANS 25, 378–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dent, D. (1993) Insect pest management. 604 pp. Wallingford, UK, CAB International.Google Scholar
Desphande, V.G. (1937) Important insect pests of sugarcane in Bombay Presidency. Current Science 6, 33–35.Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, Z.S. & Bains, S.S. (1983a) A laboratory technique for rearing sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker). Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology 3, 164–165.Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, Z.S. & Bains, S.S. (1983b) Relative role of various parasitoids in limiting the population of sugarcane Pyrilla in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the Punjab. Indian Journal of Ecology 2, 294–302.Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, Z.S. & Bains, S.S. (1985) Numerical response of some important parasitoids of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) to the variable host population. Indian Journal of Ecology 12, 126–132.Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, Z.S., Bal, R.S. & Bains, S.S. (1987) Lethal effect of high temperature on various life stages of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) and its important parasitoids. Indian Journal of Ecology 14, 266–272.Google Scholar
Fennah, R.G. (1963) The species of Pyrilla (Fulgoroidea: Lophopidae) in Ceylon and India. Bulletin of Entomological Research 53, 715–735.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T.B. (1914) Report of the imperial entomologist. Report of the Agricultural Research Institute & College, Pusa, 1913–14, 62–75.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T.B. (1939) A new Epipyrops from India (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 30, 293–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, T.B. & Ghosh, C.C. (1919) Report of the third Entomological meeting, Pusa. 1, 362–367.Google Scholar
Francis, C.B. (1933) A note on the sugarcane leaf hopper (Pyrilla) in South Arcot district. Madras Agricultural Journal 21, 510–524.Google Scholar
Garg, A.K. & Sethi, G.R. (1982) Parasitization of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker by Epipyrops melanoleuca Fletcher. Indian Journal of Entomology 44, 92–97.Google Scholar
Gholap, M.S. and Chandale, A.G. (1985) Incidence of sugarcane leaf hopper and parasitisation by its natural enemies in Western Maharashtra. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities 10, 235–236.Google Scholar
Gupta, B.D. (1940) On Epipyrops (sp.n.) – a parasite on the nymphs and adults of sugarcane leaf hopper (Pyrilla spp.). Current Science 9, 132–133.Google Scholar
Gupta, B.D. (1948) Control of sugarcane leaf hopper (Pyrilla spp.) in the U.P. Indian Farming 9, 401–406.Google Scholar
Gupta, B.D. (1952) A resume of trials with DDT, BHC and some other insecticides against the sugarcane leaf-hopper (Pyrilla perpusilla Wlk.) in Uttar Pradesh. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Convention of Sugar Technologists Association, India 2, 144–147.Google Scholar
Gupta, B.D. & Avasthy, P.N. (1954a) The alternate host plants and their role in the propagation of sugarcane pests. Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists Association 23, 147–152.Google Scholar
Gupta, B.D. & Avasthy, P.N. (1954b) Some recommendations for the control of sugarcane pests in India. Indian Sugar 4, 387–405.Google Scholar
Gupta, B.D. & Avasthy, P.N. (1956) Recent advances in sugarcane entomology in India. Indian Sugar 5, 541–548.Google Scholar
Gupta, B.D. & Avasthy, P.N. (1959) Some recommendations for the control of sugarcane pests in India – Part I: Sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla Wlk. Indian Journal of Sugarcane Research and Development 3, 78–83.Google Scholar
Gupta, K.M., Singh, N.L., Dayal, R. & Singh, I. (1971) Observations on survival and dispersal of Pyrilla in relation to foliar density of sugarcane during hot weather. 4th Joint Convention of Sugar Technologists Association, Deccan Sugar Technologists Association, South Indian Sugar Technologists Association. 1971, 9–11.Google Scholar
