Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:46:38.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrient intake by duration of ex-smoking in the Scottish Heart Health Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Caroline Bolton Smith ,
Mark Woodward ,
Colin A. Brown  and
Hugh Tunstall Pedoe
Caroline Bolton Smith
Affiliation:
Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY
Mark Woodward
Affiliation:
Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY
Colin A. Brown
Affiliation:
Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY
Hugh Tunstall Pedoe
Affiliation:
Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Information on current-, never- and ex-smokers (including duration of cessation) was obtained in a cross-sectional survey of risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), the Scottish Heart Health Study. Diet was also assessed by food frequency questionnaire in a total of 4265 men and 4770 women. Nutrient intakes were computed by sex and smoking group and, according to their diet, the ex-smokers were categorized as current- or never-smokers using discriminant analysis techniques.

The current- and five ex-smoking groups differed negligibly in past smoking characteristics. Energy-adjusted intake of polyunsaturated fat, fibre and the antioxidant vitamins were lowest in current-smokers, and for men, intakes increased progressively with duration of ex-smoking to reach the level of never-smokers. In a similar manner, energy, sugar and alcohol decreased with duration of ex-smoking. Fewer trends were observable for women, and the diets of ex-smokers more immediately resembled that of never-smokers.

Discriminant analysis for the combined nutrients correctly categorized 72 and 69 % of male, and 66 and 65 % of female current- and never-smokers respectively. By 4 years of smoking cessation the general dietary pattern of ex-smokers was similar to never-smokers for both sexes. Whether this represents a change in diet over time or a cohort effect is unclear, but the results do suggest that the apparent healthier diet of ex-smokers may contribute to their reduction in CHD risk compared with life-long current-smokers.

Keywords

Antioxidant vitaminsCHD riskDiscriminant analysisEx-smokersNutrient intake
Type
Nutritional Studies of Populations
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 69 , Issue 2 , March 1993 , pp. 315 - 332
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1993

