Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T11:18:09.214Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The classification of genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae): a working hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

R.E. Harbach
R.E. Harbach*
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
*
*Fax: 44 (0)20 7942 5229 E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The internal classification of genus Anopheles is updated to reflect taxonomic actions published since the classification was last reviewed in 1994. Both formal and informal taxa are included. The classification is intended to aid researchers and students who are interested in analysing species relationships, making group comparisons and testing phylogenetic hypotheses. The genus includes 444 formally named and 40 provisionally designated extant species divided between six subgenera: Anopheles, Cellia, Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia, Nyssorhynchus and Stethomyia. Subgenera Anopheles, Cellia and Nyssorhynchus are subdivided hierarchically into nested informal groups of morphologically similar species that are believed to represent monophyletic lineages based on morphological similarity. Changes to the classification include additional species, eliminated species and changes to the hierarchical organization and composition of supraspecific groups, some as a result of molecular studies.

Type
Research Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 94 , Issue 6 , December 2004 , pp. 537 - 553
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdulla-Khan, R., Coetzee, M. & Hunt, R.H. (1998) Description of Anopheles (Cellia) seretsei sp. nov. from Kasane, Botswana. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 14, 248–252.Google ScholarPubMed
Anthony, T.G., Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. (1999) Phylogeny of the Pyretophorus Series of Anopheles subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Entomology 24, 193–205.Google Scholar
Awomo-Ambene, H.P., Kengne, P., Simard, F., Antonio-NkondjioC,. C,. & Fontenille, D. (2004) Description and bionomics of Anopheles (Cellia) ovengensis (Diptera: Culicidae), a new malaria vector species of the Anopheles nili group from South Cameroon. Journal of Medical Entomology 41, 561–568.Google Scholar
Baimai, V. (1989) Speciation and species complexes of the Anopheles malaria vectors in Thailand. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Malaria Research, Chiangmai, Thailand, October 18–20 pp. 146–162.Google Scholar
Baimai, V., Green, C.A., Andre, R.G., Harrison, B.A. & Peyton, E.L. (1984) Cytogenetic studies of some species complexes of Anopheles in Thailand and Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 15, 563–546.Google Scholar
Baimai, V., Harbach, R.E. & Sukowati, S. (1988) Cytogenetic evidence for two species within the current concept of the malaria vector Anopheles leucosphyrus in Southeast Asia. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 4, 44–50.Google Scholar
Baimai, V., Kijchalao, U., Rattanarithikul, R. & Green, C.A. (1993a) Metaphase karyotypes of Anopheles of Thailand and Southeast Asia: II. Maculatus Group, Neocellia Series, subgenus Cellia. Mosquito Systematics 25, 116–123.Google Scholar
Baimai, V., RattanarithikulR,. R,. & Kijchalao, U. (1993b) Metaphase karyotypes of Anopheles of Thailand and Southeast Asia: I. The Hyrcanus Group. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 9, 59–67.Google Scholar
Baimai, V., TreesuconA,. A,. & Rattanarithikul, R. (1994) Metaphase karyotypes of Anopheles of Thailand and Southeast Asia. III. The Neocellia Series of the subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 26, 116–124.Google Scholar
Baimai, V., Rattanarithikul, R. & Kijchalao, U. (1995) Metaphase karyotypes of Anopheles of Thailand and Southeast Asia: IV. The Barbirostris and Umbrosus species groups, subgenus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 11, 323–328.Google Scholar
Baimai, V., KijchalaoU,. U,. & Rattanarithikul, R. (1996a) Metaphase karyotypes of Anopheles of Thailand and Southeast Asia: V. The Myzomyia Series, subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12, 97–105.Google ScholarPubMed
Baimai, V., KijchalaoU,. U,. & Rattanarithikul, R. (1996b) Metaphase karyotypes of Anopheles of Thailand and Southeast Asia. VI. The Pyretophorus and the Neomyzomyia Series, subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12, 669–675.Google Scholar
Beebe, N.W., Ellis, J.T., Cooper, R.D. & Saul, A. (1999) DNA sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA ITS2 region for the Anopheles punctulatus group of mosquitoes. Insect Molecular Biology 8, 381–390.Google Scholar