Gupta, M. & Ahmad, I. (1979) Effect of sub optimal temperatures on the hatching and incubation period of eggs of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. Current Science 48, 958–959.Google Scholar
Gupta, M. & Ahmad, I. (1982) Chemosterilization of Pyrilla perpusilla (Homoptera: Lophopidae) by some Aziridin compounds. Colemania 1, 149–153.Google Scholar
Gupta, M. & Ahmad, I. (1983) Morphology of the Indian sugarcane leaf hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. Folia Morphologica 31, 325–330.Google Scholar
Holland, J.M., Cilgi, T., Frampton, G.K. and Wratten, S.D. (1994) Arable acronyms analysed – a review of integrated farming systems research in Europe. Annals of Applied Biology 125, 399–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holloway, J.D. (1986) The moths of Borneo: key to families; Cossidae, Metarbelidae, Ratardidae, Dudgeoneidae, Epipyropidae and Limacodidae. Malayan Nature Journal 40, 1–166.Google Scholar
Hussain, M.A. (1925) Report of the imperial entomologist. Scientific Report of Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, 41 pp.Google Scholar
Inayatullah, C. & Rahim, A. (1991) Management of sugarcane Pyrilla (Pyrilla perpusilla) Walk, from Sind. Indian Sugar 40, 739–742.Google Scholar
Isaac, P.V. (1946) Report of the imperial entomologist. Scientific Report of the Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. 1944–45. 73–79.Google Scholar
Jadhav, R.B. & Varma, A. (1988) Record of a hyperparasitoid and two predators on Epiricania melanoleuca in Maharashtra. Journal of Biological Control 2, 133–134.Google Scholar
Jagtap, A.P. (1958) Studies in the entomogenous fungus Metarrahizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorok. Current Science 27, 99–100.Google Scholar
Jagtap, A.B., Avate, B.G. & Naik, L.M. (1976) Comparative study against sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Lophopidae: Homoptera). Pesticides 10, 46–47.Google Scholar
Joshi, R.K. & Sharma, S.K. (1989) Augmentation and conservation of Epiricania melanoleuca Fletcher, for the population management of sugarcane leaf hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla Walker, under arid conditions of Rajasthan. Indian Sugar 39, 625–628.Google Scholar
Joshi, R.K. & Sharma, S.K. (1992) Seasonal parasitization and carryover of Epiricania melanoleuca Fletcher, an ectoparasite of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker under arid conditions. Annals of Arid Zone 31, 33–35.Google Scholar
Kalra, A.N. (1973) Pyrilla, a menace to sugarcane and sugar industry. Indian Sugar 23, 737–739.Google Scholar
Kay, D., Wratten, S.D. & Stokes, S. (1981) Effects of vernalisation and aphid culture history on the relative susceptibilities of wheat cultivars to aphids. Annals of Applied Biology 99, 71–75.Google Scholar
Kalra, A.N. & Srivastava, R.C. (1969) Relative toxicity of some insecticides to the sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla Wlk. Indian Journal of Entomology 31, 72–73.Google Scholar
Khalsa, M.S. & Kapoor, G.P. (1960) Large scale trials for Pyrilla control through thermal aerosol in U.P. Proceedings of the 4th all India Conference of Sugarcane Research and Development Workers,Waltair. Pt. I, 35–36.Google Scholar
Khan, A.M. (1977) Mycetomal bacteria of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker and effect of some drugs. Indian Journal of Entomology 39, 8–11.Google Scholar
Khan, M.Q. & Murthy, D.V. (1956) Insecticidal trials against Pyrilla. Annual Report of Sugarcane Pest Scheme, Rudrur, 1955–56, 9.Google Scholar
Khan, M.R. & Khan, S. (1966) Bionomics and control of Pyrilla pusana Distant in Peshawar region. Agriculture Pakistan 17, 385–414.Google Scholar
Khan, M.V. & Shafee, S.A. (1979) Taxonomic studies on some Indian eulophid parasites (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 76, 324–334.Google Scholar
