Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T01:06:30.609Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The optimum dietary indispensable amino acid pattern for growing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Xavier Rollin ,
Muriel Mambrini ,
Tarik Abboudi ,
Yvan Larondelle  and
Sadasivam J. Kaushik
Xavier Rollin*
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Pisciculture M. Huet, Université catholique de Louvain, Route de Blocry, 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Muriel Mambrini
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Génétique des Poissons, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
Tarik Abboudi
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Pisciculture M. Huet, Université catholique de Louvain, Route de Blocry, 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Yvan Larondelle
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Biochimie de la Nutrition, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 2/8, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Sadasivam J. Kaushik
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Nutrition des Poissons, Unité mixte INRA-IFREMER, 64310 Saint-Pée-sur Nivelle, France
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Xavier Rollin, fax +32 10 474991, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

To determine the optimum indispensable (I) amino acid (AA) balance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry, a single protocol established for the pig was adapted. The balance was calculated from the reduction in N gain after replacing about 45% of a single IAA by a mixture of dispensable AA in isonitrogenous diets. We confirmed that the mixture of AA simulating the AA pattern of cod-meal protein and gelatine (46:3, w/w) was used with the same efficiency as cod-meal protein and gelatine. From the deletion experiment an optimum balance between the IAA was derived. Expressed relative to lysine=100, the optimal balance was: arginine 76 (se 0·2), histidine 28 (se 2·2), methionine+cystine 64 (se 1·7), phenylalanine + tyrosine 105 (se 1·6), threonine 51 (se 2·4), tryptophan 14 (se 0·7), valine 59 (se 1·7). No estimates were made for isoleucine and leucine. Expressed as g/16g N, the optimal balance was: arginine 4·0 (se 0·0), histidine 1·5 (se 0·1), lysine 5·3 (se 0·2), methionine+cystine 3·4 (se 0·1), phenylaline+tyrosine 5·6 (se 0·1), threonine 2·7 (se 0·1), tryptophan 0·7 (se 0·0), valine 3·1 (se 0·1). This AA composition is close to that of the Atlantic salmon whole-body, but using it as an estimation of the IAA requirements may lead to an overestimation of the branched-chain AA requirements and an underestimation of aromatic and S-containing AA requirements. The results are discussed in accordance with the key assumptions associated with the model used (broken-line model, IAA efficiencies and maintenance requirements).

Keywords

Amino acidsIdeal proteinProtein qualityAtlantic salmon
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 90 , Issue 5 , November 2003 , pp. 865 - 876
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003

References

Anderson, JS, Lall, SP, Anderson, DM & McNiven, M (1993) Quantitative dietary lysine requirement of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) fingerlings. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50, 316–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1995) Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed. Arlington, VA: AOAC.Google Scholar
Arai, S (1981) A purified test diet for coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, fry. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish 47, 547–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austreng, E, Storebakken, T & Asgard, T (1987) Growth rate estimates for cultured Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. Aquaculture 60, 157–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, DH (2003) Ideal amino acid patterns for broiler chicks. Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, 2nd ed., 223–235[D'Mello, JPF, editor]. Wallingford, Oxon: CAB International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barroso, JB, Peragón, J, Garcia-Salguero, L, de la Highera, M & Lupianez, JA (1999) Variations in the kinetic behaviour of the NADPH-production systems in different tissues of the trout when fed on an amino-acid-based diet at different frequencies. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 31, 277–290.Google Scholar
Batterham, ES (1979) Amino acid availability in pig diets with special reference to natural proteins and synthetic amino acids. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition – 1979, pp. 11–22[Haresign, W, Lewis, D, editors]. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Berge, GE, Lied, E & Sveier, E (1997) Nutrition of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ): the requirements and metabolism of arginine. Comp Biochem Physiol 117A, 501–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berge, GE, Sveier, E & Lied, E (1998) Nutrition of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ): the requirement and metabolic effect of lysine. Comp Biochem Physiol 120A, 477–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, PB (1995) Using whole-body amino acid patterns and quantitative requirements to rapidly develop diets for new species such as stripped bass ( Morone saxatilis ). J Appl Ichthyol 11, 342–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, RG, Taverner, MR & Curic, DM (1984) Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90?kg. Anim Prod 38, 233–240.Google Scholar