Belkin, J.N. (1962) The mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera, Culicidae.) Vol. 1. 608 pp. Los Angeles, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Besansky, N.J. & Fahey, G.T. (1997) Utility of the white gene in estimating phylogenetic relationships among mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 14, 442–454.Google Scholar
Besansky, N.J., Powell, J.R., Caccone, A., Hamm, D.M., Scott, J.A. & Collins, F.H. (1994) Molecular phylogeny of the Anopheles gambiae complex suggests genetic introgression between principal malaria vectors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91, 6885–6888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, D.R., Bryan, J.H. (1986) Cytogenetic and crossbreeding evidence for additional species in the Anopheles annulipes Walker complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 25, 315–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunhes, J., le GoffG,. G,. & Geoffroy, B. (1997) Anophèles afro-tropicaux. I. – Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles et changements de statuts taxonomiques (Diptera: Culicidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 33, 173–183.Google Scholar
Brunhes, J., le GoffG,. G,. & Geoffroy, B. (1998a) Anophèles afrotropicaux. II. – Mises au point sur les espèces de la sous-région malgache (Diptera, Culicidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 103, 139–152.Google Scholar
Brunhes, J., le GoffG,. G,. & Manga, L., Geoffroy, B. (1998b) Anophèles afrotropicaux. – IV. Mise au point sur le complexe Anopheles moucheti, Réhabilitation d' An. multicinctus et d' An. garnhami basilewskyi (Diptera: Culicidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 34, 397–405.Google Scholar
Brunhes, J., le GoffG,. G,. & Geoffroy, B. (1999) Afro-tropical anopheline mosquitoes. III. Description of three new species: Anopheles carnevalei sp. nov., An. hervyi sp. nov., and An. dualaensis sp. nov., and resurrection of An. rageaui Mattingly and Adam. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 15, 552–558.Google Scholar
Brunhes, J., le GoffG,. G,. & Bousses, P. (2003) Anophèles afrotropicaux. – V. Description du mâle et des stades pré-imaginaux d' An. deemingi Service, 1970 et description of d' An. eouzani n. sp. (Diptera: Culicidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 39, 179–185.Google Scholar
Caccone, A., Garcia, B.A. & Powell, J.R. (1996) Evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Insect Molecular Biology 6, 51–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, B., Harbach, R.E. & Butlin, R.K. (2002) Molecular and morphological studies on the Anopheles minimus group of mosquitoes in southern China: taxonomic review, distribution and malaria vector status. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 16, 253–265.Google Scholar
Chen, B., Butlin, R.K. & Harbach, R.E. (2003) Molecular phylogenetics of the Oriental members of the Myzomyia Series of Anopheles subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Systematic Entomology 28, 57–69.Google Scholar
Christophers, S.R. (1924) Provisional list and reference catalogue of the Anophelini. Indian Medical Research Memoir 3, 1–105.Google Scholar
Christophers, S.R. & Barraud, P.J. (1931) The eggs of Indian Anopheles with descriptions of the hitherto undescribed eggs of a number of species. Records of the Malaria Survey of India 2, 161–192.Google Scholar
Coetzee, M. (1995) Anopheles crypticus, new species from South Africa is distinguished from Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 26, 125–131.Google Scholar
Cohuet, A., Simard, F., Toto, J.C., Kengne, P., CoetzeeM,. M,. & Fontenille, D. (2003) Species identification within the Anopheles funestus group of malaria vectors in Cameroon and evidence for a new species. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 69, 200–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CollucciE,. E,. & Sallum, M.A.M. (2003) Phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) based on morphological characters. Insect Systematics and Evolution 34, 361–372.Google Scholar
Coluzzi, M., SaccaG,. G,. & Feliciangeli, D. (1965) Il complesso A. claviger nella sottoregione mediterranea. Cahiers ORSTROM, série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 1965, 97–102.Google Scholar
Coluzzi, M., Sabatini, A., PetrarcaV,. V,. & Di Deco, M.A. (1979) Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73, 483–497.Google Scholar
Conn, J., Puertas, Y.R. & Seawright, J.A. (1993) A new cytotype of Anopheles nuneztovari from western Venezuela and Colombia. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 9, 294–301.Google Scholar
Conn, J.E., Mitchell, S.E. & Cockburn, A.F. (1998) Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the Neotropical malaria vector Anopheles nuneztovari. Genome 41, 313–327.Google Scholar