Khanna, K.L. (1948a) Annual Report of the Central Sugarcane Research Station, Pusa, Bihar, 1944–45, 35–47.Google Scholar
Khanna, K.L. (1948b) Annual report of the central sugarcane research station, Bihar, ending 31.05.1947, 91–106.Google Scholar
Khanna, K.L., Sharma, S.L. & Hussain, M.Z. (1950) On Pyrilla infestation and varietal resistance in sugarcane. Current Science 19, 251–253.Google Scholar
Krampl, F. & Dlabola, J. (1983) A new genus and species of epipyropid moth from Iran ectoparasitic on a new Mesophantia species, with a revision of the host genus (Lepidoptera, Epipyropidae; Homoptera, Flatidae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslov 80, 451–472.Google Scholar
Krishnanandam, Y. & Ramamurty, P.S. (1971) A correlative study of the neuroendocrine organs and oocytes maturation in Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. (Fulgoridae: Homoptera). Zeitschrift für mikroskopich – analomische Forschung. Leipzig 84, 257–285.Google Scholar
Kulashreshtha, R.C. & Gursahani, K.A. (1961) An observation on an entomogenous fungus, Metarahizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sor. Indian Journal of Sugarcane Research and Development Workers 5, 163–164.Google Scholar
Kumarasinghe, N.C. & Ranasinghe, M.A.S.K. (1985) Life history and monthly incidence of sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla singhalensis (Homoptera: Lophopidae) in Kantale. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Session of the Sri Lanka Association of Advancement of Science,1985.38.Google Scholar
Kumarasinghe, N.C. & Ranasinghe, M.A.S.K. (1988) Effect of environmental factors on populations of the sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla singhalensis. Proceedings of the 44th Annual Sessions of the Sri Lanka Association of Advancement of Science,1988.70.Google Scholar
Kumarasinghe, N.C. & Wratten, S.D. (1993) Host plant resistance in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) to the lophopid plant hopper Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. (Horn; Lophopidae). International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and plants/West Palaeartic Regional Section Bulletin 16(5), 144–154.Google Scholar
Madan, Y.P. (1985) Bionomics, effectiveness and mass multiplication of Epipyrops melanoleuca Fletcher, an ectoparasitoid on Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. 138 pp. PhD thesis, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, India.Google Scholar
Madan, Y.P., Chaudhary, J.P., Yadav, S.R. & Sharma, S.K. (1988) Biology of Chrysopa (Anisochrysa) sp. a predator of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker eggs, under laboratory conditions. Agriculture Science Digest 8, 170–172.Google Scholar
Madan, Y.P., Mrig, K.K. & Chaudhary, J.P. (1987) Effect of some semi-artificial diets on the fecundity and longevity of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker adults. Indian Journal of Entomology 49, 496–501.Google Scholar
Madan, Y.P. & Singh, R.A. (1979) Natural control of sugarcane leaf hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla Wlk. Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research 9, 337–339.Google Scholar
Madan, Y.P. & Yadav, S.R. (1989) Facultative diapause in Epiricania (Epipyrops) melanoleuca (Fletcher), a nymphal and adult parasitoid of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. Agricultural Science Digest 9, 41–44.Google Scholar
Mani, M.S. (1939) Description of new and record of some known chalcidoid and other hymenopterous parasites from India. Indian Journal of Entomology 1, 69–99.Google Scholar
Mani, M.S. (1942) Studies on Indian parasitic Hymenoptera II. Indian Journal of Entomology 4, 153–162.Google Scholar
Marwat, G.N.K. & Khan, A.A. (1987) Using granules against sucking insect pests of sugarcane. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 8, 57–60.Google Scholar
Mathur, R.N. (1941) Certain physiological considerations in the damage caused to sugarcane by Pyrilla. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Convention of Sugar Technologists, India,134–139.Google Scholar
