Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T09:23:40.377Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

State Strategies in Multi-Ethnic Territories: Explaining Variation in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2013

Abstract

After the collapse of the Soviet bloc, its twenty-seven successor states were charged with devising policies with respect to their ethnic minorities. This shock enables an analysis of the conditions that render states more likely to repress, exclude, assimilate or accommodate their minorities. One would anticipate that groups that are most ‘threatening’ to the state's territorial integrity are more likely to experience repression. However the data do not validate this expectation. Instead, the analysis suggests that minority groups’ demographics and states’ coercive capacities better account for variation in ethnic minority policies. While less robust, the findings further indicate the potential importance of lobby states and Soviet multinational legacies in determining minority rights. The results have implications for ethnic politics, human rights, nationalism, democratization and political violence.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Political Science, Stanford University and, beginning August 2013, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Notre Dame (email: [email protected]). Support for this research was provided by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Award No. FA9550-09-1-0314, the Mellon Foundation/American Council of Learned Societies and Stanford University's Center for International Security and Cooperation. I am particularly grateful to Roger Petersen, Chappell Lawson, James Snyder, Kanchan Chandra and Monika Nalepa for their sound guidance and exceptional feedback on this project. I further wish to acknowledge the valuable comments of anonymous reviewers and workshop participants at MIT and the Association for the Study of Nationalities. An online appendix with supplementary material and tables is available at http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1017/S0007123410.1017/S0007123412000701. Replication data are available at http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1017/S0007123410.1017/S0007123412000701.