de Zulueta, J., Ramsdale, C.D., Cianchi, R., BulliniL,. L,. & Coluzzi, M. (1983) Observations on the taxonomic status of Anopheles sicaulti. Parassitologia 23, 73–92.Google Scholar
Dusfour, I., Linton, Y.-M., Cohuet, A., Harbach, R.E., Baimai, V., Trung, H.D., Seng, C.M., MatusopA,. A,. & Manguin, S. (2004) Molecular evidence of speciation between island and continental populations of Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae), a principal malaria vector taxon in Southeast Asia. Journal of Medical Entomology 41, 287–295.Google Scholar
Edwards, F.W. (1932) Genera Insectortum. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae Fascicle 194. 259 pp. Bruxelles Desmet-Verteneuil.Google Scholar
Faran, M.E. (1980) Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXXIV. A revision of the Albimanus Section of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor) 15 (7), 1–215.Google Scholar
Flores-Mendoza, C., Peyton, E.L., Wilkerson, R.C. & de Oliveira, R.L. (2004) Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) konderi Galvão and Damasceno: neotype designation and resurrection from synonymy with Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi (Peryassu) (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106, 118–132.Google Scholar
Foley, D.H., Paru, R., Dagoro, H. & Bryan, J.H. (1993) Allozyme analysis reveals six species within the An. punctulatus complex of mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 7, 37–48.Google Scholar
Foley, D.H., Cooper, R.D., & Bryan, J.H. (1995) A new species within the Anopheles punctulatus complex in Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 11, 122–127.Google ScholarPubMed
Foley, D.H., Bryan, J.H., YeatesD,. D,. & Saul, A. (1998) Evolution and systematics of Anopheles: insights from a molecular phylogeny of Australasian mosquitoes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9, 262–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, G.N., Conn, J., CockburnA,. A,. & Seawright, J. (1994) Sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 from populations of Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 11, 406–416.Google Scholar
Garros, C., Harbach, R.E. & Manguin, S. (2004a) Phylogenetic relationships of the African Anopheles funestus and the Oriental An. minimus groups using DNA sequences and morphology. The 70th Annual Meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association, Savannah, Georgia, USA, 22–26. February 2004.Google Scholar
Garros, C., Harbach, R.E. & Manguin, S. (2004b) Systematics and biogeographical implications of the phylogenetic relationships between members of the Funestus and Minimus Groups of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology (in press).Google Scholar
Gillies, M.T. & Coetzee, M. (1987) A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research 55, 1–143.Google Scholar
Gillies, M.T. & de Meillon, B. (1968) The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). Publications of the South African Institute for Medical Research 54, 1–343.Google Scholar
Gordeev, M., Goriacheva, I., ShaikevitchE,. E,. & Ejov, M. (2004) Variability of the second internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA among five Palaearctic species of anopheline mosquitoes. European Mosquito Bulletin 17, 14–19.Google Scholar
Green, C.A. (1982) Cladistic analysis of mosquito chromosome data (Anopheles (Cellia) Myzomyia). Journal of Heredity 73, 2–11.Google Scholar
Green, C.A., Baimai, V., Harrison, B.A. & Andre, R.G. (1985a) Cytogenetic evidence for a complex of species within the taxon Anopheles maculatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 24, 321–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, C.A., Harrison, B.A., Klein, T.A. & Baimai, V. (1985b) Cladistic analysis of polytene chromosome rearrangements in anopheline mosquitoes, subgenus Cellia, series Neocellia. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, 123–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, C.A., Gass, R.F., Munstermann, L.E. & Baimai, V. (1990) Population-genetic evidence for two species in Anopheles minimus in Thailand. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 4, 25–34.Google Scholar
Grjebine, A. (1966) Faune de Madagascar. XXII. Insectes Diptéres Culicidae Anophelinae 497 pp. Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer.Google Scholar
Harbach, R.E. (1994) Review of the internal classification of the genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae): the foundation for comparative systematics and phylogenetic research. Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, 331–342.Google Scholar