Mathur, R.N. & Gupta, B.D. (1940) An analysis of factors underlying the deterioration of sugarcane crop in the District of Meerut and Muzaffarnagar during the season 1937–38. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Convention of Sugar Technologists Association, India,10 pp.Google Scholar
Mehta, P.R. & Verma, B.K. (1976) Plant protection. 658 pp. Nasik, Farm information unit, Government of India Press.Google Scholar
Miah, M.A.H., Khuda, A.K.M.Q. & Shahjahan, M. (1986) The problems of Pyrilla perpusilla and the impact of its natural enemies. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 14, 9–13.Google Scholar
Misra, C.S. (1917) The Indian sugarcane leaf hopper, Pyrilla aberrans Kirby. Memoirs of Department of Agriculture India (Entomology series) 5, 73–133.Google Scholar
Misra, M.P. & Krishna, S.S. (1986) Variation in the reproductive performance of Epiricania melanoleuca (Fletcher) (Lep., Epipyropidae) in relation to stage and sex of the host Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Horn., Lophopidae) during rearing. Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 59, 20–21.Google Scholar
Misra, M.P. & Krishna, S.S. (1987) Variation in sex ratio or age of sexes in mating pairs of Epiricania melanoleuca (Fletcher) (Lep., Epipyropidae) affecting reproductive potential of the parasite. Journal of Applied Entomology 104, 208–210.Google Scholar
Mogal, B.H., Rajput, S.G. & Mali, A.R. (1983) Effect of relative humidity on hatching of sugarcane Pyrilla (Pyrilla perpusilla perpusilla Walker) eggs. Indian Sugar 32, 773–774.Google Scholar
Mohyuddin, I. & Hamid, A. (1987) Effect of post harvest burning of sugarcane trash on the incidence of Tetrastichus pyrillae (Crawford.) an egg parasitoid of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walk.) in Sind. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Convention of Pakistan Society of Sugar Technologists, Rawalpindi.July 25–27, 1987,292–306.Google Scholar
Mohyuddin, A.I., Rahim, A. & Irshad, M. (1982) Studies on population dynamics of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walk.), its natural enemies in Pakistan and possibilities of its control. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Convention of Pakistan Society of Sugar Technologists, Rawalpindi.4–5 September 1982,157–171.Google Scholar
Mukerji, S. & Venkataraman, T.V. (1948) Study on Epipyrops melanoleuca Fletcher (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae), an ectoparasite of the sugarcane leaf hopper, Pyrilla spp., (Homoptera: Fulgoridae). Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Bengal 1, 91–102.Google Scholar
Muliyal, J.A. & Lakshmanan, K. (1942) The effect of conserving healthy and parasitized eggs of Pyrilla spp. in wire gauze cages, on the population of the pest and the parasites. Indian Journal of Entomology 4, 221–223.Google Scholar
Narayanan, E.S. (1948) On the bionomics and life history of Coniopteryx pusana Withycombe, a predator on the eggs of Pyrilla species. Indian Journal of Entomology 4, 15.Google Scholar
Narayanan, E.S. (1953) Seasonal pests of crops. The mustard sawfly Athalia proxima Klug. a pest in the nurseries of the cabbage family. Indian Farming 3, 8–9, 30–31.Google Scholar
Narayanan, E.S. & Kundanlal, (1953) Studies on chalcid egg parasites of Pyrilla spp. occurring in Delhi. Part 1 Bionomics of Tetrastichus pyrillae Craw., Ageniaspis pyrillae Mani and Cheiloneurus pyrillae Mani. Indian Journal of Entomology 15, 173–179.Google Scholar
Nasir, M.M. (1947) Biology of Chrysopa scelestis Banks. Indian Journal of Entomology 9, 177.Google Scholar
Neupane, F.P. (1976) Studies on the effectiveness of different insecticides against the nymphs of sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla (Walk.). Nepalese Journal of Agriculture 6–11, 131–137.Google Scholar
Niceville, L. de (1903) Notes on insect pests from Entomological Indian Museum. Indian Museum Notes 5, 43.Google Scholar