References

Achen, Christopher H. 1986. The Statistical Analysis of Quasi-Experiments. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angrist, Joshua Kreuger, Alan. 2001. Instrumental Variables and the Search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments. Journal of Economic Perspectives 15 (4):6985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armingeon, Klaus, Careja, Romana. 2007. Comparative Data Set for 28 Post-Communist Countries, 1989–2007. Institute of Political Science, University of Berne. Available from http://www.ipw.unibe.ch/content/team/klaus_armingeon/comparative_political_data_sets/index_ger.html, accessed 2 October 2012.Google Scholar
Barany, Zoltan. 2005. Ethnic Mobilization in the Postcommunist Context: Albanians in Macedonia and the East European Roma. In Ethnic Politics After Communism, edited by Zoltan Barany and Robert G. Moser, 78107. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, Michelle Saxton, Gregory. 2010. The Dynamics of Ethnonationalist Contention. British Journal of Political Science 40:305331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beissinger, Mark R. 2002. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles. 1997. Political Parties and the Supply Side of the Economy: The Provision of Physical and Human Capital in Advanced Economies. American Journal of Political Science 41 (3):814845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brancati, Dawn. 2006. Decentralization: Fueling the Fire or Dampening the Flames of Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism. International Organization 60 (3):651685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers Laitin, David D.. 1998. Ethnic and Nationalist Violence. Annual Review of Sociology 24:423452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugajski, Janusz. 1994. Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Buhaug, Halvard, Cederman, Lars-Erik Rød, Jan Ketil. 2008. Disaggregating Ethno-Nationalist Civil Wars: A Dyadic Test of Exclusion Theory. International Organization 62 (3):531551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulutgil, H. Zeynep. 2010. War, Collaboration, and Endogenous Ethnic Polarization: The Path to Ethnic Cleansing. In Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict, edited by Erica Chenoweth and Adria Lawrence, 5782. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunce, Valerie. 1999. Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Collapse of Socialism and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byman, Daniel, Chalk, Peter, Hoffman, Bruce, Rosenau, William Brannan, David. 2001. Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements. Washington, DC: RAND Corporation.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Min, Brian, Wimmer, Andreas. 2009. Ethnic Power Relations Dataset. Available from http://dvn.iq.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/epr/faces/study/StudyPage.xhtml?globalId=hdl:1902.1/11796&studyListingIndex=0_c0d73fb065ef413fe2198795b3f6, accessed 2 October 2012.Google Scholar
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Girardin, Luc Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. 2009. Ethnonationalist Triads: Assessing the Influence of Kin Groups on Civil Wars. World Politics 61 (3):403437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Wimmer, Andreas Min, Brian. 2010. Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis. World Politics 62 (1):87119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cetinyan, Rupen. 2002. Ethnic Bargaining in the Shadow of Third-Party Intervention. International Organization 56 (3):645677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul Hoeffler, Anke. 2004. Greed and Grievance in Civil Wars. Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4):563595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornell, Svante E. 2002. Autonomy as a Source of Conflict: Caucasian Conflicts in Theoretical Perspective. World Politics 54 (2):245276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz, Consuelo. 2000. Identity and Persuasion: How Nations Remember Their Pasts and Make Their Futures. World Politics 52 (3):275312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher Beaulieu, Emily. 2010. Dissent, Repression, and Inconsistency. In Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict, edited by Erica Chenoweth and Adria Lawrence, 173196. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davenport, Christian, ed. 2000. Paths to State Repression: Human Rights Violations and Contentious Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 2007. State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumitru, Diana Johnson, Carter. 2011. Constructing Interethnic Conflict and Cooperation: Why Some People Harmed Jews and Others Helped Them during the Holocaust in Romania. World Politics 63 (1):142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fearon, James D. 2003. Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country. Journal of Economic Growth 8:195222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fearon, James D. 2004. Why do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer than Others? Journal of Peace Research 41 (3):275301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fearon, James D. Laitin, David D.. 2003. Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. American Political Science Review 97 (1):7590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowkes, Ben. 2002. Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Communist World. New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gartner, Scott S. Regan, Patrick M.. 1996. Threat and Repression: The Non-Linear Relationships Between Government and Opposition Violence. Journal of Peace Research 33 (3):273287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. 2007. Transnational Dimensions of Civil War. Journal of Peace Research 44 (3):293309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golovakha, Evgenii, Panina, Natalia Churilov, Nikolai. 1994. Russians in Ukraine. In The Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics, edited by Vladimir Shlapentokh, Munir Sendich and Emil Payin, 5971. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Jeff. 2001. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorenburg, Dmitry. 2003. Minority Ethnic Mobilization in the Russian Federation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, William H. 2003. Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1986. The Political Origins of State Violence and Terror: A Theoretical Analysis. In Government Violence and Repression: An Agenda for Research, edited by Michael Stohl and George A. Lopez, 4571. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted Robert. 2000. Peoples Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted Robert Moore, Will H.. 1997. Ethnopolitical Rebellion: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 1980s with Risk Assessments for the 1990s. American Journal of Political Science 41:10791103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Henry. 2000. The Parade of Sovereignties: Testing Theories of Secession in the Soviet Setting. British Journal of Political Science 30:3156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegre, Havard, Ellingsen, Tanja, Gates, Scott Gleditsch, Nils Petter. 2001. Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change and Civil War, 1916–1992. American Political Science Review 95:3348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. 1994. Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases. International Security 19:540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. 1991. A Democratic South Africa?: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khazanov, Anatoly. 1994. The Collapse of the Soviet Union: Nationalism During Perestroika and Afterwards. Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 22 (1):157174.Google Scholar
Knight, Jack. 1992. Institutions and Social Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, David D. 1998. Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Laitin, David D. 2001. Secessionist Rebellion in the Former Soviet Union. Comparative Political Studies 34 (8):839861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, David D. 2005. Culture Shift in a Postcommunist State. In Ethnic Politics After Communism, edited by Zoltan Barany and Robert G. Moser, 4677. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lake, David Rothchild, Donald, eds. 1998. The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan J. Stepan, Alfred. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Latin America, Southern Europe and Postcommunist Europe. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipset, Seymour M. Rokkan, Stein. 1967. Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction. In Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, edited by Seymour Lipset and Stein Rokkan, 164. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour M. 1981. Political Man: The Social Bases for Politics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mylonas, Harris. Forthcoming. The Politics of Nation-Building: The Making of Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities.Google Scholar
Naimark, Norman. 2001. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Lynn D. Amonashvili, Paata. 1992. Voting and Political Attitudes in Soviet Georgia. Soviet Studies 44:687697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortakovski, Vladimir. 2000. Minorities in the Balkans. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, Roger. 2002. Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, Resentment in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, Roger. 2005. Conclusion. In Ethnic Politics After Communism, edited by Zoltan Barany and Robert G. Moser, 218233. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Poe, Steven C. Tate, C. Neal. 1994. Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis. American Political Science Review 88 (4):853872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poe, Steven C., Tate, C. Neal Keith, Linda Camp. 1999. Repression of the Human Right to Personal Integrity Revisited: A Global Cross-National Study Covering the Years 1976–1993. International Studies Quarterly 43:291313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posen, Barry. 1993. The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. In Ethnic Conflict and International Security, edited by Michael Brown, 103124. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, R. 2006. War as a Commitment Problem. International Organization 60 (1):169203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, Benjamin. 2001. Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robotin, Monica Salat, Levente. 2003. A New Balance: Democracy and Minorities in Post Communist Europe. Budapest: Open Society Institute.Google Scholar
Roeder, Philip G. 2007. Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Roudometof, Victor. 2002. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Rummel, Rudolph J. 1995. Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder. Journal of Conflict Resolution 39:326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saideman, Stephen M. 2002. Discrimination in International Relations: Analyzing External Support for Ethnic Groups. Journal of Peace Research 39 (1):2750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saideman, Stephen M., Lanoue, David J., Campenni, Michael Stanton, Samuel. 2002. Democratization, Political Institutions, and Ethnic Conflict: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis, 1985–1998. Comparative Political Studies 35 (1):103129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salehyan, Idean. 2007. Transnational Rebels: Neighboring States as Sanctuary for Rebel Groups. World Politics 59 (2):217242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shlapentokh, Vladimir, Sendich, Munir Payin, Emil, eds. 1994. The Russian Diaspora: Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Snyder, Jack L. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D. 1991. National Identity. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Sovey, Allison J. Green, Donald P.. 2011. Instrumental Variables Estimation In Political Science: A Readers’ Guide. American Journal of Political Science 55 (1):188200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 1995. Bridging the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide in Political Science. American Political Science Review 89 (2):471474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tishkov, Valerii A. 1997. Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union: The Mind Aflame. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Toft, Monica. 2003. The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests and the Indivisibility of Territory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel. 1997. Russia's ‘Ethnic Revival:’ The Separatist Activism of Regional Leaders in a Postcommunist Order. World Politics 49 (2):212249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentino, Benjamin. 2004. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Walter, Barbara F. 2003. Explaining the Intractability of Territorial Conflict. International Studies Review 5 (4):137153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, Barbara F. 2006. Building Reputation: Why Governments Fight Some Separatists But Not Others. American Journal of Political Science 50 (2):313330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wooldridge, Jeffrey M. 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Daly Supplementary Material

Appendix

Download Daly Supplementary Material(File)
File 13 KB
Supplementary material: File

Daly Supplementary Material

Appendix

Download Daly Supplementary Material(File)
File 44.2 KB