Harbach, R.E. (2003) Mosquito systematics: from organisms to molecules—a tribute to Kenneth L. Knight. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 19, 452–460.Google Scholar
Harbach, R.E. & Kitching, I.J. (1998) Phylogeny and classification of the Culicidae (Diptera). Systematic Entomology 23, 327–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harbach, R.E. & Navarro, J.C. (1996) A new species of Anopheles subgenus Kerteszia (Diptera: Culicidae) from Venezuela. Entomologica Scandinavica 27, 207–216.Google Scholar
Harrison, B.A. (1972) A new interpretation of affinities within the Anopheles hyrcanus complex in Southeast Asia. Mosquito Systematics 4, 73–83.Google Scholar
Harrison, B.A. & Scanlon, J.E. (1975) Medical entomology studies–II. The subgenus Anopheles in Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae) Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor) 12 1 iv + 1–307.Google Scholar
Harrison, B.A. &a, Rattanarithikul, R., Peyton, E.L., Mongkolpanya, K. (1991) Taxonomic changes, revised occurrence records and notes on the Culicidae of Thailand and neighboring countries. Mosquito Systematics 22, 196–227.Google Scholar
Hunt, R.H. & Coetzee, M. (1991) Cytogenetic evidence for a new species within the taxon Anopheles (Cellia) marshallii (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 23, 191–194.Google Scholar
Hunt, R.H., CoetzeeM,. M,. & Fettene, M. (1998) The Anopheles gambiae complex: a new species from Ethiopia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, 231–235.Google Scholar
Kar, I., Subbarao, S.K., Eapen, A., Ravendaran, J., Satyanarayana, T.S., Raghavendra, K., Nanda, N. & Sharma, V.P. (1999) Evidence for a new malaria vector species, species E, within the Anopheles culicifacies complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 36, 595–600.Google Scholar
Kengne, P., Awono-Ambene, P., Antonio-Nkondjio, C., SimardF,. F,. & Fontenille, D. (2003) Molecular identification of the Anopheles nili group of African malaria vectors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 17, 67–74.Google Scholar
Kittayapong, P., Clark, J.M., Edman, J.D., Potter, T.L., Lavine, B.K., Marion, J.R. & Brooks, M. (1990) Cuticular lipid differences between the malaria vector and non-vector forms of the Anopheles maculatus complex. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 4, 405–413.Google Scholar
Kittayapong, P., Clark, J.M., Edman, J.D., Lavine, B.K., Marion, J.R. & Brooks, M. (1993) Survey of the Anopheles maculatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Peninsular Malaysia by analysis of cuticular lipids. Journal of Medical Entomology 30, 969–974.Google Scholar
Krzywinski, J. & Besansky, N.J. (2003) Molecular systematics of Anopheles: from subgenera to subpopulations. Annual Review of Entomology 48, 111–139.Google Scholar
Krzywinski, J., Wilkerson, R.C. & Besansky, N. (2001a) Evolution of mitochondrial and ribosomal gene sequences in Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for phylogeny reconstruction. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18, 479–487.Google Scholar
Krzywinski, J., Wilkerson, R.C. & Besansky, N. (2001b) Toward understanding Anophelinae (Diptera, Culicidae) phylogeny: insights from nuclear single copy genes and the weight of evidence. Systematic Biology 50, 540–556.Google Scholar
Lee, D.J., Hicks, M.M., Griffiths, M., Debenham, M.L., Bryan, J.H., Russell, R.C., Geary, M. & Marks, E.N. (1987) The Culicidae of the Canberra Australasian Region. Vol. 5. Entomology Monograph No. 2. ix + 315 pp. Australian Government Printing Service.Google Scholar
Lei, X. (1996) A new species of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). Sichuan Journal of Zoology 15, 1–4. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Levi Castillo, R. (1949) Atlas de los anofelinos Sudamericanos 207 pp. Guayaquil, Ecuador Sociedad Filantrópica de Guayas.Google Scholar
Linthicum, K.J. (1988) A revision of the Argyritarsis Section of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 20, 98–271.Google Scholar
Linton, Y. (2004) Systematics of the holarctic maculipennis complex. The 70th Annual Meeting of the American Mosquito Control Association, Savannah, Georgia, USA, 22–26. February 2004.Google Scholar
Linton, Y.-M., Harbach, R.E., Chang, M.S., Anthony, T.G., & Matusop, A. (2001) Morphological and molecular identity of Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus (Rodenwaldt) (Diptera: Culicidae), the nominotypical member of a malaria vector species complex in Southeast Asia. Systematic Entomology 26, 357–366.Google Scholar
Linton, Y.-M., Saminidou-Voyadjoglou, A. & Harbach, R.E. (2002a) Ribosomal ITS2 sequence data for Anopheles maculipennis and An. messeae in northern Greece, with a critical assessment of previously published sequences. Insect Molecular Biology 11, 379–383.Google Scholar