Campbell, RG, Taverner, MR & Curic, DM (1985) The influence of feeding level on the protein requirement of pigs between 20 and 45?kg live weight. Anim Prod 40, 489–496.Google Scholar
Cho, CY, Kaushik, SJ & Woodward, B (1992) Dietary arginine requirement of young rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Comp Biochem Physiol 102A, 211–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowey, CB (1988) The nutrition of fish: the developing scene. Nutr Res Rev 1, 255–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowey, CB (1994) Amino acid requirements of fish: a critical appraisal of present values. Aquaculture 124, 1–11.Google Scholar
Cowey, CB & Luquet, P (1983) Physiological basis of protein requirements of fishes. Critical analysis of allowances. In Protein Metabolism and Nutrition 1, pp. 364–384[Arnal, M, Pion, R and Borin, D, editors]. Paris: INRA.Google Scholar
Cowey, CB & Tacon, AGJ (1983) Fish nutrition – relevance to marine invertebrates. In Biochemical and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Aquaculture Nutrition, pp. 13–30[Pruder, GD, Langdon, CJ and Conklin, DE, editors]. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University, Division of Continuing Education.Google Scholar
Dabrowski, K & Guderley, H (2002) Intermediary metabolism. In Fish Nutrition, 3rd ed. 309–365[Halver, JE, editor]. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dunkin, AC, Black, JL & James, KJ (1986) Nitrogen balance in relation to energy intake in entire male pigs weighing 75?kg. Br J Nutr 55, 201–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dwyer, WP & Piper, RG (1987) Atlantic salmon growth efficiency as affected by temperature. Prog Fish Culturist 49, 57–59.Google Scholar
Espe, M (1993) Studies on the utilization of pre-digested fish proteins in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). PhD Thesis, Institute of Nutrition, Directorate of Fisheries and University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Espe, M, Haaland, H & Njaa, LR (1992) Substitution of fish silage protein and a free amino acid mixture for fish meal protein in a chicken diet. J Sci Food Agric 58, 315–320.Google Scholar
Espe, M & Njaa, LR (1991) Growth and chemical composition of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) given a fish meal diet or a corresponding free amino acid diet. Fisk Dir Skr, Ser Ernæring 6, 103–110.Google Scholar
Fauconneau, B & Arnal, M (1985) Leucine metabolism in trout ( Salmo gairdnerii R.). Influence of temperature. Comp Biochem Physiol 82, 435–445.Google Scholar
Finke, MD, deFoliart, GR & Benevenga, NJ (1989) Use of a four-parameter logistic model to evaluate the quality of the protein from three insect species when fed to rats. J Nutr 119, 864–871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fournier, V, Gouillou-Coustans, MF, Métailler, R (2002) Protein and arginine requirements for maintenance and nitrogen gain in four teleosts. Br J Nutr 87, 459–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, MF (1994) Amino acid requirements for maintenance, body protein accretion and reproduction. In Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition, pp. 155–184[D'Mello, JPF, editor]. Wallingford, Oxon: CAB International.Google Scholar
Fuller, MF & Garthwaite, P (1993) The form of response of body protein accretion to dietary amino acid supply. J Nutr 123, 957–963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, MF, McWilliam, R, Wang, TC & Giles, LR (1989) The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 2. Requirements for maintenance and for tissue protein accretion. Br J Nutr 62, 255–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gahl, MK, Crenshaw, TD & Benevenga, NJ (1994) Diminishing returns in weight, nitrogen and lysine gain of pigs fed six levels of lysine from three different sources. J Anim Sci 72, 3177–3187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gahl, MK, Finke, MD, Crenshaw, TD & Benevenga, NJ (1991) Use of a four-parameter logistic equation to evaluate the response of growing rats to ten levels of each indispensable amino acid. J Nutr 121, 1720–1729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grisdale-Helland, B, Helland, SJ ((1997)) Replacement of protein by fat and carbohydrate in diets for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) at the end of the freshwater stage. Aquaculture 152, 167–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halver, JE (1957) Nutrition of salmonoid fishes. IV. An amino acid test diet for chinook salmon. J Nutr 62, 225–243.Google Scholar
Harding, DE, Allen, OW Jr & Wilson, RP (1977) Sulfur amino acid requirement of channel catfish: l -methionine and l -cysteine. J Nutr 107, 2031–2035.Google Scholar
