Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:08:07.109Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Phantom Pains: The Effect of Police Killings of Black Americans on Black British Attitudes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2021

Ayobami Laniyonu*
Affiliation:
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
*
Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

What effect does black politics in the United States have on the attitudes of black citizens in other national contexts? Literature on the black diaspora and transnationalism has characterized cultural and political linkages between black communities in North America, the Caribbean, and Europe, especially during the mid-20th century. In this article, I exploit random timing in the administration of a public attitudes survey to demonstrate that such linkages persist and that the police killing of Eric Garner in 2014 negatively affected black Londoners’ attitudes toward the Metropolitan Police. Notably, I find the effect was largely concentrated among black Londoners: estimates of an effect on white and South Asian Londoners were small and largely insignificant. The evidence presented here demonstrates that racial violence in the United States can affect racial politics in other national contexts and helps frame the emergence of Black Lives Matter chapters and protests beyond the United States.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agencies (2014) Protests after St Louis police shoot dead black teenager. The Telegraph, 10 August.Google Scholar
Ariza, JJM (2014) Police-initiated contacts: young people, ethnicity, and the “usual suspects.” Policing and Society 24(2), 208223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Associated Press (2014) Four emergency workers on “modified duty” over NYPD chokehold death. The Guardian, 21 July.Google Scholar
Bowling, B, Parmar, A, and Phillips, C (2003) Policing ethnic minority communities. In Newburn, T (ed), Handbook of Policing. London: Willan Publishing, pp. 528555.Google Scholar
Bradford, B (2011) Convergence, not divergence? Trends and trajectories in public contact and confidence in the police. The British Journal of Criminology 51(1), 179200.Google Scholar
Bradford, B, Jackson, J, and Stanko, EA (2009) Contact and confidence: revisiting the impact of public encounters with the police. Policing & Society 19(1), 2046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, B and Benedict, WR (2002) Perceptions of the police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 25(3), 543580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, L, Bui, Q, and Patel, JK (2020) Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History. The New York Times, 3 July.Google Scholar
Calonico, S et al. (2017) Rdrobust: software for regression-discontinuity designs. The Stata Journal 17(2), 372404.Google Scholar
Cattaneo, MD, Idrobo, N, and Titiunik, R (2019) A Practical Introduction to Regression Discontinuity Designs: Foundations. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiricos, T, Eschholz, S, and Gertz, M (1997) Crime, news and fear of crime: Toward an identification of audience effects. Social Problems 44(3), 342357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, BH (2009) The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, F, Lee, H, and Esposito, M (2019) Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race-ethnicity, and sex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(34), 1679316798.Google ScholarPubMed
Ekins, E (2016) Policing In America: Understanding Public Attitudes toward The Police. Results from a National Survey. Washington, DC: Cato Institute. Available from https://www.cato.org/survey-reports/policing-america-understanding-public-attitudes-toward-police-results-nationalGoogle Scholar
Enos, RD, Kaufman, AR, and Sands, ML (2019) Can violent protest change local policy support? Evidence from the aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles riot. American Political Science Review 113(4), 10121028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epp, CR, Maynard-Moody, S, and Haider-Markel, DP (2014) Pulled Over: How Police Stops Define Race and Citizenship. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Flynn, K (2014) The outrage over the Eric Garner and Mike Brown decisions went global. HuffPost Canada, 11 December.Google Scholar
Freelon, D, McIlwain, CD, and Clark, M (2016) Beyond the hashtags: #Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the online struggle for offline justice. Center for Media & Social Impact, American University.Google Scholar
Garbaye, R (2005) Getting into Local Power: The Politics of Ethnic Minorities in British and French Cities. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Gauthier, JF and Graziano, LM (2018) News media consumption and attitudes about police: in search of theoretical orientation and advancement. Journal of Crime and Justice 41(5), 504520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelman, A, Fagan, J, and Kiss, A (2007) An analysis of the New York City Police Department's “stop-and-frisk” policy in the context of claims of racial bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association 102(479), 813823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerbner, G (1998) Cultivation analysis: an overview. Mass Communication and Society 1(3–4), 175194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilroy, P (1993) The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Graziano, L, Schuck, A, and Martin, C (2010) Police misconduct, media coverage, and public perceptions of racial profiling: An experiment. Justice Quarterly 27(1), 5276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hohl, K, Stanko, B, and Newburn, T (2013) The effect of the 2011 London disorder on public opinion of police and attitudes towards crime, disorder, and sentencing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 7(1), 1220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurwitz, J, Peffley, M, and Mondak, J (2015) Linked fate and outgroup perceptions: blacks, Latinos, and the US criminal justice system. Political Research Quarterly 68(3), 505520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Independent Office for Police Conduct (2018) Deaths during or Following Police Contact: Statistics for England and Wales 2017/18. London, UK: Independent Office for Police Conduct.Google Scholar
Intravia, J, Wolff, KT, and Piquero, AR (2018) Investigating the effects of media consumption on attitudes toward police legitimacy. Deviant Behavior 39(8), 963980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ipsos MORI (2020) Half of Britons Support the Aims of the Black Lives Matter Movement. Available from https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/half-britons-support-aims-black-lives-matter-movementGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J and Bradford, B (2010) What is trust and confidence in the police? Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 4(3), 241248.Google Scholar