Linton, Y.-M., Smith, L. & Harbach, R.E. (2002b) Observations on the taxonomic status of Anopheles subalpinus Hackett & Lewis and An. melanoon Hackett. European Mosquito Bulletin 13, 1–7.Google Scholar
Lounibos, L.P., Wilkerson, R.C., Conn, J.E., Hribar, L.J., Fritz, G.N. & Danoff-Burg, J.A. (1998) Morphological, molecular, and chromosomal discrimination of cryptic Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae) from South America. Journal of Medical Entomology 35, 830–838.Google Scholar
Lu, B. et al. [sic] (1997) Fauna Sinica, Insecta Vol. 9, Diptera: Culicidae II. Beijing, Science Press.Google Scholar
Ma, Y.-J. & Qu, F.-Y. (2002) Anopheles hyrcanus complex from China: sequence differences of ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer and phylogenetic analyses. Entomological Knowledge 39, 209–214. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Ma, Y., Qu, F., LeiX,. X,. & Dong, X. (2000) Comparison of rDNA-ITS2 sequences and morphological characters of Anopheles kunmingensis and Anopheles langshanensis in China, with discussion on taxonomic status. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 18, 65–68. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Ma, Y., Qu, F., DongX,. X,. & Zhou, H. (2002) Molecular identification of Anopheles maculatus complex from China. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 20, 321–324. (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Manonmani, A., Townson, H., Adeniran, T., Jambulingam, P., SahuS,. S,. & Vijayakumar, R. (2001) rDNA-ITS2 polymerase chain reaction assay for the sibling species of Anopheles fluviatilis. Acta Tropica 78, 3–9.Google Scholar
Manonmani, A., Nanda, N., Jambulingam, P., Sahu, S., VijayakumarT,. Ramya T,. Ramya, Vani, J. & Subbarao, S.K. (2003) Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay and cytotaxonomy for identification of sibling species of Anopheles fluviatilis (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, 169–171.Google Scholar
Marinucci, M., Romi, R., Mancini, M., Di Luca, M. & Severini, C. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships of seven palearctic [ sic ] members of the maculipennis complex inferred from ITS2 sequence analysis. Insect Molecular Biology 8, 469–480.Google Scholar
Marrelli, M.T., Malafronte, R.S., Flores-Mendoza, C., Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R., Kloetzel, J.K. & Marinotti, O. (1999) Sequence analysis of the second internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA in Anopheles oswaldoi (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 36, 679–684.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A., Sperling, F.A.H. & Hickey, D.A. (2002) Higher-level phylogeny of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): mtDNA data support a derived placement for Toxorhynchites. Insect Systematics and Evolution 33, 163–174.Google Scholar
Nanda, N., Das, M.K., Wattal, S., Adak, T. & Subbarao, S.K. (2004) Cytogenetic characterization of Anopheles sundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae) population from Car Nicobar Island, India. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97, 171–176.Google Scholar
Nguyen, D.M., Tran, D.H. & Nguyen, T.V. (1993) Anopheles (Anopheles) vietnamensis: a new species in the Anopheles hyrcanus group from Vietnam (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 25, 215–221.Google Scholar
Nguyen, D.M., Tran, D.H., Harbach, R.E., ElphickJ,. J,. & Linton, Y.-M. (2000) A new species of the Hyrcanus Group of Anopheles subgenus Anopheles, a secondary vector of malaria in coastal areas of southern Vietnam. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 16, 189–198.Google Scholar
Nicolescu, G., Linton, Y.-M., Vladimirescu, A.F., Howard, T.M. & Harbach, R.E. (2004) Mosquitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Romania, with the discovery and formal recognition of a new species based on molecular and morphological evidence. Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, 525–535.Google Scholar
Pape, T. (1992) Cladistic analyses of mosquito chromosome data in Anopheles subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 24, 1–11.Google Scholar
Peyton, E.L. (1990) A new classification for the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles (Cellia). Mosquito Systematics 21, 197–205.Google Scholar
Peyton, E.L. & Ramalingam, S. (1988) Anopheles (Cellia) nemophilous, a new species of the Leucosphyrus Group from Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 20, 272–299.Google Scholar
Peyton, E.L., Wilkerson, R.C. & Harbach, R.E. (1992) Comparative analysis of the subgenera Kerteszia and Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 24, 51–69.Google Scholar