Nicol, D., Copaja, S.V., Wratten, S.D. and Niemeyer, H.M. (1992) A screen of worldwide wheat cultivars for hydroxamic acid levels and aphid antixenosis. Annals of Applied Biology 121, 11–18.Google Scholar
Nigam, H. (1983) Rhopus fullawayi Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) – record of egg parasitoid of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. Indian Journal of Entomology 45, 32.Google Scholar
Noyes, J. & Hyat, M. (1994) Oriental mealybug parasitoids of the Anagrini 560 pp. Wallingford, UK, CAB International.Google Scholar
Padmanabhan, S.Y. (1947) Fusarium sp. parasitic on Epipyrops, a lepidopteraous parasite of the sugarcane Pyrilla. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 26, 77–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, R.M. (1955) Protecting sugarcane from pests and diseases. Farmer 6, 27–29.Google Scholar
Patil, A.S. & Hapase, D.G. (1992) Sugarcane pest management under drought conditions in Maharashtra. Cooperative Sugar 23, 531–533.Google Scholar
Pawar, A.D. (1981) Sugarcane Pyrilla attacking rice, and its biological control in India. International Rice Research News Letter 6, 17.Google Scholar
Pawar, A.D. (1987) Biological control of sugarcane pests in India. Plant Protection Bulletin 39, 1–6.Google Scholar
Pierce, W.D. (1914) Description of two new species of Strepsiptera parasitic on sugarcane insects. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 16, 126–129.Google Scholar
Pophaly, D.J. & Marwaha, K.K. (1988) Relative residual toxicity of some insecticides against Pyrilla perpusilla Walker infesting maize. Journal of Entomological Research 12, 12–15.Google Scholar
Pradhan, S. & Satpathy, J.M. (1953) Comparative toxicity of different modern insecticides against some Indian crop pests. Proceedings of the 40th Indian Science Congress, Lucknow. Part III, Section 10, 151–152.Google Scholar
Prasad, J., Singh, R. & Pawar, A.D. (1988) Augmentation of Epiricania melanoleuca for the control of Pyrilla perpusilla in Western Uttar Pradesh. Plant Protection Bulletin 40, 29–31.Google Scholar
Prasad, S.N. & Butani, D.K. (1957) Laboratory trials on the chemical control of sugarcane leaf hopper (Pyrilla perpusilla Walker) Indian Journal of Sugarcane Research and Development 5, 167–169.Google Scholar
Pruthi, H.S. (1937) Report of the imperial entomologist. Scientific Report of Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi. 1936–37, 159–174.Google Scholar
Putman, R.J. and Wratten, S.D. (1984) Principles of ecology. 388 pp. London, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Radha, K., Nirula, K.K. & Menon, K.V.P. (1956) The green muscardine disease of Oryctes rhinocerus L. II – The causal organisms. Indian Coconut Journal 9, 83–89.Google Scholar
Rahim, A. (1989a) Abiotic factors influencing development and longevity of Tetrastichus pyrillae Craw. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an egg parasite of Pyrilla perpusilla Walk. Pakistan Journal of Science and Industrial Research 32, 820–822.Google Scholar
Rahim, A. (1989b) Efficacy of different organophosphorous insecticides against sugarcane leafhopper, Pyrilla perpusilla Walk. (Fulgoridae: Hemiptera) outbreak in Sind, Pakistan. Proceedings of the Pakistan Congress of Zoology (1989) 9, 15–18.Google Scholar
Rahim, A. & Hashmi, A.A. (1984) Biological control of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker in Sind, Pakistan. International Pest Control Sept–Oct. 1984, 124–126.Google Scholar
Rahman, K.A. (1940) Important insect predators of India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, B. 12, 47–74.Google Scholar
Rahman, K.A. (1941) Parasites of the insect pests of sugarcane in the Punjab. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 11, 119–128.Google Scholar
Rahman, K.A. (1942) Sugarcane Pyrilla. Indian Farming 3, 378–380.Google Scholar
Rahman, K.A. & Nath, R. (1940) Bionomics and the control of the Indian sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla Wlk. (Rhynchota, Fulg) in the Punjab. Bulletin of Entomological Research 31, 179–190.Google Scholar