Jackson, J et al. (2012) Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions. British Journal of Criminology 52(6), 10511071.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacob, R et al. (2012) A Practical Guide to Regression Discontinuity. New York, NY: MDRC.Google Scholar
Kochel, TR (2019) Explaining racial differences in Ferguson's impact on local residents’ trust and perceived legitimacy: policy implications for police. Criminal Justice Policy Review 30(3), 374405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laniyonu, A (2019) A comparative analysis of black racial group consciousness in the United States and Britain. Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics 4(1), 117147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laniyonu, A (2021) “Replication Data for: Phantom Pains: Phantom Pains: The Effect of Police Killings of Black Americans on Black British Attitudes”, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/2BUYQV, Harvard Dataverse, V1.Google Scholar
Marcoux, J and Nicholson, K (2018) Deadly force: Fatal encounters with police in Canada: 2000–2017. Available from: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform-custom/deadly-forceGoogle Scholar
Modood, T (1994) Political blackness and British Asians. Sociology 28(4), 859876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz, J, Falcó-Gimeno, A, and Hernández, E (2020) Unexpected event during survey design: promise and pitfalls for causal inference. Political Analysis 28(2), 186206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narayan, J (2019) British black power: the anti-imperialism of political blackness and the problem of nativist socialism. The Sociological Review 67(5), 945967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunnally, SC (2010) Linking blackness or ethnic othering? Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 7(2), 335355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ontario Human Rights Commission (2018) A Collective Impact: Interim Report on the Inquiry into Racial Profiling and Racial Discrimination of Black Persons by the Toronto Police Service. Available from http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/public-interest-inquiry-racial-profiling-and-discrimination-toronto-police-service/collective-impact-interim-report-inquiry-racial-profiling-and-racial-discrimination-blackGoogle Scholar
Paschel, TS (2016) Becoming Black Political Subjects: Movements and Ethno-racial Rights in Colombia and Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Patterson, TR and Kelley, RD (2000) Unfinished migrations: reflections on the African diaspora and the making of the modern world. African Studies Review 43(1), 1145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menasce Horowitz, J and Livingston, G (2017) How Americans view the Black Lives Matter movement. Pew Research Center, 8 July 2016. Available from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/08/how-americans-view-the-black-lives-matter-movement/Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, DP et al. (2005) Attitudes toward the police: the effects of direct and vicarious experience. Police Quarterly 8(3), 343365.Google Scholar
Sandhu, N (2018) “They Don't Have a Platform Here”: Exploring Police Perceptions of the Black Lives Matter Movement in Canada. PhD thesis, School of Criminology.Google Scholar
Smith, J, Lopez, J, and Krishnamurthy, A (2018) Woop Woop! That's the Sound of the Police! The Sound of Political Mobilization or Retreat? Paper presented at the 2019 National Conference of Black Political Scientists (NCOBPS) Annual Meeting.Google Scholar
Soss, J and Weaver, V (2017) Police are our government: politics, political science, and the policing of race–class subjugated communities. Annual Review of Political Science 20(1), 565591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunshine, J and Tyler, TR (2003) The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & Society Review 37(3), 513548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaine, J (2014) Missouri police “shoot second man” in city where teenager was killed. The Guardian, 13 August.Google Scholar
Taylor, K-Y (2016) From# BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.Google Scholar
Tyler, TR and Fagan, J (2008) Legitimacy and cooperation: why do people help the police fight crime in their communities. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 6, 231.Google Scholar
Tyler, TR and Huo, Y (2002) Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Tyler, TR and Jackson, J (2014) Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: motivating compliance, cooperation, and engagement. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 20(1), 78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, TR, Fagan, J, and Geller, A (2014) Street stops and police legitimacy: teachable moments in young urban men's legal socialization. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 11(4), 751785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vomfell, L and Stewart, N (2021) Officer bias, over-patrolling and ethnic disparities in stop and search. Nature Human Behaviour 5, 110.Google ScholarPubMed
Walker, HL (2020) Mobilized by Injustice: Criminal Justice Contact, Political Participation, and Race. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Waters, R (2013) African Canadian anti-discrimination activism and the transnational civil rights movement, 1945–1965. Journal of the Canadian Historical Association/Revue de la Société historique du Canada 24(2), 386424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitzer, R (2002) Incidents of police misconduct and public opinion. Journal of Criminal Justice 30(5), 397408.Google Scholar
Weitzer, R (2017) Theorizing racial discord over policing before and after Ferguson. Justice Quarterly 34(7), 11291153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitzer, R and Tuch, SA (2004) Race and perceptions of police misconduct. Social Problems 51(3), 305325.Google Scholar
Weitzer, R and Tuch, SA (2005) Determinants of public satisfaction with the police. Police Quarterly 8(3), 279297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitzer, R and Tuch, SA (2006) Race and Policing in America: Conflict and Reform. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, E (2015) The Politics of Race in Britain and South Africa: Black British Solidarity and the Anti-apartheid Struggle. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar
Wilson, S (2014) New York policeman involved in fatal “chokehold” arrest stripped of badge. The Telegraph, 20 July.Google Scholar
Wortley, S and Owusu-Bempah, A (2009) Unequal before the law: immigrant and racial minority perceptions of the Canadian criminal justice system. Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 10(4), 447473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wortley, S and Owusu-Bempah, A (2011) The usual suspects: police stop and search practices in Canada. Policing and Society 21(4), 395407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: Link

Laniyonu Dataset

Link
Supplementary material: File

Laniyonu supplementary material

Laniyonu supplementary material

Download Laniyonu supplementary material(File)
File 8.5 MB