Phan, V.T., Manh, N.D., Hinh, T.D. & Vien, N.T. (1991) Anopheles (Anopheles) cucphuongensis: a new species from Vietnam (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 22, 145–148.Google Scholar
Porter, C.H. & Collins, F.H. (1996) Phylogeny of Nearctic members of the Anopheles maculipennis species group derived from the D2 variable region of 28S ribosomal RNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6, 178–188.Google Scholar
Rattanarithikul, R. & Green, C.A. (1987) Formal recognition of the species of the Anopheles maculatus group (Diptera: Culicidae) occurring in Thailand, including the description of two new species and a preliminary key to females. Mosquito Systematics 18, 246–278.Google Scholar
Rattanarithikul, R. & Harbach, R.E. (1991) Anopheles maculatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from the type locality of Hong Kong and two new species of the Maculatus Complex from the Philippines. Mosquito Systematics 22, 160–183.Google Scholar
RattanarithikulR,. R,. & Harrison, B.A., Panthusiri, P., Sithiprasasna, R. & Coleman, R.E. (2004) Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand. II. Anopheles. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health (n press).Google Scholar
Reid, J.A. (1949) A preliminary account of the forms of Anopheles leucosphyrus Dönitz (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Series B Taxonomy 18, 42–53.Google Scholar
Reid, J.A. (1950) The Anopheles umbrosus group (Diptera: Culicidae). Part 1: Systematics, with descriptions of two new species. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 101, 281–318.Google Scholar
Reid, J.A. (1953) The Anopheles hyrcanus group in south east Asia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 44, 5–76.Google Scholar
Reid, J.A. (1968) Anopheline mosquitoes of Malaya and Borneo. Studies from the Institute for Medical Research Malaya 31, 1–520.Google Scholar
Reid, J.A., Knight, K.L. (1961) Classification within the subgenus Anopheles (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 55, 474–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinert, J.F., Kaiser, P.E. & Seawright, J.A. (1997) Analysis of the Anopheles (Anopheles) quadrimaculatus complex of sibling species (Diptera: Culicidae) using morphological, cytological, molecular, genetic, biochemical, and ecological techniques in an integrated approach. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 13 Suppl.1–102.Google Scholar
Root, F.M. (1922) The classification of American Anopheles mosquitoes. American Journal of Hygiene 2, 321–322.Google Scholar
Sallum, M.A.M., Wilkerson, R.C. & Forattini, O.P. (1999) Taxonomic study of species formerly identified as Anopheles mediopunctatus and resurrection of An. costai (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 36, 282–300.Google Scholar
Sallum, M.A.M., Schultz, T.R. & Wilkerson, R.C. (2000) Phylogeny of Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae) based on morphological characters. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93, 745–775.Google Scholar
Sallum, M.A.M., Schultz, T.R., Foster, P.G., Aronstein, K., Wirtz, R.A. & Wilkerson, R.C. (2002) Phylogeny of Anophelinae (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Systematic Entomology 27, 361–382.Google Scholar
Sallum, M.A.M., Peyton, E.L. & Wilkerson, R.C. (2004) Six new species of the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles (Cellia) with nomenclatural notes and redescription of Anopheles elegans (James) (Diptera: Culicidae). Medical and Veterinary Entomology (in press).Google Scholar
Sarala, K.S., Nutan, N., Vasantha, K., Dua, V.K., Malhotra, M.S., Yadav, R.S. & Sharma, V.P. (1994) Cytogenetic evidence for three sibling species in Anopheles fluviatilis (Diptera: Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87, 116–121.Google Scholar
Schmidt, E.R., Foley, D.H., Hartel, G.F., Williams, G.M. & Bryan, J.H. (2001) Descriptions of the Anopheles (Cellia) farauti complex of sibling species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 91, 389–410.Google Scholar
Schmidt, E.R., Foley, D.H., Bugoro, H. & Bryan, J.H. (2003) A morphological study of the Anopheles punctulatus group (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Solomon Islands, with a description of Anopheles (Cellia) irenicus Schmidt, sp.n. Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, 515–526.Google Scholar
Sedaghat, M.M., Linton, Y.M., Oshaghi, M.A., Vatandoost, H. & Harbach, R.E. (2003) The Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran: molecular characterization and recognition of a new species. Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, 527–535.Google Scholar