Raja Rao, S.A. (1954) Control of Pyrilla on sugarcane in Bombay-Deccan. Proceedings of the 2nd Biennial Conference of Sugarcane Research and Development. Workers. Part I, 56.Google Scholar
Rajak, R.L., Pawar, A.D., Misra, M.P., Prasad, J., Varma, A. & Singh, G.P. (1987) Sugarcane Pyrilla epidemics 1985 – A case study. Plant Protection Bulletin 39, 1–9.Google Scholar
Rajani, V.G. (1960) Some modern insecticides and their efficacy against insect pests of sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh. Proceedings of the 4th all-India Conference of Sugarcane Research and Development Workers, Waltair 1, 41–42.Google Scholar
Rajendra, A. (1979) Insect pests attacking sugarcane in Sri Lanka and the parasites and predators recorded on them. Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences) 13, 29–35.Google Scholar
Rajput, S.G., Mali, A.R. & Mogal, B.H. (1985) Efficacy of granular systemic insecticides against sugarcane Pyrilla (Pyrilla perpusilla perpusilla Walker). Pesticides 19, 44–45.Google Scholar
Richards, P.B. (1938) Effect of stripping of dry leaves for prevention of damage by Pyrilla attack (U.P. 1935–38). Agriculture and Livestock in India 8, 259–261.Google Scholar
Sarup, P., Singh, D.S., Amarpuri, S. & Lal, R. (1970) Persistent and relative residual toxicity of some important pesticides to the adults of sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Lophopidae: Homoptera). Indian Journal of Entomology 32, 256–257.Google Scholar
Scopes, N.E.A., Randall, R.E. & Biggerstaff, S.M. (1975) Constant temperature ventilated perspex cage for rearing phytophagous insects. Laboratory Practice, January 1975 33–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Sen, A.C. (1948) The Pyrilla pest of cane in Bihar and its control by utilization of its natural parasites. Indian Journal of Entomology 10, 45–50.Google Scholar
Sharma, S.K. (1977) Need to undertake aerial spraying to control Pyrilla on sugarcane. Sugar News 9, 9–15.Google Scholar
Sheikh, F.R. (1968) Control of sugarcane pests by air in Mardan district during Kharif – 1964. Agriculture Pakistan 19, 673–684.Google Scholar
Singh, H. & Kalra, A.N. (1951) Sugarcane Pyrilla (Pyrilla perpusilla Wlk.) a serious pest of sugarcane. Proceedings of the 1st Biennial Conference of Sugarcane Research & Development Workers, Coimbatore, Pt. II: 100–107.Google Scholar
Singh, O.P. & Dayal, R. (1975) Some observations on Epipyrops melanoleuca Fletcher, an ectoparasite of Pyrilla. Cane Growers Bulletin 2, 13–14.Google Scholar
Sinha, M.M., Shreevstava, Y.P. & Prasada, G. (1974) Pyrilla epidemic in North Bihar during 1973. Indian Sugar 24, 251–254.Google Scholar
Srinath, D. & Patel, H.K. (1968) The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the incubation period of eggs of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. coimbatorensis Fennah. Andhra Agricultural Journal 15, 174–175.Google Scholar
Srivastava, A.S. (1954) Important pests and diseases of sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh and their control during 1954. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Convention of the Sugar Technologists Association, India 2, 158–165.Google Scholar
Stebbing, E.P. (1903) Insect pests of sugarcane in India. Indian Museum Notes 5, 86–87.Google Scholar
Subba Rao, B.R. (1957) The biology and bionomics of Lestodryinus pyrillae Kieff. (Dryinidae: Hymenoptera) a nymphal parasite of Pyrilla perpusilla Walk., and a note on its role in the control of Pyrilla. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 54, 741–749.Google Scholar
Subba Rao, B.R. (1979) Taxonomic studies on some encyrtid genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae). Oriental Insects 13, 139–148.Google Scholar
Teotia, T.P.S. & Rajani, V.G. (1964) Effective control of the sugarcane leaf hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla Wlk by fogging gamma BHC in Uttar Pradesh. Indian Sugarcane Journal 9, 19–22.Google Scholar