Heger, J & Frydrych, Z (1985) Efficiency of utilisation of essential amino acids in growing rats at different levels of intake. Br J Nutr 54, 499–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houlihan, DF, Carter, CG & McCarthy, ID (1995) Protein synthesis in fish. In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes, vol. 4. Metabolic Biochemistry, pp. 191–220[Hochachka, PW, Mommsen, TP, editor]. Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwama, GK (1996) Growth of salmonids. In Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, vol. 29. Principles of Salmonid Culture, pp. 467–505[Pennel, W, Barton, BA, editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Jauncey, K, Tacon, AGJ & Jackson, AJ (1983) The quantitative essential amino acid requirements of Oreochromis ( Sarotherodon ) mossambicus. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, p. 328[Fishelson, L and Yaron, Z, editors]. Nazareth: University of Tel Aviv.Google Scholar
Jürss, K & Bastrop, R (1995) Amino acid metabolism in fish. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes, vol. 4. Metabolic Biochemistry, pp. 159–189[Hochachka, PW and Mommsen, TP, editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Kaushik, SJ (1995) Nutrient requirements supply and utilisation in the context of carp culture. Aquaculture 129, 225–241.Google Scholar
Kaushik, SJ, Brecque, J & Blanc, D (1991) Requirements for protein and essential amino acids and their utilization by Siberian sturgeon ( Acipenser baeri ). In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Sturgeon, pp. 25–39[Williot, P, editor]. Antony: CEMAGREF-DICOVA.Google Scholar
Ketola, HG (1982) Amino acid nutrition of fishes: requirements and supplementation of diets. J Comp Biochem Physiol 73B, 17–24.Google Scholar
Ketola, HG (1983) Requirement for dietary lysine and arginine by fry of rainbow trout. J Anim Sci 56, 101–107.Google Scholar
Kim, KI, Elliott, JI & Bayles, HS (1983) Oxidation of an indicator amino acid by young pigs receiving diets with varying levels of lysine or threonine, and an assessment of amino acid requirements. Br J Nutr 50, 391–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, KI, Kayes, TB & Amundson, CH (1991) Purified diet development and re-evaluation of the dietary protein requirement of fingerling rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Aquaculture 96, 57–67.Google Scholar
Kim, KI, Kayes, TB & Amundson, CH (1992) Requirements for sulfur amino acids and utilization of D -methionine by rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Aquaculture 101, 95–103.Google Scholar
Lall, SP, Kaushik, SJ, Le Bail, PY, Keith, R, Anderson, JS & Plisetskaya, E (1994) Quantitative arginine requirement of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) reared in sea water. Aquaculture 124, 13–25.Google Scholar
Mambrini, M & Guillaume, J (2002) Protein nutrition. In Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, pp. 113–146[Guillaume, J, Bergot, P, Kaushik, S and Metailler, R, editors]. France: INRA Editions, Du Labo au terrain.Google Scholar
Mambrini, M & Kaushik, SJ (1994) Partial replacement of dietary protein nitrogen with dispensable amino acids in diets of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Comp Biochem Physiol 109A, 469–477.Google Scholar
Mambrini, M & Kaushik, SJ (1995 a) Indispensable amino acid requirements of fish: correspondence between quantitative data and amino acid profiles of tissue proteins. J Appl Ichthyol 11, 240–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mambrini, M & Kaushik, SJ (1995 b) Effect of temperature on sulfur amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth of juvenile rainbow trout. In Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, pp. 117–122[Nunes, AF, Portugal, AV, Costa, JP and Ribeiro, JR, editors]. Portugal: INIA.Google Scholar
Mambrini, M & Seudre, L (1995) Sulfur amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth of juvenile rainbow trout. Reprod Nutr Dev 35, 603–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
March, BE, MacMillan, C & Ming, FW (1985) Techniques for evaluation of dietary protein quality for the rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). Aquaculture 47, 275–292.Google Scholar
Moon, HY & Gatlin, DM III (1991) Total sulfur amino acid requirement of juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Aquaculture 95, 97–106.Google Scholar
Moore, S (1963) On the determination of cystine and cysteic acid. J Biol Chem 238, 235–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, WK & Hung, SSO (1995) Estimating the ideal dietary indispensable amino acid pattern for growth of white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson). Aquac Nutr 1, 85–94.Google Scholar
Ogata, H, Arai, S & Nose, T (1983) Growth response of cherry salmon Oncorhynchus masou and amago salmon O. rhodurus fry fed purified casein diets supplemented with amino acids. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish 49, 1381–1385.Google Scholar
Ogino, C (1980) Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for essential amino acids. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish 46, 171–175.Google Scholar
Peng, J, Larondelle, Y, Pham, D, Ackman, RG & Rollin, X (2003) Polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles of whole body phospholipids and triacylglycerols in anadromous and landlocked Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) fry. Comp Biochem Physiol 134B, 335–348.Google Scholar