Sharpe, R.G., Harbach, R.E. & Butlin, R.K. (2000) Molecular variation and phylogeny of the Minimus Group of Anopheles subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Entomology 25, 265–272.Google Scholar
Shin, E.-H. & Hong, H.K. (2001) A new synonym of Anopheles (Anopheles) pullus Yamada, 1937 – A. (A.) yatsushiroensis Miyazaki, 1951. Korean Journal of Entomology 31, 1–5.Google Scholar
Sierra, D.M., Velez, I.D. & Linton, Y.-M. (2004) Malaria vector Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari comprises one genetic species in Colombia based on homogeneity of nuclear ITS2 rDNA. Journal of Medical Entomology 41 (in press).Google Scholar
Silva do Nascimento, T.F. & Lourenço-de-Oliveira, R. (2002) Anopheles halophylus, a new species of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus [ sic ] (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 97, 801–811.Google Scholar
Singh, O.P., Chandra, D., Nanda, N., Raghavendra, K., Sunil, S., Sharma, S.K., Dua, V.K. & Subbarao, S.K. (2004) Differentiation of members of the Anopheles fluviatilis species complex by an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction based on 28S ribosomal DNA sequences. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70, 27–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Somboon, P., Walton, C., Sharpe, R.G., Higa, Y., Tuno, N., TsudaY,. Y,. & Takagi, M. (2001) Evidence for a new sibling species of Anopheles minimus from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 17, 98–113.Google Scholar
Statz, G. (1944) Neue Diptern (Nematocera) aus dem Oberoligecaen von Rott. V. Familie Culicidae (Stechmuecken). Palaeontographica (A) 95, 108–121.Google Scholar
Suguna, S.G., Rathinam, K.G., Rajavel, A.R. & Dhanda, V. (1994) Morphological and chromosomal descriptions of new species in the Anopheles subpictus complex. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 9, 88–94.Google Scholar
SukowatiS,. S,. & Baimai, V. (1996) A standard cytogenetic map for Anopheles sundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and evidence for chromosomal differentiation in populations from Thailand and Indonesia. Genome 39, 165–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sukowati, S., Baimai, V., Harun, S., Dasuki, Y., AndrisH,. H,. & Efriwati, M. (1999) Isozyme evidence for three sibling species in the Anopheles sundaicus complex from Indonesia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13, 408–414.Google Scholar
White, G.B. (1978) Systematic reappraisal of the Anopheles maculipennis complex. Mosquito Systematics 10, 13–44.Google Scholar
White, G.B. (1985) Anopheles bwambae sp.n., a malaria vector in the Semliki Valley, Uganda, and its relationships with other sibling species of the An. gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Entomology 10, 501–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkerson, R.C. & Sallum, M.A.M. (1999) Anopheles (Anopheles) forattinii: a new species in Series Arribalzagia (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 36, 345–354.Google Scholar
Wilkerson, R.C., Parsons, T.J., Klein, T.A., Gaffigan, T.V., BergoE,. E,. & Consolim, J. (1995) Diagnosis by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction for four cryptic species related to Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis (Diptera: Culicidae) from Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology 32, 697–704.Google Scholar
Wilkerson, R.C., Li, C., Rueda, L.M., Kim, H.-C., Klein, T.A., Song, G.-H. & Strickman, D. (2003) Molecular confirmation of Anopheles (Anopheles) lesteri from the Republic of South Korea and its genetic identity with An. (Ano.) anthropophagus from China (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa 378, 1–14.Google Scholar
Wilkerson, R.C., Reinert, J.F. & Li, C. (2004) Ribosomal DNA ITS2 sequences differentiate six species in the Anopheles crucians complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 41, 392–401.Google Scholar
XuJ,. J,. & Luo, X. (1998) A new species of Anopheles hyrcanus group from Nei Mongol Autonomous Region (Diptera: Culicidae). Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 16, 45–52.Google Scholar
Yu, Y. (1987) Studies on the two forms of Anopheles (Cellia) minimus Theobald, 1901 in China (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 19, 143–145.Google Scholar
YuY,. Y,. & Li, M. (1984) Notes on the two forms of Anopheles (Cellia) minimus Theobald, 1901, in Hainan Island. Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 2, 95–98. (in Chinese.).Google Scholar
Zavortink, T.J. & PoinarG.O,. G.O,.Jr., (2000) Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus sp. n. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Dominican amber. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93, 1230–1235.Google Scholar