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Review Article: Citizens, Presidents and Assemblies: The Study of Semi-Presidentialism beyond Duverger and Linz

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 August 2009

Abstract

Semi-presidential regimes have attracted increasing attention from scholars and constitutional reformers over the last quarter century. Yet, despite this popularity, there is no consensus on how to understand this constitutional format. Since Duverger defined semi-presidentialism as a ‘new political system model’, and Linz argued that the constitutional format shares many of the ‘perils of presidentialism’, subsequent research has questioned the conceptual status of semi-presidentialism as a distinct regime type, and whether it has any distinct effects on politics. In this article we review the progress of recent work on semi-presidentialism and suggest that the conceptual tools to clarify some of the major debates in the field are now available in the form of principal–agent theoretical work on democratic constitutions.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

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References

1 Maurice Duverger, ‘A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government’, European Journal of Political Research, 8 (1980), 165–87; Robert Elgie, ‘The Politics of Semi-Presidentialism’, in Robert Elgie, ed., Semi-Presidentialism in Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 1–21.

2 José Antonio Cheibub, Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 43.

3 Matthew Soberg Shugart, ‘Comparative Executive–Legislative Relations’, in R. A. Rhodes, Sarah Binder and Bert Rockman, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 344–65; Robert Elgie, ‘What Is Semi-Presidentialism and Where Is It Found?’ in Robert Elgie and Sophia Moestrup, eds, Semi-Presidentialism Outside Europe (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 1–13, at p. 9.

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5 Duverger, ‘A New Political System Model’.

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10 Tsebelis, Veto Players, p. 67.

11 There is also an increasing interest in semi-presidential constitutions among legal scholars. Examples include Miroslaw Wyrzykowski and Agnieszka Cielen, ‘Presidential Elements in Government, Poland – Semi-Presidentialism or “Rationalised Parliamentarism”?’ European Constitutional Law Review, 2 (2006), 253–67; Vlad Constantinesco and Stephanie Pierre-Caps, ‘Presidential Elements of Government in France: The Quest for Political Responsibility of the President in the Fifth Republic’, European Constitutional Law Review, 2 (2006), 341–57; Ana Martins, ‘Presidential Elements in Government. The Portuguese Semi-Presidential System’, European Constitutional Law Review, 2 (2006), 81–100; Antero Jyränki, ‘Presidential Elements in Government. Finland, Foreign Affairs as the Last Stronghold of the President’, European Constitutional Law Review, 3 (2007), 285–306.

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21 Elgie, ‘The Politics of Semi-Presidentialism’, at p. 13.

22 This conceptualization of semi-presidentialism explicitly does not use Duverger’s criterion of considerable presidential powers to categorize regimes as semi-presidential, because of its inherent subjectivity. For a detailed discussion of this point, see Elgie, ‘What Is Semi-Presidentialism and Where Is It Found?’ at pp. 2–6.

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63 Whitefield, ‘Mind the Representation Gap’, p. 753.

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65 Samuels and Shugart, ‘Presidentialism, Elections and Representation’, p. 39.

66 Samuels and Shugart, ‘Presidentialism, Elections and Representation’, p. 41.

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