References

REFERENCES

Bolton-Smith, C. & Milne, A. (1991). Food frequency v. weighed intake data in Scottish men. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 50, 35A.Google Scholar
Bolton-Smith, C., Casey, C., Gey, K., Smith, W. C. S. & Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1991 a). Assessment of antioxidant vitamin intakes using a food frequency questionnaire: validation by biochemical markers in smokers and non-smokers. British Journal of Nutrition 65, 337–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton-Smith, C., Smith, W. C. S., Woodward, M. & Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1991 b). Nutrient intakes of different social class groups: Results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. British Journal of Nutrition 65, 321–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolton-Smith, C., Woodward, M., Brown, C. A., Smith, W. C. S. & Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1991 c). Nutrient intakes from current, ex- and never smokers: Results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 50, 36A.Google Scholar
Bolton-Smith, C., Woodward, M., Smith, W. C. S. & Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1991 d). Dietary and non-dietary predictors of serum total and HDL cholesterol in men and women: Results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, M. & Van Staveren, W. (1988). Manual on Methodology for Food Consumption Studies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Doll, R., Gray, R., Hafner, B. & Peto, R. (1980). Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years' observations on female British doctors. British Medical Journal 1, 967–971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duthie, G., Wahle, K. W. J. & James, W. P. T. (1989). Oxidants, antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Nutrition Research Reviews 2, 51–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fehily, A., Phillips, K. & Yarnell, J. W. G. (1984). Diet, smoking, social class and body mass index in the Caerphilly Heart Disease Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 40, 827––833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, M. & Gordon, T. (1985). The relation of drinking and smoking habits to diet: the Lipid Research Clinic Prevalence Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 623–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, G., Siegelaub, A., Dales, L. & Seltzer, C. (1979). Characteristics predictive of coronary heart disease in ex-smokers before they stopped smoking: comparison with persistent smokers and non-smokers. Journal of Chronic Disease 32, 175––190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulton, M., Thomson, M., Elton, R., Brown, S., Wood, D. & Oliver, M. (1988). Cigarette smoking, social class and nutrient intake: Relevance to coronary heart disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 797–803.Google ScholarPubMed
Gey, K., Puska, P., Jordan, P. & Moser, U. (1991). Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischaemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, suppl. 1, 3265–3345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, T., Kannel, W., Dawber, T. & McGee, D. (1975). Changes associated with quitting cigarette smoking: The Framingham Study. American Heart Journal 90, 322–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gramenzi, A., Gentile, A., Fasoli, M., D'Aranzo, B., Negri, E., Parazzini, E. & La Vecchia, C. (1989). Smoking and myocardial infarction in women: a case-control study from Northern Italy. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 43, 214–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grunberg, N. (1982). The effects of nicotine and cigarette smoking on food consumption and taste preferences. Addictive Behaviours 7, 317–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gurr, M., Borlak, N. & Ganatra, S. (1989). Dietary fat and plasma lipids. Nutrition Research Reviews 2, 63–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebert, J. & Kabat, G. (1990). Differences in dietary intake associated with smoking status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 185–193.Google ScholarPubMed
Jarvis, M., West, R., Tunstall-Pedoe, H. & Vesey, C. (1984). An evaluation of the intervention against smoking in the Multiple Risk Factor intervention Trial. Preventive Medicine 13, 501–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kallner, A., Hartmann, D. & Hornig, D. (1981). On the requirements of ascorbic acid in man: steady state turnover and body pool in smokers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 1347–1355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaprio, J. & Koshenvuo, M. (1988). A prospective study of psychological and socio-economic characteristics, health behaviour and morbidity in cigarette smokers prior to quitting compared to persistent smokers and non- smokers. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 41, 139–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kato, I., Tominaga, S. & Suzuki, T. (1989). Characteristics of past smokers. International Journal of Epidemiology 18, 345–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klesges, R., Eck, L., Isbell, T., Fulliton, W. & Hanson, C. (1990). Smoking status: effects on the dietary intake, physical activity, and body fat of adult men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 784–789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lincoln, J. (1969). Weight gain after cessation of smoking. Journal of the American Medical Association 210, 1765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, D. (1975). Multivariate Statistical Methods, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Ockene, J., Hosmer, D., Rippe, J., Williams, T., Goldberg, R., DeCosimo, D., Maher, P. & Dalen, J. (1985). Factors affecting cigarette smoking status in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Journal of Chronic Disease 38, 985–994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys (1980). Classificarion of Occupation. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Paul, A. & Southgate, D. A. T. (1978). McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, 4th ed. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, L., Kaufman, D., Helmrich, S. & Shapiro, S. (1985). The risk of myocardial infarction after quitting smoking in men under 55 years of age. New England Journal of Medicine 313, 1511–1514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, L., Palmer, J. & Shapiro, S. (1990). Decline in the risk of myocardial infarction among women who stop smoking. New England Journal of Medicine 322, 213–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seltzer, C. (1989). Framingham Study Data and ‘established wisdom’ about cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42, 743–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, W. C. S., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Crombie, I. & Tavendale, R. (1989). Concomitants of excess coronary deaths – major risk factors and life-style findings from 10359 men and women in the Scottish Heart Health Study. Scottish Medical Journal 34, 550–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stryker, W., Kaplan, L., Stein, E. A., Stampfer, M., Sober, A. & Willett, W. (1988). The relation of diet, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption to plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels. American Journal of Epidemiology 127, 283–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Smith, W. C. S., Crombie, I. & Tavendale, R. (1989). Coronary risk factors and life-style variation across Scotland. Results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Scottish Medical Journal 34, 556–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Office on Smoking and Health (1979). Smoking and Health, a Repori of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
US Office on Smoking and Health (1983). The Health Consequences of Smoking: Curdiovusculur Disease, a Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Wack, J. & Rodin, J. (1982). Smoking and its effects on body weight and the systems of caloric regulation. American Journul of Clinical Nutrition 35, 366–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, D., Graham, S., Swanson, M. & Wilkinson, G. (1977). Five year follow-up of a smoking withdrawal clinic population. American Journal of Public Health 67, 536–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whichelow, M., Golding, J. & Treasure, F. (1980). Comparison of some dietary habits of smokers and non-smokers. British Journal of Addiction 83, 295–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willett, W., Green, A,, Stampfer, M., Speizer, F., Colditz, G., Rosner, B., Monson, R., Stason, W. & Hennekens, C. (1987). Relative and absolute excess risk of coronary heart disease among women who smoke cigarettes. New England Journal of Medicine 317, 1303–1309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodward, M. & Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1992). An iterative technique for identifying smoking deceivers with application to the Scottish Heart Health Study. Preventive Medicine 21, 88–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yarnell, J. W. G., Fehily, A. M., Milbank, J., Sweetnam, P. & Walker, C. (1983). A short dietary questionnaire for use in an epidemiological survey. Comparison with weighed dietary records. Humun Nutrition: Applied Nuirition 37A, 103–112.Google Scholar