Tewari, R.K., Srivastava, S., Mathur, Y.K. & Upadhyaya, K.D. (1990) Bioassay of different insecticides and pyrethroids against the adults of sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. Indian Journal of Entomology 52, 358–363.Google Scholar
Trehan, K.N. (1957) Brief notes on crop pests and their control in the Punjab (India). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 54, 581–626.Google Scholar
Varley, G.C. and Gradwell, G.R. (1970) Recent advances in insect population dynamics. Annual Review of Entomology 15, 1–24.Google Scholar
Varma, A. (1986) The Pyrilla, Pyrilla perpusilla Walker, pp. 277–295in David, H., Easwaramoorthy, S. & Jayanthi, R. (Eds) Sugarcane entomology in India, India, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore.Google Scholar
Varma, A., Avasthy, P.N. & Agnihotri, V.P. (1977) Record of three entomogenous fungi on sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla Wlk. Science and Culture 43, 282–283.Google Scholar
Varma, A., Tandan, B.K. & Singh, K. (1990) A new record of Entomophthora sp. (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) on sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla (Homoptera: Lophopidae) from Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Biological Control 4, 125–126.Google Scholar
Venkatraman, T.S. (1929) Report of Government Sugar Exports, Coimbatore, 1928–1929, 145.Google Scholar
Vevai, E.J. (1942) Pyrilla control by conservation of egg parasites. Indian Journal of Entomology 4, 235–236.Google Scholar
Vickerman, G.P. and Wratten, S.D. (1979) The biology and pest status of cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Europe: a review. Bulletin of Entomological Research 69, 1–32.Google Scholar
Waage, J.K. (1982) Sex ratio and population dynamics of natural enemies – some possible interactions Annals of Applied Biology 101, 159–164.Google Scholar
Wajih, I. & Hamid, S. (1983) Control of sugarcane Pyrilla in Sind. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 4, 255–259.Google Scholar
Williams, J.R., Metcalfe, J.R., Mungomery, R.W. & Mathes, R. (1969) Pests of sugarcane. 568 pp. London, Elsevier Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Withycombe, C.L. (1925) Memoirs of Department of Agriculture, India. (Entomology Series) 9, 1–20.Google Scholar
Wratten, S.D. & van Emden, H.F. (1995) Habitat management for enhanced activity of natural enemies of insect pests. pp. 117–146in Glen, D.M., Greaves, M.P. & Anderson, H. (Eds) Ecology and integrated farming systems. London, Wiley.Google Scholar
Wratten, S.D., Elliott, N.C. & Farrell, J.A. (in press) Wheat, in Dent, D. (Ed.) Integrated pest management. London, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Yadav, H.N. & Sharma, S.P. (1977) A new record of Ooencyrtus spp. (Encyrtidae) as a parasite of Epiricania melanoleuca Fletcher. Indian Sugar Crops Journal 4, 98.Google Scholar
Yadav, R.P. (1983) Bionomics, effectiveness and basic requirements for mass multiplication of common egg parasitoids of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. PhD thesis, Haryana Agricultural University, Haryana, India, pp. 198.Google Scholar
Yadav, R.P. & Chaudhary, J.P. (1984) Laboratory studies on biology of Ooencyrtus papilionis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg parasitoid of the sugarcane leaf hopper (Pyrilla perpusilla Walker). Journal of Entomological Research 8, 162–166.Google Scholar
Yadav, R.P. & Chaudhary, J.P. (1986) Longevity and development of the egg-parasitoid, Cheiloneurus pyrillae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) at different combinations of temperature and relative humidity. Entomophaga 31, 107–111.Google Scholar
Yadav, R.P. & Chaudhary, J.P. (1988) Studies on the combined effects of constant temperature and relative humidity on progeny production and sex ratio of Cheiloneurus pyrillae Mani, an egg parasitoid of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. Beitrage zur Entomologie 38, 233–238.Google Scholar