Peterson, RH, Martin-Rochibaud, DJ (1989) First feeding of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) fry as influenced by temperature regime. Aquaculture 78, 35–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phleger, CF (1991) Biochemical aspects of buoyancy in fishes. In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes, vol. 1. Phylogenetic and Biochemical Perspectives, pp. 209–247[Hochachka, PW and Mommsen, TP, editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Robbins, KR, Norton, HW & Baker, DH (1979) Estimation of nutrient requirements from growth data. J Nutr 109, 1710–1714.Google Scholar
Robinson, EH, Wilson, RP & Poe, WE (1981) Arginine requirement and apparent absence of a lysine–arginine antagonism in fingerling channel catfish. J Nutr 111, 46–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodehutscord, M, Becker, A, Pack, M & Pfeffer, E (1997) Response of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) to supplements of individual essential amino acids in a semipurified diet, including an estimate of the maintenance requirement for essential amino acids. J Nutr 126, 1166–1175.Google Scholar
Rodehutscord, M, Jacobs, S, Pack, M & Pfeffer, E (1995 a) Response of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) growing from 50 to 150?g to supplements of dl -methionine in a semipurified diet containing low or high levels of cystine. J Nutr 125, 964–969.Google Scholar
Rodehutscord, M, Jacobs, S, Pack, M & Pfeffer, E (1995 b) Response of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) growing from 50 to 170?g to supplements of either l -arginine or l -threonine in a semipurified diet. J Nutr 125, 970–975.Google Scholar
Rodehutscord, M & Pack, M (1999) Estimates of essential amino acid requirements from dose–response studies with rainbow trout and broiler chicken: effect of mathematical model. Arch Anim Nutr 52, 223–244.Google Scholar
Rollin, X (1999) Etude critique des besoins en acides aminés indispensables de l'alevin de saumon atlantique ( Salmo salar L.) (Critical study of the indispensable amino acids requirements in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) fry). PhD thesis, Université catholique de Louvain.Google Scholar
Rollin, X, Hidalgo, M, Teller, E & Vanbelle, M (1994) Quantitative methionine requirement of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) juveniles. Aquaculture 124, 61.Google Scholar
Rollin, X, Peng, J, Pham, D, Ackman, RG & Larondelle, Y (2003) The effects of dietary lipid and strain difference on polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and conversion in anadromous and landlocked salmon ( Salmo salar L.) parr. Comp Biochem Physiol 134B, 349–366.Google Scholar
Rumsey, GL & Ketola, HG (1975) Practical diets for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) fry and fingerlings. Prog Fish Culturist 37, 253–256.Google Scholar
Said, AK & Hegsted, DM (1970) Response of adult rats to low dietary levels of essential amino acids. J Nutr 100, 1363–1375.Google Scholar
Sokal, RR & Rohlf, FJ (1995) Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, 3rd ed. New York: Freeman and Company.Google Scholar
Spackman, DH, Stein, WH & Moore, S (1958) Automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of amino acids. Anal Chem 30, 1190–1206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiridakis, P (1989) Utilisation des protéines alimentaires chez le bar ( Dicentrarchus labrax ). Aspects digestifs et métaboliques (Utilisation of dietary proteins by the seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ). Digestive and metabolic aspects). PhD thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale.Google Scholar
Tacon, AGJ & Cowey, CB (1985) Protein and amino acid requirements. In Fish Energetics: New Perspectives, pp. 155–183[Tytler, P, Calow, P, editors]. London: Croom Helm.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, TC & Fuller, MF (1987) The adaptation of growing pigs to marginal amino acid deficiencies. In Proceedings of the Vth Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, European Association of Animal Production Publication no. 35 44–45[Lehmann, J, editor]. Rostock: EAAP.Google Scholar
Wang, TC & Fuller, MF (1989) The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. 1. Experiments by amino acid deletion. Br J Nutr 62, 77–89.Google Scholar
Wilson, RP (1989) Amino acids and proteins. In Fish Nutrition, 2nd ed., pp. 111–159[Halver, JE, editor]. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, RP (1994) Amino acid requirements of finfish. In Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition, pp. 377–399[D'Mello, JPF, editor]. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.Google Scholar
Wilson, RP (2002) Amino acids and proteins. In Fish Nutrition, 3rd ed., pp. 143–179[Halver, JE, editor]. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, RP (2003) Amino acid requirements of finfish and crustaceans. In Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, 2nd ed., pp. 427–447[D'Mello, JPF, editor]. Wallingford, Oxon: CAB International.Google Scholar
Wilson, RP, Allen, OW Jr, Robinson, EH & Poe, WE (1978) Tryptophan and threonine requirements of fingerling channel catfish. J Nutr 108, 1595–1599.Google Scholar
Wilson, RP & Cowey, CB (1985) Amino acid composition of whole-body tissue of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 48, 373–376.Google Scholar